Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100372
Jiani Yang , Sina Hasheminassab , Meredith Franklin , Antong Zhang , David J. Diner , Joseph Pinto , Yuk L. Yung
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) poses major public health and environmental risks, yet the toxicity of its chemical components remains poorly understood due to limited chemical speciation data. In this study we apply an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) machine learning framework to predict key PM2.5 components including organic carbon, elemental carbon, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, and metals, using readily available predictors: total PM2.5 mass concentrations, meteorological variables, trace gas measurements, and indicators of exceptional events (e.g., wildfires, fireworks). Leveraging a decade of data from two monitoring sites in Southern California (Los Angeles and Rubidoux), the models achieved strong predictive performance, particularly for nitrate, ammonium, and elemental carbon. Among the most influential predictors across components were total PM2.5 mass, relative humidity, and boundary layer height. This approach has promise for enhancing satellite remote sensing applications, improving chemical transport model inputs, and generating cost-effective estimates of PM2.5 components during sampling gaps and in regions lacking frequent monitoring. Further research is needed to assess the generalizability of this framework across diverse geographic and climatic settings.
{"title":"Prediction of ambient PM2.5 chemical components in Southern California using machine learning","authors":"Jiani Yang , Sina Hasheminassab , Meredith Franklin , Antong Zhang , David J. Diner , Joseph Pinto , Yuk L. Yung","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) poses major public health and environmental risks, yet the toxicity of its chemical components remains poorly understood due to limited chemical speciation data. In this study we apply an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) machine learning framework to predict key PM<sub>2.5</sub> components including organic carbon, elemental carbon, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, and metals, using readily available predictors: total PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass concentrations, meteorological variables, trace gas measurements, and indicators of exceptional events (e.g., wildfires, fireworks). Leveraging a decade of data from two monitoring sites in Southern California (Los Angeles and Rubidoux), the models achieved strong predictive performance, particularly for nitrate, ammonium, and elemental carbon. Among the most influential predictors across components were total PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass, relative humidity, and boundary layer height. This approach has promise for enhancing satellite remote sensing applications, improving chemical transport model inputs, and generating cost-effective estimates of PM<sub>2.5</sub> components during sampling gaps and in regions lacking frequent monitoring. Further research is needed to assess the generalizability of this framework across diverse geographic and climatic settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100372"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100383
Abolhasan Ameri , Ali Najarnezhadmashhadi , Ibrahim Abidemi Lawal , Ziqian Wu , Christophe Duwig , Henrik Kusar
This study investigates the CO2 absorption performance of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions in a spray column under various operational conditions. The effects of gas flow rate (1.25–5.19 L/min), CO2 concentration (10–40 vol%), solvent concentration (2.5–7.5 wt percent (wt.%) for NaOH; 5–25 wt% for MEA), solvent volume (0.5–1.5 L), and temperature (303–323 K) were systematically analyzed. The results show that NaOH achieves a maximum absorption efficiency of 95 % at 5 wt% concentration and the lowest gas flow rate. In comparison, MEA requires a higher concentration of 15 wt% to reach 96 % efficiency under the same conditions. Raising gas flow from 1.25 to 5.19 L/min reduced efficiency to 47 % (NaOH, 5 wt%) and 45 % (MEA, 15 wt%). Increasing solvent temperature from 303 to 323 K significantly improved MEA performance at 3.00 L/min (≈75 %→83 %), while NaOH remained ≳95 % at 1.25 L/min with minor sensitivity. These results show that, in spray columns, high capture can be achieved with relatively low solvent concentrations, implicating lower regeneration energy, reduced solvent degradation, and lower operating costs while clearly delineating operating windows for NaOH vs. MEA.
{"title":"Comparative study of CO2 capture efficiency using sodium hydroxide and monoethanolamine solutions in a spray column","authors":"Abolhasan Ameri , Ali Najarnezhadmashhadi , Ibrahim Abidemi Lawal , Ziqian Wu , Christophe Duwig , Henrik Kusar","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the CO<sub>2</sub> absorption performance of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions in a spray column under various operational conditions. The effects of gas flow rate (1.25–5.19 L/min), CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (10–40 vol%), solvent concentration (2.5–7.5 wt percent (wt.%) for NaOH; 5–25 wt% for MEA), solvent volume (0.5–1.5 L), and temperature (303–323 K) were systematically analyzed. The results show that NaOH achieves a maximum absorption efficiency of 95 % at 5 wt% concentration and the lowest gas flow rate. In comparison, MEA requires a higher concentration of 15 wt% to reach 96 % efficiency under the same conditions. Raising gas flow from 1.25 to 5.19 L/min reduced efficiency to 47 % (NaOH, 5 wt%) and 45 % (MEA, 15 wt%). Increasing solvent temperature from 303 to 323 K significantly improved MEA performance at 3.00 L/min (≈75 %→83 %), while NaOH remained ≳95 % at 1.25 L/min with minor sensitivity. These results show that, in spray columns, high capture can be achieved with relatively low solvent concentrations, implicating lower regeneration energy, reduced solvent degradation, and lower operating costs while clearly delineating operating windows for NaOH vs. MEA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment have gained scientific interest because of their persistent nature, widespread occurrence, and the potential threats they pose to humans and the environment. Urban populations are exposed to PCBs through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption of particles present in the air. The present study aimed to evaluate the gaseous and particulate PCB concentrations present in the ambient air based on various seasons and locations and to evaluate the health risks associated with PCBs in urban areas of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. A total of 180 (each PUF and filter paper) samples were collected for the analysis of PCBs in ambient air. PCBs in filter paper and polyurethane foam (PUF) were extracted by ultra-sonication and soxhlet extraction methods, respectively, and analyzed using GC-MS/MS. The maximum mean ∑10PCBs concentration was observed in industrial areas (3.11 ng/m3) and the minimum concentration in rural areas (0.44 ng/m3). Similarly, among the different seasons monitored, the maximum values were observed in the summer season (2.04 ng/m3) and the minimum was in the monsoon season (1.53 ng/m3). The USEPA exposure risk model was used to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of population exposure to PCBs. The current finding indicates that the carcinogenic risk from ∑10PCBs through inhalation exposure was lower than the permissible limit (1.0E-04) for the urban population. The population residing near industrial, traffic, commercial, and residential areas has a slightly high carcinogenic risk through inhalation exposure and dermal contact. This study demonstrated that Inhalation is the primary route of atmospheric PCB exposure, leading to an increased carcinogenic risk for urban population. Therefore, to alleviate the situation and safeguard humans, further continuous monitoring of other toxic contaminants and investigations of biomarkers are highly recommended.
{"title":"Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ambient air and its health risk evaluation in an urban city, Bangalore, India","authors":"Thamaraikannan Mohankumar , Dhananjayan Venugopal , Ravichandran Beerappa , Jayanthi Palaniyappan , Raghavendra Lingayya , Jawahar Salavath , Mala Ambikapathy , Panjakumar Karunamoorthy","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment have gained scientific interest because of their persistent nature, widespread occurrence, and the potential threats they pose to humans and the environment. Urban populations are exposed to PCBs through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption of particles present in the air. The present study aimed to evaluate the gaseous and particulate PCB concentrations present in the ambient air based on various seasons and locations and to evaluate the health risks associated with PCBs in urban areas of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. A total of 180 (each PUF and filter paper) samples were collected for the analysis of PCBs in ambient air. PCBs in filter paper and polyurethane foam (PUF) were extracted by ultra-sonication and soxhlet extraction methods, respectively, and analyzed using GC-MS/MS. The maximum mean ∑<sub>10</sub>PCBs concentration was observed in industrial areas (3.11 ng/m<sup>3</sup>) and the minimum concentration in rural areas (0.44 ng/m<sup>3</sup>). Similarly, among the different seasons monitored, the maximum values were observed in the summer season (2.04 ng/m<sup>3</sup>) and the minimum was in the monsoon season (1.53 ng/m<sup>3</sup>). The USEPA exposure risk model was used to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of population exposure to PCBs. The current finding indicates that the carcinogenic risk from ∑<sub>10</sub>PCBs through inhalation exposure was lower than the permissible limit (1.0E-04) for the urban population. The population residing near industrial, traffic, commercial, and residential areas has a slightly high carcinogenic risk through inhalation exposure and dermal contact. This study demonstrated that Inhalation is the primary route of atmospheric PCB exposure, leading to an increased carcinogenic risk for urban population. Therefore, to alleviate the situation and safeguard humans, further continuous monitoring of other toxic contaminants and investigations of biomarkers are highly recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100399
Rajat Sharma, Erwann Rayssac, Andry Razakamanantsoa, Agnès Jullien
A territorial Emission Inventory combined with Economic Weightage to quantify regional pollutant emissions in low-income countries is presented. The study covers the 5 regions of Fianarantsoa city in Madagascar and is analyzing the dominant sectors of activities and pollutant concentrations for BC, PM10, PM2.5, CO2, CO, and NOx. Ground based surveys are used to assess regional emission related activities. The findings corresponding to residential, hotels and restaurant, open waste burning and transport sectors reveal high levels of total pollutant emissions that is 88.98 T/y of PM, 3.5 T/y of BC, 1375.6 T/y of CO, 158.2 T/y of NOx and 7614 T/y of CO2. The emission estimation combined with economic weightage reveals that despite the residential sector being the primary emitter, hotels and restaurants disproportionately influence emissions and hotspot zones, highlighting the significance of economic activity on emissions. The study highlights significant gaps between regional results from our study when compared to global datasets available in literature, revealing NOx emissions of 158.2 T/y, 6–63 times higher than EDGAR (2.5–25 T/y), alongside BC, PM, CO (2–36 times high), and CO2 (2–8 times high). This study identifies sectoral hotspots and regional emission drivers often overlooked by global top-down inventories. This study highlights a territorial approach that enhances sectoral emission quantification, considering fuel types, sectoral contributions, and economic weightage.
{"title":"A sectoral model for territorial emission inventory in a low income country - a case study from Madagascar","authors":"Rajat Sharma, Erwann Rayssac, Andry Razakamanantsoa, Agnès Jullien","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A territorial Emission Inventory combined with Economic Weightage to quantify regional pollutant emissions in low-income countries is presented. The study covers the 5 regions of Fianarantsoa city in Madagascar and is analyzing the dominant sectors of activities and pollutant concentrations for BC, PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, and NO<sub>x</sub>. Ground based surveys are used to assess regional emission related activities. The findings corresponding to residential, hotels and restaurant, open waste burning and transport sectors reveal high levels of total pollutant emissions that is 88.98 T/y of PM, 3.5 T/y of BC, 1375.6 T/y of CO, 158.2 T/y of NO<sub>x</sub> and 7614 T/y of CO<sub>2</sub>. The emission estimation combined with economic weightage reveals that despite the residential sector being the primary emitter, hotels and restaurants disproportionately influence emissions and hotspot zones, highlighting the significance of economic activity on emissions. The study highlights significant gaps between regional results from our study when compared to global datasets available in literature, revealing NO<sub>x</sub> emissions of 158.2 T/y, 6–63 times higher than EDGAR (2.5–25 T/y), alongside BC, PM, CO (2–36 times high), and CO<sub>2</sub> (2–8 times high). This study identifies sectoral hotspots and regional emission drivers often overlooked by global top-down inventories. This study highlights a territorial approach that enhances sectoral emission quantification, considering fuel types, sectoral contributions, and economic weightage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100399"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100360
Ufaith Qadiri , Mohammad Alkhedher
This study explores a new strategy for enhancing performance and lowering emissions in a three-cylinder spark ignition engine by utilizing various blended alternative fuels. Using one-dimensional simulation software. Avl Boost analysed the engine's emission characteristics and performance metrics across a speed range of 1500–5000 rpm. The optimal fuel blend 80 % LPG and 20 % hydrogen delivered impressive results. It boosted Brake power by 30 % compared to M10/G90 and by 20 % over E85/G15 while also improving thermal efficiency by 25 %. A comparative analysis of three fuel blends (mixed by volume) showed performance gains across all options. Both M10/G90 and E85/G15 blends exhibited better power output. Brake-specific fuel consumption, and Brake mean effective pressure notably, the E85/G15 blend produced 15 % more brake power than M10/G90 and achieved a 10 % reduction in Bsfc. The LPG80/H220 blend stood out for its efficiency, registering the lowest Bsfc values 45 % and 50 % lower than ethanol and methanol blends, respectively. Emission modelling further confirmed its advantages, as it resulted in the lowest CO, HC, and NOx emissions. However, a slight rise in NOx emissions was observed at higher engine speeds.
{"title":"One-dimensional computational investigations on a 3- cylinder spark ignition engine fuelled LPG/H2, methanol/gasoline blends, and E85 for meeting future emission norms","authors":"Ufaith Qadiri , Mohammad Alkhedher","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores a new strategy for enhancing performance and lowering emissions in a three-cylinder spark ignition engine by utilizing various blended alternative fuels. Using one-dimensional simulation software. Avl Boost analysed the engine's emission characteristics and performance metrics across a speed range of 1500–5000 rpm. The optimal fuel blend 80 % LPG and 20 % hydrogen delivered impressive results. It boosted Brake power by 30 % compared to M10/G90 and by 20 % over E85/G15 while also improving thermal efficiency by 25 %. A comparative analysis of three fuel blends (mixed by volume) showed performance gains across all options. Both M10/G90 and E85/G15 blends exhibited better power output. Brake-specific fuel consumption, and Brake mean effective pressure notably, the E85/G15 blend produced 15 % more brake power than M10/G90 and achieved a 10 % reduction in Bsfc. The LPG80/H<sub>2</sub>20 blend stood out for its efficiency, registering the lowest Bsfc values 45 % and 50 % lower than ethanol and methanol blends, respectively. Emission modelling further confirmed its advantages, as it resulted in the lowest CO, HC, and NOx emissions. However, a slight rise in NOx emissions was observed at higher engine speeds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100360"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100400
Lei Wei , Daocheng Gong , Chengliang Zhang , Zhuo Yan , Yu Wang , Qinqin Li , Chunlin Zhang , Shuo Deng , Yunfeng Liu , Yiming Zhao , Guanghui Li , Xujun Mo , Ruili Yang , Hao Wang , Boguang Wang
Carbonyls play critical roles in tropospheric photochemistry, significantly influencing radical budgets and ozone (O3) formation. Despite frequent O3 pollution episodes in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), the spatial heterogeneity and sources of carbonyls, particularly long-chain aliphatic saturated aldehydes (≥C6), remain poorly characterized. This study conducted large-scale grid-based sampling analysis of 23 carbonyls across 35 sites in the PRD during spring and autumn O3 pollution episodes in 2021. Higher concentrations were observed in the eastern PRD and Pearl River Estuary compared to the western PRD, with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and 2-butanone dominating the carbonyl profile. Short-chain carbonyls (C1 ∼ C5) exhibited strong correlations with industrial density, confirming anthropogenic dominance. Long-chain aldehydes showed non-biogenic characteristics, with significant contributions from cooking, shipping, and industrial processes involving fatty acids. Ozone formation potential analysis revealed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde remained the principal contributors to O3 formation. However, the contribution of long-chain aldehydes was substantial at specific local sites (notably some rural locations), in some cases exceeding that of short-chain aldehydes. Our findings underscore the need for targeted control strategies addressing both short-chain and long-chain carbonyls, particularly from industrial and cooking-related sources.
{"title":"Spatial heterogeneity and sources of atmospheric carbonyls during ozone episodes in the Pearl River Delta","authors":"Lei Wei , Daocheng Gong , Chengliang Zhang , Zhuo Yan , Yu Wang , Qinqin Li , Chunlin Zhang , Shuo Deng , Yunfeng Liu , Yiming Zhao , Guanghui Li , Xujun Mo , Ruili Yang , Hao Wang , Boguang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonyls play critical roles in tropospheric photochemistry, significantly influencing radical budgets and ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) formation. Despite frequent O<sub>3</sub> pollution episodes in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), the spatial heterogeneity and sources of carbonyls, particularly long-chain aliphatic saturated aldehydes (≥C6), remain poorly characterized. This study conducted large-scale grid-based sampling analysis of 23 carbonyls across 35 sites in the PRD during spring and autumn O<sub>3</sub> pollution episodes in 2021. Higher concentrations were observed in the eastern PRD and Pearl River Estuary compared to the western PRD, with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and 2-butanone dominating the carbonyl profile. Short-chain carbonyls (C1 ∼ C5) exhibited strong correlations with industrial density, confirming anthropogenic dominance. Long-chain aldehydes showed non-biogenic characteristics, with significant contributions from cooking, shipping, and industrial processes involving fatty acids. Ozone formation potential analysis revealed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde remained the principal contributors to O<sub>3</sub> formation. However, the contribution of long-chain aldehydes was substantial at specific local sites (notably some rural locations), in some cases exceeding that of short-chain aldehydes. Our findings underscore the need for targeted control strategies addressing both short-chain and long-chain carbonyls, particularly from industrial and cooking-related sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100400"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100393
Betsy Sandoval Guzmán, Mathias Huber, Philippe Zimmermann, Barbara Zeps, Christian Bach, Miriam Elser
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) play an important role in the transition to sustainable transportation, but their real-world performance often deviates from type-approval values. These deviations stem from factors not captured in standard test procedures, including driving dynamics, ambient temperature, and use of auxiliary systems. As a result, real-world fuel consumption for PHEVs in Europe is, on average, up to five times higher than certified values. To address this gap, the present study provides an empirical evaluation of the performance of eight PHEV passenger cars using controlled test-bench measurements under various conditions. The analyses focus on the influence of low ambient temperature, dynamic driving, and auxiliary heating on electric range, energy consumption (fuel and electric energy demand), and carbon dioxide and key pollutants emissions. Results show a substantial reduction in electric range under demanding conditions, increasing reliance on the combustion engine and leading to higher fuel consumption and emissions. These findings underscore the limitations of current type-approval procedures and the importance of considering real-world usage conditions in environmental assessments.
{"title":"Environmental performance of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: Impacts of driving cycles, ambient temperature, and auxiliary loads","authors":"Betsy Sandoval Guzmán, Mathias Huber, Philippe Zimmermann, Barbara Zeps, Christian Bach, Miriam Elser","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) play an important role in the transition to sustainable transportation, but their real-world performance often deviates from type-approval values. These deviations stem from factors not captured in standard test procedures, including driving dynamics, ambient temperature, and use of auxiliary systems. As a result, real-world fuel consumption for PHEVs in Europe is, on average, up to five times higher than certified values. To address this gap, the present study provides an empirical evaluation of the performance of eight PHEV passenger cars using controlled test-bench measurements under various conditions. The analyses focus on the influence of low ambient temperature, dynamic driving, and auxiliary heating on electric range, energy consumption (fuel and electric energy demand), and carbon dioxide and key pollutants emissions. Results show a substantial reduction in electric range under demanding conditions, increasing reliance on the combustion engine and leading to higher fuel consumption and emissions. These findings underscore the limitations of current type-approval procedures and the importance of considering real-world usage conditions in environmental assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100393"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100374
Yuhang Zhao , Yun Shu , Hong Sun , Shaohui Zhang , Yinhe Deng
While growing attention has been paid to the co-benefits of climate policies, existing research often lacks granularity in evaluating diverse low-carbon transition strategies and their effects on air pollution and public health, particularly within the context of China's rapidly aging demographic. Here, we assess the PM2.5 air quality and health co-benefits of a net-zero CO2 emissions (NZE) pathway aligned with the 1.5 °C global climate target by integrating the Greenhouse Gas-Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies model with updated exposure-response relationships. Compared with China's initial nationally determined contribution scenario – peaking CO2 emissions around 2030, the NZE pathway reduces SO2, NOx and PM2.5 emissions by roughly 3900 kt, 4500 kt and 770 kt, respectively, by 2050. These reductions lower national population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations to 18.9 μg/m3, preventing approximately 260,000 premature deaths annually. Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan, Jiangsu, and Hubei provinces account for 44 % of the avoided deaths, highlighting significant spatial disparities. Despite these improvements, PM2.5-related mortality reductions plateau after 2035, suggesting that climate policy alone may not fully offset health risks from population aging and residual pollution. Nationally, the marginal health benefits of CO2 abatement rise over time, reaching 77 avoided deaths per million tons of CO2 reduced by 2050, with particularly high values in Beijing and Hainan. The coefficient of variation for avoided PM2.5-related premature deaths per unit CO2 abatement rises from 1.12 in 2035 to 1.60 in 2050, indicating growing regional inequality. Our findings demonstrate that ambitious decarbonization delivers pronounced air quality and public health benefits while emphasizing the need for regionally tailored policies to ensure equitable outcomes.
{"title":"Future air quality and human health benefits of net-zero CO2 emissions pathway in China","authors":"Yuhang Zhao , Yun Shu , Hong Sun , Shaohui Zhang , Yinhe Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While growing attention has been paid to the co-benefits of climate policies, existing research often lacks granularity in evaluating diverse low-carbon transition strategies and their effects on air pollution and public health, particularly within the context of China's rapidly aging demographic. Here, we assess the PM<sub>2.5</sub> air quality and health co-benefits of a net-zero CO<sub>2</sub> emissions (NZE) pathway aligned with the 1.5 °C global climate target by integrating the Greenhouse Gas-Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies model with updated exposure-response relationships. Compared with China's initial nationally determined contribution scenario – peaking CO<sub>2</sub> emissions around 2030, the NZE pathway reduces SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions by roughly 3900 kt, 4500 kt and 770 kt, respectively, by 2050. These reductions lower national population-weighted PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations to 18.9 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, preventing approximately 260,000 premature deaths annually. Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan, Jiangsu, and Hubei provinces account for 44 % of the avoided deaths, highlighting significant spatial disparities. Despite these improvements, PM<sub>2.5</sub>-related mortality reductions plateau after 2035, suggesting that climate policy alone may not fully offset health risks from population aging and residual pollution. Nationally, the marginal health benefits of CO<sub>2</sub> abatement rise over time, reaching 77 avoided deaths per million tons of CO<sub>2</sub> reduced by 2050, with particularly high values in Beijing and Hainan. The coefficient of variation for avoided PM<sub>2.5</sub>-related premature deaths per unit CO<sub>2</sub> abatement rises from 1.12 in 2035 to 1.60 in 2050, indicating growing regional inequality. Our findings demonstrate that ambitious decarbonization delivers pronounced air quality and public health benefits while emphasizing the need for regionally tailored policies to ensure equitable outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100374"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100375
Leïla Simon , Luis Barreira , Katariina Kylämäki , Sanna Saarikoski , Minna Aurela , Delun Li , Anssi Järvinen , Hannu Kuutti , Wojciech Honkisz , Milja Jäppi , Laura Salo , Matti Rissanen , Tereza Červená , Michal Vojtíšek , Jan Topinka , Piotr Bielaczyc , Topi Rönkkö , Päivi Aakko-Saksa , Hilkka Timonen
Secondary aerosol emissions from vehicle exhaust often surpass primary particle emissions, yet they are not currently regulated, as they remain difficult to constrain. Here we investigate the factors driving the formation and chemical composition of secondary aerosol from light-duty vehicle exhaust emissions, focusing on the most recent Euro emission standard (Euro 6d), and including hybrid and natural gas cars.
Seven modern cars were driven through a real-driving emission simulation cycle in a chassis dynamometer. The exhaust emissions were aged in a PAM chamber and their chemical and physical properties measured with an aerosol mass spectrometer and state-of-the-art instrumentation.
Results indicate that secondary aerosol emissions surpassed fresh aerosol emissions for all cars, except for old Euro 4 diesel. While on average, Euro 6d gasoline and diesel cars aged PM emissions were about 90 % lower than emissions from older cars, their cold start emissions were still significant. Hybrid cars also emitted considerably when switching to combustion engine, which, depending on the length and style of the driving, could be comparable to non-hybrid vehicles emissions. Aged organic aerosol was dominated by oxidized compounds typical of ambient secondary organic aerosol, with unique compositions across vehicle types and fuels. Notably, the CNG vehicle emitted hydrocarbon-like organics, likely originating from less reactive species from lubricant oil, and the Euro 4 diesel exhibited organic nitrate formation, an underreported component in vehicle exhaust with atmospheric implications. Secondary aerosol and its precursors should be regulated and considered in reduction technologies, to best mitigate atmospheric PM in urban traffic-influenced areas.
{"title":"From real-driving emissions to urban air quality: composition of aged PM from modern diesel, gasoline, and CNG fueled cars and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles","authors":"Leïla Simon , Luis Barreira , Katariina Kylämäki , Sanna Saarikoski , Minna Aurela , Delun Li , Anssi Järvinen , Hannu Kuutti , Wojciech Honkisz , Milja Jäppi , Laura Salo , Matti Rissanen , Tereza Červená , Michal Vojtíšek , Jan Topinka , Piotr Bielaczyc , Topi Rönkkö , Päivi Aakko-Saksa , Hilkka Timonen","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Secondary aerosol emissions from vehicle exhaust often surpass primary particle emissions, yet they are not currently regulated, as they remain difficult to constrain. Here we investigate the factors driving the formation and chemical composition of secondary aerosol from light-duty vehicle exhaust emissions, focusing on the most recent Euro emission standard (Euro 6d), and including hybrid and natural gas cars.</div><div>Seven modern cars were driven through a real-driving emission simulation cycle in a chassis dynamometer. The exhaust emissions were aged in a PAM chamber and their chemical and physical properties measured with an aerosol mass spectrometer and state-of-the-art instrumentation.</div><div>Results indicate that secondary aerosol emissions surpassed fresh aerosol emissions for all cars, except for old Euro 4 diesel. While on average, Euro 6d gasoline and diesel cars aged PM emissions were about 90 % lower than emissions from older cars, their cold start emissions were still significant. Hybrid cars also emitted considerably when switching to combustion engine, which, depending on the length and style of the driving, could be comparable to non-hybrid vehicles emissions. Aged organic aerosol was dominated by oxidized compounds typical of ambient secondary organic aerosol, with unique compositions across vehicle types and fuels. Notably, the CNG vehicle emitted hydrocarbon-like organics, likely originating from less reactive species from lubricant oil, and the Euro 4 diesel exhibited organic nitrate formation, an underreported component in vehicle exhaust with atmospheric implications. Secondary aerosol and its precursors should be regulated and considered in reduction technologies, to best mitigate atmospheric PM in urban traffic-influenced areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100375"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is a key factor determining changes in plant phenology. The start and end dates of the pollen season, as well as its duration, are closely linked to shifting meteorological conditions. Rising air temperatures have a particularly strong impact, but changes in other meteorological factors, such as precipitation, are also important. This study analyses two genera within the Betulaceae family, alder (Alnus) and birch (Betula) pollen seasons from 2005 to 2023 in Lithuania, focusing on season dates, duration, pollen concentration, and their relationships with meteorological parameters. The dates and duration of the pollen season were evaluated using two definitions. The analysis is based on daily aerobiological observation data from Vilnius, Siauliai, and Klaipeda.
The alder pollen season typically begins in March and lasts, on average, from 24 to 36 days in different study sites. Over the past two decades, a significant trend toward an earlier start of the season has been observed, with the beginning date moving up by 13–34 days, depending on the location and calculation method. The duration of the season varied slightly, and the end dates did not show statistically significant differences. The increase in air temperature during February and March was the primary factor driving the season's earlier start.
The birch pollen season in Lithuania usually begins in mid-April and lasts about 30 days. Changes are statistically insignificant, despite minor shifts in the start and end dates. A weak but significant correlation exists between February–March temperatures and the beginning of the birch pollen season, while a weak negative correlation was observed between April–May temperatures and the season-end dates.
{"title":"Changes in pollen season duration and their relationship with meteorological conditions in Lithuania","authors":"Silvija Pipiraitė-Januškienė , Egidijus Rimkus , Ingrida Šaulienė , Laura Šukienė","doi":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeaoa.2025.100397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is a key factor determining changes in plant phenology. The start and end dates of the pollen season, as well as its duration, are closely linked to shifting meteorological conditions. Rising air temperatures have a particularly strong impact, but changes in other meteorological factors, such as precipitation, are also important. This study analyses two genera within the Betulaceae family, alder (<em>Alnus</em>) and birch (<em>Betula)</em> pollen seasons from 2005 to 2023 in Lithuania, focusing on season dates, duration, pollen concentration, and their relationships with meteorological parameters. The dates and duration of the pollen season were evaluated using two definitions. The analysis is based on daily aerobiological observation data from Vilnius, Siauliai, and Klaipeda.</div><div>The alder pollen season typically begins in March and lasts, on average, from 24 to 36 days in different study sites. Over the past two decades, a significant trend toward an earlier start of the season has been observed, with the beginning date moving up by 13–34 days, depending on the location and calculation method. The duration of the season varied slightly, and the end dates did not show statistically significant differences. The increase in air temperature during February and March was the primary factor driving the season's earlier start.</div><div>The birch pollen season in Lithuania usually begins in mid-April and lasts about 30 days. Changes are statistically insignificant, despite minor shifts in the start and end dates. A weak but significant correlation exists between February–March temperatures and the beginning of the birch pollen season, while a weak negative correlation was observed between April–May temperatures and the season-end dates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37150,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100397"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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