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Assessment of Chemical Facility Ethylene Oxide Emissions Using Mobile and Multipoint Monitoring. 利用移动和多点监测评价化工设施环氧乙烷排放。
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4329348
E. Thoma, Ali Gitipour, I. George, P. Kariher, Megan MacDonald, Gustavo Queiroz, P. Deshmukh, Josh Childers, Tim Rodak, V. Schmid
Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a hazardous air pollutant that can be emitted from a variety of difficult to measure industrial sources, such as fugitive leaks, wastewater handling, and episodic releases. Emerging next generation emission measurement (NGEM) approaches capable of time-resolved, low parts per billion by volume (ppbv) method detection limits (MDLs) can help facilities understand and reduce EtO and other air pollutant emissions from these sources yielding a range of environmental and public health benefits. In October 2021, a first of its kind 4-day observational study was conducted at an EtO chemical facility in the midwestern United States. The study had dual objectives to both improve understanding of EtO emission sources within the facility and advance NGEM methods. Using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) instruments, a combination of mobile surveys and stationary multipoint process unit monitoring assessed EtO concentrations in and near facility operations, while testing and comparing measurement methods. The study concluded that four main areas of EtO source emissions existed within the facility, each possessing unique emission characteristics. Episodic EtO emissions from supply railcar switchovers and batch reactor washouts, lasting seconds to minutes in duration, produced EtO concentrations exceeding 500 ppbv inside the process unit in some cases. In one instance, EtO at ~30 ppbv was briefly observed hundreds of meters from the process unit. Lower level but more sustained EtO concentrations were observed near an EtO transfer pump and wastewater tank outfall and drain system. Overall, 4.6% of mobile survey data were above the 1.2 ppbv mobile test MDL while the nine stationary sampling locations ranged from 17.7% to 82.8% of data above the 1.0 ppbv multipoint test MDL. This paper describes the EtO emissions observed in and near the four defined source areas within the facility and provides details of the NGEM method development advances accomplished as part of the study.
环氧乙烷(EtO)是一种危险的空气污染物,可从各种难以测量的工业来源排放,如无组织泄漏、废水处理和偶发性排放。新兴的下一代排放测量(NGEM)方法能够实现时间分辨、低体积百分比(ppbv)方法检测限值(MDL),可以帮助企业了解并减少这些来源的EtO和其他空气污染物排放,从而产生一系列环境和公共健康效益。2021年10月,在美国中西部的EtO化学设施进行了首次为期4天的观测研究。该研究的双重目标是提高对设施内EtO排放源的了解,并推进NGEM方法。使用腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)仪器,结合移动调查和固定多点工艺装置监测,评估了设施运行中和附近的EtO浓度,同时测试和比较了测量方法。该研究得出结论,设施内存在四个主要的EtO源排放区域,每个区域都具有独特的排放特征。供应轨道车切换和间歇式反应器冲洗产生的EtO偶发性排放持续数秒至数分钟,在某些情况下,工艺装置内产生的EtO浓度超过500 ppbv。在一个例子中,在距离工艺装置数百米的地方短暂地观察到了约30ppbv的EtO。在EtO输送泵和废水池排水口和排水系统附近观察到较低水平但更持久的EtO浓度。总体而言,4.6%的移动调查数据高于1.2 ppbv移动测试MDL,而9个固定采样点的数据范围为17.7%-82.8%,高于1.0 ppbv多点测试MDL。本文描述了在设施内四个确定的源区及其附近观察到的EtO排放,并提供了作为研究一部分完成的NGEM方法开发进展的详细信息。
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引用次数: 1
Comparing satellite methane measurements to inventory estimates: A Canadian case study 比较卫星甲烷测量和库存估算:一个加拿大的案例研究
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2022.100198
Luke Dubey , Jasmin Cooper , Iain Staffell , Adam Hawkes , Paul Balcombe

Methane emissions from natural gas production are of increasing importance as they threaten efforts to mitigate climate change. Current inventory estimates carry high uncertainties due to difficulties in measuring emission sources across large regions. Satellite measurements of atmospheric methane could provide new understanding of emissions. This paper provides insight into the effectiveness of using satellite data to inform and improve methane inventories for natural gas activities. TROPOMI data are used to quantify methane emissions from natural gas within the Montney basin region of Canada and results are compared with existing inventories. Emissions estimated using TROPOMI data were 2.6 ± 2.2 kt/day which is 7.4 ± 6.4 times the inventory estimates. Pixels (7 by 7 km) that contained gas facilities had on average 11 ppb more methane than the background. 7.4% of pixels containing gas sites displayed consistently high methane levels that were not reflected in the inventory. The satellite data were not sufficiently granular to correlate with inventories on a facility scale. This illustrates the spatial limitations of using satellite data to corroborate bottom-up inventories.

天然气生产产生的甲烷排放越来越重要,因为它们威胁到减缓气候变化的努力。由于难以测量大区域的排放源,目前的库存估算具有很高的不确定性。大气甲烷的卫星测量可以提供对排放的新认识。本文介绍了利用卫星数据为天然气活动提供信息和改进甲烷库存的有效性。TROPOMI数据用于量化加拿大Montney盆地地区天然气的甲烷排放量,并将结果与现有库存进行比较。使用TROPOMI数据估计的排放量为2.6±2.2 kt/天,是库存估计的7.4±6.4倍。含有天然气设施的像素(7乘7公里)比背景平均多11ppb的甲烷。7.4%含有气体点的像素显示出持续的高甲烷水平,这在库存中没有反映出来。卫星数据不够细,无法与设施规模的库存相关联。这说明了使用卫星数据来证实自下而上的清单的空间局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Road transport impact on PM2.5 pollution over Delhi during the post-monsoon season 后季风季节道路运输对德里PM2.5污染的影响
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2022.100200
Caterina Mogno , Paul I. Palmer , Margaret R. Marvin , Sumit Sharma , Ying Chen , Oliver Wild

We use the WRF-Chem atmospheric chemical transport model, driven by local emission inventories, to quantify the contribution of on-road transport emissions to surface PM2.5 over Delhi during the post-monsoon season. We compare this contribution to other local (within Delhi) and regional (within the broader National Capital Region, NCR) anthropogenic sectors during the post-monsoon period when seasonal burning and stagnating meteorological conditions exacerbate baseline pollution levels. We find that local on-road transport contributes approximately 10% to daily mean PM2.5 over Delhi, rising to 17% if regional on-road transport sources in the NCR are included. The largest individual contributions to Delhi daily mean PM2.5 are from regional power and industry (14%) and domestic (11%) sectors, dominating nighttime and almost all daytime concentrations. Long range transport contribution from sources beyond the NCR is found to account for approximately 40%. The contribution from the local on-road transport sector to diurnal mean PM2.5 is largest (18%) during the evening traffic peak. It is dominated by contributions from two- and three-wheelers (50%) followed by heavy-duty vehicles (30%), which also collectively represent 60–70% of the total on-road transport sector at any hour of the day. The combined contribution from passenger cars and light duty vehicles and from resuspended road dust to daily mean PM2.5 is small (20%). Our work highlights two important factors which need to be considered in developing effective policies to meet PM2.5 air quality standards in Delhi during post-monsoon. First, a multi-sector and multi-scale approach is needed, which prioritise the reduction in local transport emissions within Delhi, and, in the order, regional industries, domestic and transport emissions from NCR. Second, two-and three-wheelers and heavy-duty vehicles dominate on-road transport impact to PM2.5, thus reductions from these vehicles should be given priority, both within Delhi and in the NCR.

我们使用WRF-Chem大气化学运输模型,在当地排放清单的驱动下,量化了季风后季节德里地区道路交通排放对地面PM2.5的贡献。我们将这一贡献与其他地方(在德里)和区域(在更广泛的国家首都地区,NCR)的人为部门进行比较,在季风后时期,季节性燃烧和停滞的气象条件加剧了基线污染水平。我们发现,当地公路运输对德里日均PM2.5的贡献约为10%,如果包括NCR的区域公路运输来源,则上升至17%。对德里日均PM2.5最大的个人贡献来自地区电力和工业(14%)以及家庭(11%)部门,主要是夜间和几乎所有白天的浓度。发现NCR以外来源的长距离运输贡献约占40%。当地公路运输部门对日平均PM2.5的贡献在晚间交通高峰期间最大(18%)。其中,两轮车和三轮车占主导地位(50%),其次是重型车辆(30%),它们在一天中的任何时候也占公路运输总量的60-70%。乘用车和轻型车辆以及道路悬浮粉尘对日平均PM2.5的贡献很小(20%)。我们的工作强调了在制定有效政策以满足德里季风后PM2.5空气质量标准时需要考虑的两个重要因素。首先,需要采取多部门、多规模的方法,优先减少德里市内的交通运输排放,依次是区域工业、家庭和交通运输的NCR排放。其次,两轮和三轮车以及重型车辆对PM2.5的影响主要来自公路交通,因此,无论是在德里还是在NCR,都应该优先考虑减少这些车辆的排放。
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引用次数: 1
Reducing particle emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India: Combined effects of diesel, biodiesel and lubricating oil 减少印度重型柴油车的颗粒排放:柴油、生物柴油和润滑油的综合效应
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100202
Sampsa Martikainen , Laura Salo , Heino Kuuluvainen , Kimmo Teinilä , Rakesh K. Hooda , Arindam Datta , Ved Prakash Sharma , Hafizur Rahman , Sanjukta Subudhi , Prashant Kumar , Panu Karjalainen , Jorma Keskinen , Hilkka Timonen , Antti Hyvärinen , Topi Rönkkö

Diesel engines contribute significantly to deteriorating air quality. Tightening legislation has led to various technological advances, but developments differ between countries. In India, air quality has not improved and fine particle (PM2.5) related premature deaths are predicted to increase. In this study, we characterized the particle emissions of an Indian-manufactured BS IV (Bharat Stage, comparable to Euro emission standards) heavy-duty diesel vehicle and studied the effects of different fuels, fuel blends and lubricating oils. The main aims of the study were to investigate the particle emission dependency on fuel types and fuel blends used in India and to produce useful data for further use (e.g. legislative parties and modeling): emission factors (PN, PM, BC, other chemical compounds), size distributions and volatility of particles. Additionally, the sensitivity of the emissions to the lubricating oil choice was studied. Two lubricating oils, two fossil fuels conforming to BS IV and BS VI emission standards and two biofuel – BS IV fossil fuel blends were tested, one containing Renewable Paraffinic Diesel (RPD) and the other renewable Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (r-FAME). The tests were conducted on a chassis dynamometer (Delhi Bus Driving Cycle, DBDC). Our results show that the emitted particles were in ultrafine particle size range, and both the soot mode particles and smaller nanoparticles were affected by fuels and lubricating oils. The transition from BS IV grade diesel to BSVI was shown to have potential in reducing particle emissions (PN and eBC) of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in India. Blending fossil fuel with biofuel strongly affected particle number emissions, chemical composition, and eBC emissions and the emissions were highly sensitive to biofuel type. Changing the lubricating oil had a comparable magnitude of effect as changing the fuel and the results indicate that in order to reduce particle emissions, a combination of fuel and lubricating oil should be chosen, instead of choosing them separately.

柴油发动机是空气质量恶化的重要原因。严格的立法导致了各种技术进步,但各国的发展情况有所不同。在印度,空气质量没有改善,与细颗粒物(PM2.5)相关的过早死亡预计会增加。在这项研究中,我们对印度制造的BS IV(巴拉特阶段,与欧洲排放标准相当)重型柴油车的颗粒排放进行了表征,并研究了不同燃料、燃料混合物和润滑油的影响。该研究的主要目的是调查颗粒排放对印度使用的燃料类型和燃料混合物的依赖关系,并为进一步使用(例如立法党派和建模)提供有用的数据:排放因子(PN, PM, BC,其他化合物),颗粒的大小分布和挥发性。此外,还研究了尾气排放对润滑油选择的敏感性。测试了两种润滑油、两种符合BS IV和BS VI排放标准的化石燃料以及两种生物燃料- BS IV化石燃料混合物,其中一种含有可再生石蜡柴油(RPD),另一种含有可再生脂肪酸甲酯(r-FAME)。测试是在底盘测功机(德里公共汽车驾驶循环,DBDC)上进行的。研究结果表明,废气排放颗粒的粒径分布在超细颗粒范围内,烟尘模式颗粒和更小的纳米颗粒均受到燃料和润滑油的影响。从bsiv级柴油到BSVI级柴油的过渡被证明在减少印度重型柴油车的颗粒排放(PN和eBC)方面具有潜力。化石燃料与生物燃料混合对颗粒数排放、化学成分和eBC排放影响较大,且对生物燃料类型高度敏感。更换润滑油的效果与更换燃料的效果相当,结果表明,为了减少颗粒排放,应选择燃料和润滑油的组合,而不是单独选择。
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引用次数: 2
Evaluation of aircraft emission at Tribhuvan international airport and its contribution to air quality in Kathmandu, Nepal 尼泊尔加德满都特里布万国际机场飞机排放及其对空气质量的影响评估
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100204
Dikra Prasad Bajgai , Kundan Lal Shrestha

The recent rise in the number of aircraft flights and the subsequent increase in emissions has raised concerns worldwide, and this increasing trend is expected to continue. This research provides an overall estimation of the landing and take-off cycle (LTO) emissions from Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA) as well as the associated contribution of these emissions to ambient air quality in Kathmandu valley. The aircraft emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), sulfur dioxide (SO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM10, and PM2.5), and black carbon (BC) during the LTO are estimated for recent 20 years by using the emission factor method. The corresponding contribution to ambient air quality was simulated using AERMOD and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) models. The research reveals that total LTO emissions by aircraft at TIA range from 898 to 2123 tonnes per year (2000–2019). The average LTO emissions of NOx, CO, HC, VOC, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, and BC were around 14512, 8142, 2387, 1737, 1247, 481, 472, and 231 tonnes respectively during the period of 20 years. The highest aircraft emission was shown in taxi/idle mode for the LTO cycle, with major constituents being HC and CO. The LTO emissions and their effect on air quality have continually increased. The highest contribution of the LTO emissions on air quality was found in the pre-monsoon season. The dominant pollutants in TIA were nitrogen oxides and its average 24-h concentration was 158.1 μg/m3, which exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) limit value. Hence, LTO emission significantly contributed to ambient air quality in Kathmandu city.

最近飞机航班数量的增加以及随之而来的排放量的增加引起了全世界的关注,预计这种增加的趋势将继续下去。本研究提供了特里布万国际机场(TIA)着陆和起飞周期(LTO)排放的总体估计,以及这些排放对加德满都谷地环境空气质量的相关贡献。采用排放因子法估算了近20年LTO期间飞机排放的氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、碳氢化合物(HC)、二氧化硫(SO2)、挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)、颗粒物(PM10、PM2.5)和黑碳(BC)。利用AERMOD和天气研究与预报(WRF)模式模拟了相应的对环境空气质量的贡献。研究显示,在2000年至2019年期间,机场飞机每年的LTO排放总量在898至2123吨之间。20年间,NOx、CO、HC、VOC、SO2、PM10、PM2.5和BC的平均排放量分别为14512、8142、2387、1737、1247、4881、472和231吨左右。飞机在滑行/怠速模式下的排放量最高,主要成分是HC和CO。飞机的排放量及其对空气质量的影响不断增加。在季风前季节,LTO排放对空气质量的贡献最大。TIA的优势污染物为氮氧化物,其24 h平均浓度为158.1 μg/m3,超过了国家环境空气质量标准(NAAQS)限值。因此,LTO排放显著影响了加德满都的环境空气质量。
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引用次数: 1
Analysis of atmospheric CO2 variability in the Marseille city area and the north-west Mediterranean basin at different time scales 马赛市区和地中海西北部盆地不同时间尺度的大气CO2变化分析
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100208
Irène Xueref-Remy , Mélissa Milne , Narimène Zoghbi , Ludovic Lelandais , Aurélie Riandet , Alexandre Armengaud , Grégory Gille , Ludovic Lanzi , Sonia Oppo , Lola Brégonzio-Rozier , Pierre-Eric Blanc , Christophe Yohia , Jacques Piazzola , Marc Delmotte

This study presents the first analysis of the variability of atmospheric CO2 in the area of the Marseille city (France). It addresses the role of anthropogenic emissions, natural fluxes and atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) dynamics on CO2 variability at the diurnal, synoptic, seasonal and multi-annual scales. A regional network based on 4 in-situ observation sites of CO2, CO and NOx was deployed between 2013 and 2018. One urban site (CAV) located in Marseille center was set up in collaboration with the regional air quality monitoring agency ATMOSUD. A second site (SME) was installed at the coastal edge of Marseille at the border of the Mediterranean Sea. The two other sites belonging to the ICOS (integrated Carbon Observing System) national atmospheric greenhouse observation network, are located in natural areas at the Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP, 80 km north of Marseille) and at Cape Corsica (ERSA, 330 km east of Marseille) and are defined as regional background sites. The comparison between the sites was performed on the period common to all sites (1 July 2016–13 February 2018). The datasets are calibrated on the reference World Meteorological Organization scales for CO2 and CO with high precision and accuracy levels. At all sites, the mean annual CO2 growth rate is found to be quite similar to the Mauna Loa (Hawaii) reference site one, but mean annual CO2 concentrations are higher of several ppm at both urban sites than at both background sites. The diurnal cycle shows a higher amplitude at the urban sites (14.5 ppm at SME; 18.8 ppm at CAV) than at the background sites (5.3 ppm at OHP; 0.5 ppm at ERSA), as in other urban studies. While the urban stations are influenced by large urban anthropogenic emissions (mostly from traffic and heating, especially in winter), both background sites are mainly influenced by natural fluxes. At ERSA, the CO2 diurnal cycle is found to be primarily controlled by the small air-sea CO2 fluxes. At OHP, the diurnal variability of CO2 is mainly driven by the activity of vegetation (photosynthesis and respiration) and ABLH dynamics. For similar reasons, atmospheric CO2 concentrations are also characterized by larger seasonal variations in the city (29.2 ppm at CAV and 20.3 ppm at SME, respectively) than at OHP (13.1 ppm) and at SME (13.9 ppm). The influence of local, regional and remote anthropogenic emissions is assessed through a classification of the datasets by wind conditions. Similarly to other urban studies, a dome of several tens of ppm of CO2 gets formed over the city at low wind speed (less than 4 m s−1). For higher wind speeds (4–10 m s−1), the influence of regional and remote emissions on atmospheric CO2 is function of wind direction, varying from a few ppm at the background sites to a plume of more than 10 ppm at the urban ones. F

本研究首次分析了马赛市(法国)地区大气CO2的变化。它探讨了人为排放、自然通量和大气边界层高度(ABLH)动态在日、天气、季节和多年尺度上对CO2变率的作用。2013 - 2018年部署了基于4个CO2、CO和NOx原位观测点的区域网络。位于马赛中心的一个城市站点(CAV)是与区域空气质量监测机构ATMOSUD合作建立的。第二个站点(SME)安装在地中海边界的马赛沿海边缘。另外两个站点属于ICOS(综合碳观测系统)国家大气温室观测网络,位于上普罗旺斯天文台(OHP,马赛以北80公里)和科西嘉角(ERSA,马赛以东330公里)的自然区域,并被定义为区域背景站点。在所有站点的共同时期(2016年7月1日- 2018年2月13日)进行站点之间的比较。这些数据集是根据世界气象组织二氧化碳和一氧化碳的参考尺度进行校准的,具有很高的精度和准确度。所有站点的年平均CO2增长率都与莫纳罗亚(夏威夷)参考站点1相当,但两个城市站点的年平均CO2浓度都比两个背景站点高几个ppm。日循环在城市站点表现出更高的振幅(SME为14.5 ppm;CAV值为18.8 ppm)比背景点(OHP值为5.3 ppm;0.5 ppm (ERSA)),与其他城市研究一样。城市站点主要受城市人为排放(主要来自交通和供暖,特别是冬季)的影响,而两个背景站点主要受自然通量的影响。在ERSA,发现CO2日循环主要由小的海气CO2通量控制。在OHP, CO2的日变化主要受植被活动(光合作用和呼吸作用)和ABLH动态驱动。由于类似的原因,城市大气CO2浓度的季节变化也比OHP (13.1 ppm)和SME (13.9 ppm)更大(CAV为29.2 ppm, SME为20.3 ppm)。通过按风况对数据集进行分类,评估了当地、区域和偏远地区人为排放的影响。与其他城市研究类似,在低风速(小于4 m s - 1)下,城市上空会形成一个二氧化碳含量为百万分之几十的穹顶。对于较高的风速(4-10 m s−1),区域和远程排放对大气CO2的影响是风向的函数,从背景站点的几个ppm到城市站点的超过10 ppm的羽流不等。对于非常强劲的风,二氧化碳羽流被稀释。最后,当地的微风,虽然不是很频繁,但在夏季更常见,在一定程度上控制了马赛大气中的二氧化碳浓度。额外的当地气象测量站点将有助于更好地描述马赛的微风。此外,我们的研究表明,在主导风的路径上,离城市更近的额外背景地点将有助于更好地限制马赛的二氧化碳城市圆顶和羽流。西北和西北地区显示出更高的二氧化碳浓度变化,即使是强风,可能受到马赛西北部Fos-Berre工业区的影响。此外,由于CO和NOx被用于评估人为排放与自然通量对CO2的作用,未来使用碳同位素的专门活动将有助于破译马赛化石燃料燃烧源与现代燃料燃烧源对CO2的作用。最后,遥感测量将有助于更好地评估ABLH对马赛沿海地区大气CO2的影响,那里的大气动力学非常复杂。
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引用次数: 1
Improving spatial and temporal variation of ammonia emissions for the Netherlands using livestock housing information and a Sentinel-2-derived crop map 利用牲畜饲养信息和Sentinel-2衍生的作物地图改善荷兰氨排放的空间和时间变化
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100207
Xinrui Ge , Martijn Schaap , Wim de Vries

Ammonia emissions to the atmosphere have a range of negative impacts on environmental quality, human health, and biodiversity. Despite the considerable efforts in quantifying spatially explicit ammonia emissions, there are significant uncertainties in ammonia emission estimates at regional scales. We aimed to improve the modeling of atmospheric ammonia emission variability in space and time across the Netherlands by updating an agricultural ammonia emission model with a newly derived high-resolution crop map and a livestock housing location database of the Netherlands. To generate a crop map of 12 agricultural land cover classes, we applied random forest classification to the multi-temporal multispectral observations of surface reflectance and vegetation indices derived from Sentinel-2. The crop statistics were used to calculate ammonia emission distribution based on nitrogen demand (manure and mineral fertilizer needed) of different crop types using the INTEGRATOR model. Next, the crop map was utilized to spatially allocate the ammonia emissions to a high-resolution grid across the Netherlands. In addition, ammonia emissions from livestock housing systems were introduced as point sources using location data from the Geographic Information Agricultural Business system. The temporal emission variability was updated using a recently developed TIMELINES module. After the spatial and temporal distribution of ammonia emission was obtained with the crop map and housing information, it was imported into the chemistry transport model LOTOS-EUROS to model ammonia surface concentration for validation with in situ measurements.

The performed crop classification has an average accuracy score of 0.73. The derived crop map was compared with Dutch national statistics, and the results showed that the absolute median of the relative difference between Sentinel-2 derived crop areas and national statistical information is around 5%. The newly modeled ammonia monthly surface concentrations compared better with in situ measurements in terms of the magnitude and temporal variability than those derived from the original emission distribution, indicating that the temporal distribution of ammonia emissions was improved. The comparison of modeled and measured annual averaged surface concentrations illustrated that the spatial distribution of ammonia emission was also improved. All model performance indicators significantly improved, and the performance of the updated model was more stable and robust. The improvement was more evident at the stations where livestock housing is the main emission source. This study illustrates that apart from a satellite-derived crop map, information on the locations of animal housing systems also plays an essential role in better estimates of the spatial and temporal distribution of ammonia emissions. It can be worthwhile to extrapolate the method to other regions in Europe and elsewhere.

大气中的氨排放对环境质量、人类健康和生物多样性有一系列负面影响。尽管在量化空间明确的氨排放方面做出了相当大的努力,但在区域尺度上的氨排放估计仍存在很大的不确定性。我们的目标是通过使用新获得的荷兰高分辨率作物地图和牲畜饲养位置数据库更新农业氨排放模型,改进荷兰各地大气氨排放时空变化的建模。为了生成12个农业土地覆盖类别的作物地图,我们将随机森林分类应用于Sentinel-2得出的地表反射率和植被指数的多时相多光谱观测。作物统计数据用于使用INTEGRATOR模型根据不同作物类型的氮需求(所需肥料和矿物肥料)计算氨排放分布。接下来,利用作物地图将氨排放量空间分配到荷兰各地的高分辨率网格中。此外,利用地理信息农业商业系统的位置数据,引入了牲畜饲养系统的氨排放作为点源。使用最近开发的TIMELINES模块更新了时间排放可变性。在利用作物图和住房信息获得氨排放的空间和时间分布后,将其导入化学传输模型LOTOS-EUROS,以模拟氨表面浓度,并通过现场测量进行验证。所执行的作物分类的平均准确度得分为0.73。将衍生的作物地图与荷兰国家统计数据进行了比较,结果显示,Sentinel-2衍生的作物面积与国家统计信息之间的相对差异的绝对中值约为5%。与原始排放分布相比,新建模的氨月表面浓度在幅度和时间变异性方面与现场测量结果相比更好,表明氨排放的时间分布得到了改善。模拟和测量的年平均表面浓度的比较表明,氨排放的空间分布也得到了改善。所有模型的性能指标都显著提高,更新后的模型性能更加稳定和稳健。在牲畜饲养是主要排放源的监测站,这种改善更为明显。这项研究表明,除了卫星绘制的作物地图外,动物饲养系统的位置信息在更好地估计氨排放的空间和时间分布方面也发挥着重要作用。将该方法推广到欧洲其他地区和其他地方是值得的。
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引用次数: 0
Measurement-based emissions assessment and reduction through accelerated detection and repair of large leaks in a gas distribution network 基于测量的排放评估和减少,通过加速检测和修复天然气分配网络中的大泄漏
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100201
Sean MacMullin , François-Xavier Rongère

A common practice within the current regulatory framework for gas distribution uses an approach where operators report their network emissions by applying an average emission factor for all leaks, sometimes sorted by pipe material and type of assets. Such an approach has two drawbacks: first, it does not account for the specificities of the gas systems and the maintenance processes of the operators; and second, it does not enable the prioritization of large leaks that is key for an effective emissions abatement program. This article describes a method using a mobile leak detection and quantification system to assess methane emissions from a gas distribution network and to reduce them by accelerating the detection and repair of larger leaks. The approach allows for data-driven system-wide emissions quantification that is specific to the network and not subject to operator’s leak detection practices that may affect their traditional emission factor-based reporting. Furthermore, we show that for a sensor with a sufficiently low detection limit, the calculated emissions are independent of the precision of the measurement if the uncertainties are correctly addressed. Such a result is important because it assures that methane emissions estimates are not biased and can be used to assess the performance of abatement programs. Finally, we illustrate how the approach can be practically implemented through a program where the largest leaks are rapidly identified and repaired to abate methane emissions while minimizing costs.

目前天然气分配监管框架内的一种常见做法是,运营商通过对所有泄漏应用平均排放系数来报告其网络排放量,有时根据管道材料和资产类型进行分类。这种方法有两个缺点:第一,它没有考虑到气体系统的特殊性和操作员的维护过程;其次,它不能优先考虑大型泄漏,而这是有效减排计划的关键。本文描述了一种使用移动泄漏检测和量化系统评估天然气配送网络甲烷排放量的方法,并通过加速检测和修复较大泄漏来减少甲烷排放。该方法允许数据驱动的全系统排放量化,该量化是网络特有的,不受运营商的泄漏检测实践的约束,这可能会影响其传统的基于排放因子的报告。此外,我们表明,对于检测限足够低的传感器,如果不确定性得到正确解决,计算的排放量与测量精度无关。这样的结果很重要,因为它确保了甲烷排放量的估计不会有偏差,并可用于评估减排计划的绩效。最后,我们说明了如何通过一个快速识别和修复最大泄漏的计划来实际实施该方法,以减少甲烷排放,同时将成本降至最低。
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引用次数: 0
The anti SARS-CoV-2 activity of nanofibrous filter materials activated with metal clusters 金属团簇活化纳米纤维过滤材料抗SARS-CoV-2活性研究
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100212
T. Thomberg , H. Bulgarin , A. Lust , J. Nerut , M. Koppel , T. Romann , R. Palm , M. Månsson , N.M. Flores March , H. Junninen , M. Külaviir , P. Paiste , K. Kirsimäe , M. Punapart , L. Viru , A. Merits , E. Lust

Nanofibrous filter materials were prepared by electrospinning a solution of 28 wt% poly(vinylidene fluoride) in N,N-dimethylacetamide with and without the addition of 2 wt% AgNO3, Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O or ZnCl2. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle measurement, nitrogen sorption, and mercury intrusion porosimetry methods were used for the characterization of physical structure as well as the chemical composition of the electrospun materials. Particle filtration efficiency and antiviral activity against the SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant were tested in order to estimate the suitability of the prepared electrospun filter materials for application as indoor air filtration systems with virucidal properties. All filter materials prepared with salts demonstrated very high particle filtration efficiency (≥98.0%). The best antiviral activity was demonstrated by a material containing Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O in the spinning solution, which displayed the decrease in the number of infectious virions by three orders of magnitude after a contact time of 12 h. Materials with the addition of AgNO3 and ZnCl2 decreased the number of infectious virions after the same contact time by only ∼8 and ∼11 times, respectively.

通过静电纺丝28wt%聚偏二氟乙烯在N,N-二甲基乙酰胺中的溶液,添加和不添加2wt%的AgNO3、Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O或ZnCl2,制备了纳米纤维过滤材料。使用X射线衍射、具有能量色散X射线光谱的扫描电子显微镜、电感耦合等离子体质谱、热重分析、接触角测量、氮吸附和压汞孔隙率测定方法来表征电纺材料的物理结构和化学组成。测试了颗粒过滤效率和对严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2α变体的抗病毒活性,以评估所制备的电纺过滤材料作为具有杀病毒性能的室内空气过滤系统的适用性。所有用盐制备的过滤材料都表现出非常高的颗粒过滤效率(≥98.0%)。在纺丝溶液中含有Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O的材料表现出最佳的抗病毒活性,在接触12h后,感染性病毒粒子的数量减少了三个数量级。添加AgNO3和ZnCl2的材料在相同的接触时间后,感染性病毒粒子的数量分别仅减少了~8和~11倍。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of low-dose acidification of slurry digestate on ammonia emissions after field application (Short Communication) 浆料消化物低剂量酸化对现场应用后氨排放的影响(短通信)
IF 4.6 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100205
Johanna Pedersen , Tavs Nyord

Field application of digestate from liquid animal manure (slurry) poses an environmental risk due to emission of ammonia (NH3). Various application techniques can reduce NH3 losses. Three experiments were conducted in Denmark where NH3 emission after field application of anaerobically digested separated cattle slurry was measured using dynamic flux chambers with online measurements. The results showed that acidifying the digestate at a low level equal to the crop sulphur requirement reduced the average NH3 emission by 13% compared to non-acidified trailing shoe application of digestate. Disc injection reduced average emissions even more by 38% compared to trailing shoe application. There was a large variation in mitigation effect between experiments.

畜禽液体粪便(浆)消化液的野外应用存在氨(NH3)排放的环境风险。各种应用技术可以减少NH3的损失。在丹麦进行了3项试验,利用动态通量室在线测量了厌氧消化分离牛浆田间施用后的NH3排放量。结果表明,与未酸化沼液的鞋尾施用相比,将沼液酸化至与作物需硫量相当的低水平可使沼液平均NH3排放量减少13%。与使用拖尾鞋相比,阀瓣喷射减少了38%的平均排放量。不同实验间的减缓效果差异较大。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Atmospheric Environment: X
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