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Source identification of carbon monoxide over the greater Tokyo area: Tower measurement network and evaluation of global/regional model simulations at different resolutions 大东京地区一氧化碳的来源识别:塔式测量网络和不同分辨率的全球/区域模型模拟评估
IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100284
Syuichi Itahashi , Yukio Terao , Kohei Ikeda , Hiroshi Tanimoto

Because of its relatively long lifetime among short-lived climate forcers in the atmosphere, carbon monoxide (CO) is utilized as a tracer, and is expected to be simulated at coarse resolution. To better grasp the behavior of CO in the atmosphere, multi-altitude measurement is required because the main sources of CO emissions are automobiles (surface) and industry (aloft). In this work, using CO measurements obtained at remote sites and through a tower measurement network in Japan (37 m and 250 m above ground level (AGL) in an urban area, and 32 m AGL at a rural site in the greater Tokyo area), the performances of a global model (2° × 2.5°) and a regional model at various resolutions (12, 4, and 1.3 km) were comprehensively evaluated. The global model successfully simulated CO at remote sites but not for high-concentration peaks at rural and urban sites, whereas the regional model increasingly improved its performance in capturing CO peaks at urban sites with resolutions up to 4 km. Therefore, we concluded that a 4 km resolution was suitable for capturing CO at urban sites, and furthermore estimated the source contributions. The regions surrounding the greater Tokyo area were dominated by the concentration from the lateral boundaries (approximately 180 ppbv), while the higher CO in central Tokyo was attributed to local sources. These local sources accounted for up to 80% of the annual average at the surface level and just 10% aloft (corresponding to the 250 m AGL site). Sensitivity simulations assessing CO sources (automobiles, industry, and others) demonstrated the important role of automobiles, while higher altitudes had more sources attributed to industry. Local sources were found to make more prominent contributions at higher concentration ranges. The appropriate modeling resolution for CO behavior can be drawn from our findings and the usefulness of simultaneous measurements at the surface level and using a tower for capturing the three-dimensional CO structure can be demonstrated as an important approach.

由于一氧化碳(CO)在大气中的寿命相对较长,是一种短寿命的气候影响因子,因此被用作示踪剂,并有望以较高分辨率进行模拟。为了更好地掌握一氧化碳在大气中的行为,需要进行多高度测量,因为一氧化碳的主要排放源是汽车(地面)和工业(高空)。在这项工作中,利用在远程站点和通过日本的塔式测量网络获得的一氧化碳测量数据(城市地区地面以上 37 米和 250 米,大东京地区农村站点地面以上 32 米),对不同分辨率(12、4 和 1.3 千米)的全球模式(2°×2.5°)和区域模式的性能进行了全面评估。全球模式成功地模拟了偏远地区的一氧化碳,但无法模拟农村和城市地区的高浓度峰值,而区域模式在捕捉城市地区一氧化碳峰值方面的性能日益提高,其分辨率最高可达 4 千米。因此,我们认为 4 千米分辨率适合捕捉城市站点的一氧化碳,并进一步估算了源贡献。大东京地区周边区域主要是来自横向边界的浓度(约 180 ppbv),而东京市中心较高的一氧化碳浓度则归因于本地来源。这些本地来源占地面年平均值的 80%,仅占高空年平均值的 10%(与 250 米 AGL 站点相对应)。对一氧化碳来源(汽车、工业和其他)的敏感性模拟评估表明,汽车发挥着重要作用,而更高的海拔则有更多的来源归因于工业。在较高的浓度范围内,本地来源的贡献更为突出。从我们的研究结果中可以得出一氧化碳行为的适当建模分辨率,并证明在地表同时进行测量和使用塔捕捉一氧化碳三维结构是非常有用的重要方法。
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引用次数: 0
National, satellite-based land-use regression models for estimating long-term annual NO2 exposure across India 基于卫星的全国性土地利用回归模型,用于估算印度各地每年的二氧化氮长期暴露量
IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100289
Neha Singh , Joe Van Buskirk , Sagnik Dey , Luke D. Knibbs

In India, scarcity of ground-based measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major challenge for estimating long-term exposure and associated health impacts. This study aimed to develop and validate a national-scale annual NO2 exposure model for India for 2019 and determine if model cross-validation predictive ability was improved by including non-continuous (manual) measurements along with reference-grade, continuous measurements.

We used a supervised forward-addition linear regression method to fit land use regression (LUR) models developed with up to 804 Central Pollution Control Board ground monitoring stations (n = 157 continuous, n = 647 manual) and 209 spatial predictor variables, including satellite-based tropospheric NO2 columns. Two models were developed: one using continuous sites only and one using continuous and manual sites, with standard diagnostics and cross-validation (CV) methods. We also assessed if the kriging of final model residuals reduced spatial autocorrelation and improved model CV results. LUR coefficients for the best-performing model were applied to predictors for 2015–2021 and gridded at 100 m to estimate population-weighted exposure.

The continuous sites-only model and combined continuous and manual sites models had CV-R2 values of 0.59 (root-mean-square error [RMSE]: 9.4 μg/m3) and 0.54 (RMSE: 8.3 μg/m3), respectively, and both included the satellite NO2 predictor. Kriging residuals increased the CV-R2 of the combined model to 0.70 (RMSE: 7.2 μg/m3) but offered no improvement for the continuous site model. National population-weighted average NO2 was 22.1 μg/m3 in 2019. We estimated over 92% of the Indian population was exposed to annual NO2 exceeding the WHO air quality guideline (10 μg/m3). In Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata, an estimated 45%, 100%, and 100% of the population, respectively, experienced annual NO2 levels that surpassed Indian standards (40 μg/m3). To our knowledge, this is the first such long-term NO2 LUR model specific to India, and predictions are available to interested researchers.

在印度,二氧化氮(NO2)地面测量数据的匮乏是估算长期暴露和相关健康影响的一大挑战。本研究旨在开发和验证 2019 年印度全国范围的年度二氧化氮暴露模型,并确定将非连续(人工)测量值与参考级连续测量值一起纳入模型交叉验证是否会提高模型的预测能力。我们使用了一种有监督的前向添加线性回归方法,以拟合利用多达 804 个中央污染控制委员会地面监测站(n = 157 个连续监测站,n = 647 个人工监测站)和 209 个空间预测变量(包括卫星对流层二氧化氮柱)开发的土地利用回归模型。我们利用标准诊断和交叉验证 (CV) 方法建立了两个模型:一个仅使用连续监测站点,另一个使用连续监测站点和人工监测站点。我们还评估了最终模型残差的克里格化是否降低了空间自相关性并改善了模型 CV 结果。表现最佳模型的 LUR 系数被应用于 2015-2021 年的预测因子,并以 100 米为网格来估算人口加权暴露量。仅连续站点模型以及连续站点和人工站点组合模型的 CV-R2 值分别为 0.59(均方根误差 [RMSE]:9.4 μg/m3)和 0.54(均方根误差:8.3 μg/m3),且均包含卫星 NO2 预测因子。克里格化残差将综合模型的 CV-R2 提高到 0.70(均方根误差:7.2 μg/m3),但对连续地点模型没有任何改进。2019 年全国人口加权二氧化氮平均值为 22.1 μg/m3。我们估计,超过 92% 的印度人口每年暴露在超过世界卫生组织空气质量准则(10 μg/m3)的二氧化氮中。在德里、孟买和加尔各答,估计分别有 45%、100% 和 100%的人口的二氧化氮年浓度超过了印度标准(40 微克/立方米)。据我们所知,这是首个专门针对印度的长期二氧化氮 LUR 模型,感兴趣的研究人员可以使用该模型进行预测。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 lockdown impact on air quality and associated health benefit in two contrasting urban cities in Eastern Indo Gangetic Plain COVID-19 封锁对东印度洋平原两个截然不同的城市空气质量的影响及相关健康益处
IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100290
Rishabh Raj Jain, Bipin Kumar Sahni, Indira Mishra, Saifi Izhar

A key challenge in controlling deteriorating urban air quality is a lack of clear understanding of the regional emissions characteristics and their impact on human health. COVID-19 lockdown provided an opportunity to enhance understanding of background air quality. Towards this, we studied the effect of the lockdown on air pollutants level and associated health benefits in two contrasting urban cities of Eastern IGP, Asansol (industrial) and Kolkata (metropolitan), by analyzing data from 2019 to 2021. The outcomes revealed that the level of exceedance of air pollutants is usually higher in Asansol but significantly decreased in both cities during the lockdown period. Particle concentrations were reduced by 50–70 % compared to Pre-Lockdown and by 20–35 % against the same period in 2019. Kolkata witnessed a higher reduction in PM levels than Asansol. Diurnal variation comparison showed a higher reduction of particle levels during lockdown in the morning at Asansol while in the evening at Kolkata. The health benefits associated with the reduction in PM2.5 concentration were quantified using the BenMAP-CE model, which revealed that improving air quality, like during the lockdown period, would save annually 0.46 and 2.91 deaths per 100,000 persons in Asansol and Kolkata, respectively. Altogether, this study's outcomes provide essential insights to policymakers for regional factors associated to varying air quality and health benefits associated to improvement in air quality.

控制日益恶化的城市空气质量的一个关键挑战是缺乏对区域排放特征及其对人类健康影响的清晰了解。COVID-19 封锁为加强对背景空气质量的了解提供了一个机会。为此,我们通过分析 2019 年至 2021 年的数据,研究了封锁对东部 IGP 的两个对比城市--阿桑索尔(工业城市)和加尔各答(大都市)--空气污染物水平的影响以及相关的健康益处。结果显示,阿桑索尔的空气污染物超标水平通常较高,但在封锁期间,这两个城市的空气污染物超标水平都显著下降。与封锁前相比,颗粒物浓度降低了 50-70%,与 2019 年同期相比降低了 20-35%。加尔各答的可吸入颗粒物浓度降幅高于阿桑索尔。昼夜变化比较显示,在封锁期间,阿桑索尔上午的颗粒物水平降低幅度较高,而加尔各答傍晚的颗粒物水平降低幅度较低。使用 BenMAP-CE 模型对 PM2.5 浓度下降带来的健康效益进行了量化,结果显示,改善空气质量(如在封锁期间)将使阿桑索尔和加尔各答每 10 万人每年分别减少 0.46 和 2.91 例死亡。总之,这项研究的成果为政策制定者提供了重要的见解,帮助他们了解与不同空气质量相关的区域因素以及与改善空气质量相关的健康益处。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of high mileage LPG cars in different technical condition in Czechia: Particle-bound PAHs 捷克不同技术条件下高里程石油气汽车的比较:颗粒结合的多环芳烃
IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100294
Libor Špička, Adam Poul, Jiří Huzlík, Martina Bucková, Jitka Hegrová, Roman Ličbinský

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is represented in the literature as a transport fuel with lower regulated and non-regulated emissions compared to petrol. For the purpose of this paper, real-world emissions measurements were performed on a random sample of four commonly operated passenger vehicles with higher mileage (over 200 thousand km) and on a new one. The aim is to compare the emission factors of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dual-fuelled passenger cars running on LPG and petrol, or rather to compare the emission factors of the two fuel types. PAH concentrations are determined by gas chromatography based on the analysis of particles captured on a filter during isokinetic sampling of the exhaust gas during driving in real traffic. In terms of the sum of the 8 most hazardous PAHs analysed, LPG fuelling reduced the total (summary) emission factor of only two of the vehicles analysed, by 22% and 26% respectively compared to petrol. For the remaining vehicles, there was an increase in the total emission factor ranging from 4.4 to 68.8%. The results show that in terms of particle-bound PAHs, the benefit of LPG fuel in terms of vehicle emissions may not be so clear-cut in real-world tests and it depends very much on whether a suitable propulsion system is fitted to the vehicle, how it is set up and how the vehicle is serviced (i.e. the vehicle overall condition).

与汽油相比,液化石油气(LPG)在文献中被认为是一种受管制和不受管制排放较低的运输燃料。本文对四辆里程数较高(超过 20 万公里)的常用乘用车和一辆新车进行了实际排放测量。目的是比较以液化石油气和汽油为双燃料的乘用车中颗粒结合的多环芳烃(PAHs)的排放因子,或者说是比较两种燃料的排放因子。多环芳烃的浓度是通过气相色谱法测定的,其依据是在实际交通行驶过程中对废气进行等速采样时在过滤器上捕获的颗粒分析。就所分析的 8 种最有害的多环芳烃的总和而言,在所分析的车辆中,只有两辆车的总排放系数(总和)与汽油相比分别降低了 22% 和 26%。其余车辆的总排放系数增加了 4.4% 至 68.8%。结果表明,就颗粒状多环芳烃而言,在实际测试中,石油气燃料对车辆排放的好处可能并不那么明显,这在很大程度上取决于车辆是否安装了合适的推进系统、系统的设置方式以及车辆的维修方式(即车辆的整体状况)。
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引用次数: 0
Using in situ measurements of δ13C in methane to investigate methane emissions from the western Canada sedimentary basin 利用甲烷中的δ13C 原位测量数据调查加拿大西部沉积盆地的甲烷排放情况
IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100286
Sébastien Ars , Gabriela González Arismendi , Karlis Muehlenbachs , Douglas E.J. Worthy , Felix Vogel
<div><p>During COP26, Canada joined the Global Methane Pledge aiming to reduce global methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions by 30% below 2020 levels by 2030. Rapid reduction of anthropogenic CH<sub>4</sub> emissions in the atmosphere is considered one of the most effective strategies to slow global warming in concert with carbon dioxide mitigation measures. In Canada, a large part of anthropogenic CH<sub>4</sub> emissions can be attributed to the oil and gas industry in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), which is the fourth largest reserve of fossil fuel in the world. Recent studies highlighted big discrepancies between CH<sub>4</sub> emissions reported in Canada's National Inventory and emissions estimated with approaches using atmospheric measurements for the oil and gas sector. Measuring the isotopic signature of CH<sub>4</sub> (δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub>) at different atmospheric monitoring stations and comparing these measurements to detailed archives of δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub> from oil and gas wells and associated CH<sub>4</sub> leaks in the WCSB could help better characterize the emissions from different CH<sub>4</sub> sources over the region. In this study, we compare two independent sets of data: (1) thousands of δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub> of samples from oil and gas production wells and their associated leaks (surface casing vents and ground migration) collected across the WCSB, and (2) atmospheric mixing ratios of CH<sub>4</sub> and their δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub> measured successively at three locations across this region between 2016 and 2020 combined with their atmospheric footprints modeled with HYSPLIT-STILT. We observed a gradient in the isotopic signatures of the oil and gas samples within the WCSB with δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub> being more depleted in the Southeast than in the Northwest. The analysis of these samples showed that the isotopic signature of CH<sub>4</sub> emitted by the production of fossil fuel depends on the geological formations from which it is extracted. Also, CH<sub>4</sub> isotopic signatures vary more depending on the region where CH<sub>4</sub> comes from than on the type of fossil fuel extracted (natural gas, oil, heavy oil, shale gas). The atmospheric measurements showed a strong seasonality of δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub> at one of the atmospheric monitoring sites with isotopic signatures associated with thermogenic sources in winter and isotopic signatures associated with a mix of biogenic and thermogenic sources in summer. Using the δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub> archive database from oil and gas samples, we estimated that 28–39 % of the CH<sub>4</sub> emitted near this site in summer was coming from a biogenic source (most likely wetlands). Ultimately, atmospheric measurements collected during winter combined with their associated HYSPLIT-STILT footprints presented a spatial distribution of δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub> over the WCSB comparable to the one observed in the archive da
在 COP26 期间,加拿大加入了全球甲烷承诺,旨在到 2030 年将全球甲烷(CH4)排放量从 2020 年的水平减少 30%。迅速减少大气中人为甲烷(CH4)排放量被认为是与二氧化碳减排措施共同减缓全球变暖的最有效战略之一。在加拿大,很大一部分人为甲烷排放可归因于加拿大西部沉积盆地(WCSB)的石油和天然气工业,该盆地是世界第四大化石燃料储藏地。最近的研究突出表明,加拿大国家清单中报告的甲烷排放量与使用大气测量方法估算的石油和天然气行业排放量之间存在巨大差异。在不同的大气监测站测量 CH4 的同位素特征(δ13CH4),并将这些测量结果与来自西部和南部非洲的油气井及相关 CH4 泄漏的详细δ13CH4 档案进行比较,有助于更好地确定该地区不同 CH4 排放源的排放特征。在本研究中,我们比较了两组独立的数据:(1)在整个世界南极海盆区收集的数千个油气生产井及其相关泄漏(地面套管喷口和地面迁移)样本的δ13CH4;(2)2016 年至 2020 年期间在该地区三个地点连续测量的 CH4 大气混合比及其δ13CH4,并结合使用 HYSPLIT-STILT 模拟的大气足迹。我们观察到,西西伯利亚盆地内油气样本的同位素特征存在梯度,东南部的 δ13CH4 比西北部更贫化。对这些样本的分析表明,化石燃料生产过程中排放的 CH4 的同位素特征取决于其开采的地质构造。此外,CH4 同位素特征的变化更多地取决于 CH4 的来源地区,而不是开采的化石燃料类型(天然气、石油、重油、页岩气)。大气测量结果显示,其中一个大气监测点的 δ13CH4 具有很强的季节性,冬季的同位素特征与热源有关,而夏季的同位素特征则与生物源和热源混合有关。利用石油和天然气样本的 δ13CH4 档案数据库,我们估计该站点附近夏季排放的 CH4 中有 28%-39% 来自生物源(很可能是湿地)。最终,冬季收集的大气测量数据与相关的 HYSPLIT-STILT 脚印相结合,显示出世界南极海盆区的δ13CH4 空间分布与石油和天然气行业档案数据库中观察到的分布相当,从而证实石油和天然气行业是该地区 CH4 的主要来源。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial and temporal analysis of scooter-induced traffic patterns and their environmental implications 滑板车引发的交通模式及其环境影响的时空分析
IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100291
I-Chun Tsai , Chen-Wei Lin , Shih-Hao Su , Chiao-Wei Chang , Chih-Wen Su , Shih-Chun Candice Lung

Scooters are a popular means of transportation in urban areas. However, studies examining their spatial and temporal features are lacking. This study examined traffic patterns in New Taipei City from September 2021 to June 2023 using real-time surveillance camera images and the YOLOv4 algorithm. The focus of the study was to investigate the role of scooters in urban transportation and their effect on air quality. The findings revealed that sedans and scooters accounted for approximately 90% of the total vehicles, and their usage exhibited significant spatial and temporal variations across the city. Sedans were more prevalent in rural areas, whereas scooters were predominant in urban and suburban regions. An examination of diurnal patterns revealed that peak traffic occurred during early morning and evening rush hours, with distinct usage patterns between weekdays and weekends. Through hierarchical clustering, the city's stations were categorized into three types based on the dominant vehicle usage: sedan-dominant, sedan-prevailing, and scooter-dominant. The analysis also established a correlation between the number of vehicles and air pollution, highlighting the significant role of sedans and scooters as primary sources of emissions, particularly in areas where scooters were dominant. This suggests that the current emission inventories may underestimate the impact of scooters and buses on air quality while overestimating the trucks' contribution. Consequently, this study emphasizes the significance of scooters in determining urban air quality and advocates for improved monitoring and image identification technologies to accurately assess the numbers and speeds of scooters. These measures are essential for improving the accuracy of emissions inventories and forecasts, which are crucial for effective urban air quality management.

在城市地区,摩托车是一种很受欢迎的交通工具。然而,对其空间和时间特征的研究却很缺乏。本研究利用实时监控摄像头图像和 YOLOv4 算法,研究了 2021 年 9 月至 2023 年 6 月期间新北市的交通模式。研究的重点是调查滑板车在城市交通中的作用及其对空气质量的影响。研究结果表明,轿车和滑板车约占车辆总数的 90%,其使用情况在整个城市呈现出明显的时空差异。轿车在农村地区更为普遍,而滑板车则在城市和郊区占主导地位。对昼夜模式的研究表明,交通高峰出现在清晨和傍晚的高峰时段,工作日和周末的使用模式截然不同。通过分层聚类,根据主要车辆使用情况将城市车站分为三种类型:轿车主导型、轿车优先型和滑板车主导型。分析还确定了车辆数量与空气污染之间的相关性,突出了轿车和踏板车作为主要排放源的重要作用,尤其是在踏板车占主导地位的地区。这表明,目前的排放清单可能低估了小型摩托车和公共汽车对空气质量的影响,而高估了卡车的贡献。因此,本研究强调了小型摩托车在决定城市空气质量方面的重要性,并主张改进监测和图像识别技术,以准确评估小型摩托车的数量和速度。这些措施对于提高排放清单和预测的准确性至关重要,而排放清单和预测对于有效的城市空气质量管理至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Targeted use of paraffinic kerosene: Potentials and implications 石蜡煤油的定向使用:潜力和影响
IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100279
Gunnar Quante , Christiane Voigt , Martin Kaltschmitt

Aviation contributes to anthropogenic climate change mainly by contrails, CO2 and NOx emissions, whereof contrails are considered the largest single contributor to the radiative forcing from aviation. Powering aircraft with kerosene containing fewer or no-aromatics, i.e., “Sustainable Aviation Fuels” (SAF) or hydroprocessed, fossil-based kerosene, can significantly reduce contrail climate forcing. However, such kerosene is currently scarcely available. Moreover, less than 10 % of the flights worldwide cause more than 80 % of the contrail climate forcing. Hence, this study investigates a targeted allocation of paraffinic, i.e., aromatics-free kerosene to flights and flight segments with the highest contrail climate forcing, by calculating the resulting contrail energy forcing (in J) on 844 364 flight trajectories worldwide departing from five large European airports in 2019.

The contrail radiative forcing integrated over contrail evolution (i.e., contrail energy forcing [J]) is simulated for a reference fleet powered with conventional kerosene of 14.1 m - % hydrogen content. 5 % of overall kerosene demand assumed to be paraffinic kerosene with 15.3 m - % hydrogen content is allocated via a uniform, a flight-specific and a segment-specific approach. The uniform allocation assumes that all flights receive the same blend of 5 % paraffinic kerosene. The other cases target 100 % paraffinic kerosene either to flights or segments with highest contrail energy forcing. Compared to the reference, the results indicate a reduction on contrail energy forcing by 4 %, 36 % and 55 %, respectively. For market shares of paraffinic kerosene up to 30 %, a segment specific allocation appears advantageous compared to a flight specific allocation. However, they might require airport and aircraft modifications. Uncertainties in contrail climate benefits can be reduced by providing additional information on kerosene properties and accurate meteorological data. Overall, this study highlights robust potentials of paraffinic kerosene to significantly reduce the climate forcing from aviation.

航空对人类活动引起的气候变化的影响主要来自于烟雾、二氧化碳和氮氧化物的排放,其中烟雾被认为是航空辐射强迫的最大贡献者。使用含芳烃较少或不含芳烃的煤油(即 "可持续航空燃料"(SAF)或经过加氢处理的化石基煤油)为飞机提供动力,可以显著减少烟尘对气候的影响。然而,这种煤油目前还很少见。此外,全球只有不到 10% 的航班会造成 80% 以上的飞行迹线气候强迫。因此,本研究通过计算 2019 年从欧洲 5 个大型机场起飞的全球 844 364 条飞行轨迹所产生的逆光能量强迫(以 J 为单位),对逆光演变过程中的逆光辐射强迫(即逆光能量强迫 [J])进行了模拟。假定总煤油需求量的 5%为氢含量为 15.3 m - % 的石蜡煤油,通过统一、特定航班和特定分段的方法进行分配。统一分配法假定所有航班都使用相同的 5%石蜡煤油。其他情况下,100% 的石蜡煤油被分配给了具有最高碰撞能量强迫的航班或航段。结果表明,与参考值相比,飞行迹线能量强迫分别降低了 4%、36% 和 55%。对于市场份额高达 30% 的石蜡煤油而言,特定航段分配比特定航班分配更有优势。不过,这可能需要对机场和飞机进行改装。通过提供有关煤油特性的更多信息和准确的气象数据,可以减少烟雾气候效益的不确定性。总之,这项研究强调了石蜡煤油在显著减少航空气候强迫方面的巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
The health and economic impacts of exposure to marine mobile emissions from ships in Durban port, South Africa 接触南非德班港船舶海洋移动排放物对健康和经济的影响
IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100277
Nkosinathi M. Manqele , Raeesa Moolla , Lisa Frost Ramsay

South Africa remains an uncharted realm in terms of marine mobile emissions inventory and hence the impact of pollution from ships in coastal cities remains unknown. Such a void creates uncertainties about the extent of population exposure to pollution from ships, the health impact and economic value associated with the changes in policies for the port city of Durban.

This study was aimed at estimating the health and economic impact of marine mobile emissions and the health and economic benefits associated with improvement in air quality within the port city of Durban, which is under eThekwini municipality. The population exposure to particulate matter of less than 2.5 and 10 μm (PM2.5 and PM10) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) from ships calling into Durban port were estimated using the AERMOD air dispersion model. The BenMAP modelling tool was then used to estimate the health impact and economic value of changes in emission of PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 from ships visiting Durban port. The reduction in emissions from ships was due to the reduction in the sulphur content of fuel from 3.5% to 0.5% that was implemented by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) on the 01st of January 2020.

The results showed that PM2.5 and PM10 emissions reduced by 63% in 2020 compared to 2018, whilst SO2 emissions reduced by 82% over the same period. The BenMAP results indicated that 49 premature mortalities were avoided in 2020 compared to 2018 since the IMO's forced reduction in sulphur content of fuel by 85% in 2020. These avoided cases on mortality were estimated a monetary value of R228 million using the World Bank’s 2016 estimates and R683 million using the USEPA Mean VSL estimate. Such monetary values were respectively equivalent to 0.05% and 0.2% of the eThekwini's GDP, which was estimated at R468 billion in 2016.

在海洋移动排放物清单方面,南非仍然是一个未知领域,因此船舶污染对沿海城市的影响仍然未知。这项研究旨在估算海洋移动排放物对健康和经济的影响,以及德班港(隶属于 eThekwini 市)空气质量改善带来的健康和经济效益。使用 AERMOD 空气扩散模型估算了停靠德班港的船舶排放的小于 2.5 和 10 μm 的颗粒物(PM2.5 和 PM10)以及二氧化硫(SO2)对人口的影响。然后,使用 BenMAP 建模工具估算了到访德班港的船舶 PM2.5、PM10 和二氧化硫排放量变化对健康的影响和经济价值。船舶排放量减少的原因是国际海事组织(IMO)于 2020 年 1 月 1 日将燃料含硫量从 3.5% 降至 0.5%。结果显示,与 2018 年相比,2020 年的 PM2.5 和 PM10 排放量减少了 63%,同期的二氧化硫排放量减少了 82%。BenMAP 的结果表明,由于国际海事组织强制要求在 2020 年将燃料中的硫含量降低 85%,与 2018 年相比,2020 年可避免 49 例过早死亡事故。根据世界银行 2016 年的估算,这些避免的死亡案例的货币价值为 2.28 亿兰特,而根据美国环保局平均 VSL 估算,这些避免的死亡案例的货币价值为 6.83 亿兰特。这些货币价值分别相当于特克维尼 2016 年国内生产总值(估计为 4,680 亿兰特)的 0.05% 和 0.2%。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization and source identification of PM2.5 during intense haze episodes in an urban environment of Lahore 拉合尔城市环境中强雾霾期间 PM2.5 的特征和来源识别
IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100276
Saima Mohyuddin , Khan Alam , Bahadar Zeb , Muhammad Fahim Khokhar , Kaleem Anwar Mir , Anthony S. Wexler , Ehtiram ul Haq , Muhammad Ikram , Imran Shahid

In the backdrop of persistent haze occurrences affecting Southeast Asia and Pakistan's environmental landscape, this study delves into an in-depth analysis of atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM2.5) during intense haze episodes prevalent in Lahore throughout October, November, and December 2019. Employing advanced analytical techniques encompassing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Raman Spectroscopy (RS), this investigation meticulously scrutinized PM2.5 samples. The findings showcased substantial variability in PM2.5 concentrations, peaking notably in December within the range of 43.2–301 μgm−3, averaging 168 ± 88.3 μgm−3, whereas lower concentrations ranging from 30.9 to 268 μgm−3, with an average of 106 ± 66.1 μgm−3, were observed in October. These concentrations displayed correlations with meteorological parameters, demonstrating a direct association with relative humidity and varying relationships with temperature and wind speed. The maximal PM2.5 concentrations aligned with lower temperatures (19.1 °C), while higher temperatures (26.1 °C) coincided with the lowest concentrations, illustrating distinct relationships with relative humidity percentages and wind speeds. Advanced spectroscopic analyses (RS and XRD) confirmed the presence of various minerals and elements within PM2.5 samples, encompassing calcite, calcium aluminosilicate, hematite, barite, quartz, gypsum, organic carbon, and nineteen elements identified by EDX. Morphological evaluations unveiled diverse particle shapes, from round, pointed, and irregular to rod-like, and agglomerate structures. SEM investigations delineated distinctive groups of anthropogenic and geogenic particles, emphasizing emission sources such as automobile emissions, crop residue burning, biomass burning, construction activities, soil dust, and industrial emissions. This comprehensive study lays the groundwork for source apportionment, vital for understanding consequential impacts on climate, visibility, and human health, fostering future investigations in this domain.

在影响东南亚和巴基斯坦环境面貌的持续雾霾天气发生的背景下,本研究深入分析了拉合尔在 2019 年 10 月、11 月和 12 月的严重雾霾天气期间的大气颗粒物(PM2.5)。这项调查采用了先进的分析技术,包括扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散光谱仪(EDX)、X 射线衍射(XRD)和拉曼光谱(RS),对 PM2.5 样品进行了细致的检查。研究结果表明,PM2.5 浓度变化很大,在 12 月份达到峰值,范围为 43.2-301 μgm-3,平均值为 168 ± 88.3 μgm-3,而在 10 月份,浓度较低,范围为 30.9-268 μgm-3,平均值为 106 ± 66.1 μgm-3。这些浓度与气象参数相关,显示出与相对湿度的直接关系,以及与温度和风速的不同关系。PM2.5 的最大浓度与较低的温度(19.1 °C)相一致,而较高的温度(26.1 °C)与最低的浓度相吻合,说明了与相对湿度百分比和风速的明显关系。先进的光谱分析(RS 和 XRD)证实了 PM2.5 样品中存在各种矿物质和元素,包括方解石、铝硅酸钙、赤铁矿、重晶石、石英、石膏、有机碳以及通过 EDX 确定的 19 种元素。形态学评估揭示了颗粒的各种形状,从圆形、尖形、不规则形到棒状和团聚结构。扫描电子显微镜研究划分了人为和地质颗粒的独特组别,强调了排放源,如汽车尾气排放、农作物秸秆燃烧、生物质燃烧、建筑活动、土壤尘埃和工业排放。这项全面的研究为来源划分奠定了基础,对于了解对气候、能见度和人类健康的影响至关重要,并促进了该领域未来的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing modelled and measured exhaust gas components from two LNG-powered ships 比较两艘液化天然气动力船舶的模拟和测量废气成分
IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100275
Mikko Heikkilä , Niina Kuittinen , Tiia Grönholm

Bottom-up modelling is used frequently to estimate emissions produced by seagoing vessels, and the accuracy of modelling is dependent on the data the model is trained with. Observational studies can be used to increase the model accuracy. Here we compared data from two measuring campaigns conducted on board ships that use Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as primary fuel in internal combustion engines (ICE) in a diesel-electric setup with values obtained from the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM).

The power demand for propulsion calculated using Automatic Identification System (AIS) data matched observations reasonably. The root mean square error between the modelled and observed power demand was 759–914 kW (28.6–34.5%) for the measured ropax vessel and 1869–1916 kW (16.7–17.1%) for the large cruise vessel over four voyages while the ships were underway. The discrepancy is largely explained by the auxiliary power demand, which was 4 times higher on the large cruise vessel than the model prediction.

Using meteorological data to estimate the increase of resistance did not improve the goodness of fit between modelled and observed engine power demand. STEAM model's base-specific fuel consumption calculation method fits observed values reasonably when the engine load is over 50%, but ICEs used in constant speed mode have increased consumption at lower engine loads compared to variable speed ICEs.

The share of pilot fuel of total energy consumption was found to play a significant role in the emission factors for measured exhaust gas compounds. More accurate functions to model fuel consumption and emissions were derived using the observed data.

自下而上的建模经常用于估算海船产生的排放,而建模的准确性取决于模型所使用的数据。观测研究可用于提高模型的准确性。在此,我们比较了在柴油-电力设置中使用液化天然气(LNG)作为内燃机(ICE)主要燃料的船舶上进行的两次测量活动的数据与船舶交通排放评估模型(STEAM)获得的数值。在船舶航行的四个航次中,测得的罗巴逊船和大型游轮的动力需求模型和观测值之间的均方根误差分别为 759-914 kW(28.6-34.5%)和 1869-1916 kW(16.7-17.1%)。出现差异的主要原因是辅助动力需求,大型游轮上的辅助动力需求是模型预测值的 4 倍。使用气象数据估算阻力的增加并没有改善模型和观测到的发动机动力需求之间的拟合度。STEAM 模型的基础特定油耗计算方法在发动机负荷超过 50%时与观测值吻合度较高,但与变速内燃机相比,在恒速模式下使用的内燃机在发动机负荷较低时油耗会增加。利用观测数据得出了更精确的燃料消耗和排放建模函数。
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引用次数: 0
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