This paper focuses on energy consumption modeling approaches for traffic and examines how they deviate when applied to evaluate Battery Electric Buses (BEBs), in a try to identify an approach that combines simplicity with accuracy. To do so, the paper exploits three of them: a micro, a meso and a macro one. The microscopic approach relies on a detailed power-based vehicle model that uses second-by-second vehicle speed profiles as traffic activity input, and it serves here as a reference tool. The approach of average speed was employed to represent the macroscopic one that uses a single traffic activity input. For the mesoscopic case, a new function had to be developed that would require traffic inputs on a level-of-detail in between the macroscopic and microscopic scale. A statistical analysis on several standardized driving cycles was conducted to select such inputs, leading to a relationship that associates consumption with two stop-related variables (number and duration). The mesoscopic and macroscopic models could then be evaluated, by comparing their consumption estimations with the detailed microscopic calculations over the same cases (real-world urban traffic of Athens & Hong-Kong, and traffic measures). While the macroscopic results revealed well-known limitations in accuracy of the average speed approach, as it deviated from the microscopic model by 10 % for urban traffic and 20 % for measures, the mesoscopic one closely matched the microscopic model (max 5 % error). Thus, for BEBs, a mesoscopic approach with only two activity inputs (stop-related variables) can satisfy requirements from energy modeling for valid estimations and simplicity in use. With these characteristics, the approach presents exploitation potential in multiple applications of urban transportation systems.
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