Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917975
K.S. Awan, M. Elgendy, D. Huo, K. Adhikari, H. Hasanien
Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is playing an important role in meeting global energy needs. PV arrays are made by interconnecting PV modules in several fashions. The most common interconnection schemes to form PV arrays are series, parallel, series-parallel, total cross tied, bridge link, and honeycomb. Depending on PV array configuration, the power harvesting capability of the PV systems may significantly decrease under partial shading conditions. To maximize the energy harvesting capability of PV arrays, it is important to understand the performance of different configurations of PV arrays under partial shading patterns. In this paper, the performance of the PV array configurations is characterized under seven different real-life partial shading scenarios. Thirty PV modules are considered to allow simulation of the different PV array interconnection schemes using Matlab/Simulink. A comparison is made and selection criteria for PV array configuration under different partial shading patterns is suggested, based on simulation results.
{"title":"Impact of the Photovoltaic Array Configuration on its Performance under Partial Shading Conditions","authors":"K.S. Awan, M. Elgendy, D. Huo, K. Adhikari, H. Hasanien","doi":"10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917975","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is playing an important role in meeting global energy needs. PV arrays are made by interconnecting PV modules in several fashions. The most common interconnection schemes to form PV arrays are series, parallel, series-parallel, total cross tied, bridge link, and honeycomb. Depending on PV array configuration, the power harvesting capability of the PV systems may significantly decrease under partial shading conditions. To maximize the energy harvesting capability of PV arrays, it is important to understand the performance of different configurations of PV arrays under partial shading patterns. In this paper, the performance of the PV array configurations is characterized under seven different real-life partial shading scenarios. Thirty PV modules are considered to allow simulation of the different PV array interconnection schemes using Matlab/Simulink. A comparison is made and selection criteria for PV array configuration under different partial shading patterns is suggested, based on simulation results.","PeriodicalId":371561,"journal":{"name":"2022 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114486852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917983
G. Verhoeven, B. van der Holst, S. Doumen
Heat pumps are expected to significantly affect future distribution grids, necessitating their inclusion in future distribution grid research. This research will include discrete-time simulations, which will require time-step adaptable and detailed models of heat pumps. These models exist, but often with simplified heat demands and constant or inflexible coefficients of performance, making them less accurate. In this work, a heat pump model is developed for discrete-time simulations with varying weather conditions, operating set-points, and an accurate coefficient of performance. The model produces realistic yearly heat demands, coefficients of performance, and power consumption.
{"title":"Modeling a Domestic All-Electric Air-Water Heat-Pump System for Discrete-Time Simulations","authors":"G. Verhoeven, B. van der Holst, S. Doumen","doi":"10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917983","url":null,"abstract":"Heat pumps are expected to significantly affect future distribution grids, necessitating their inclusion in future distribution grid research. This research will include discrete-time simulations, which will require time-step adaptable and detailed models of heat pumps. These models exist, but often with simplified heat demands and constant or inflexible coefficients of performance, making them less accurate. In this work, a heat pump model is developed for discrete-time simulations with varying weather conditions, operating set-points, and an accurate coefficient of performance. The model produces realistic yearly heat demands, coefficients of performance, and power consumption.","PeriodicalId":371561,"journal":{"name":"2022 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"79 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115043949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917690
Aidan Bowen, J. Engelhardt, T. Gabderakhmanova, M. Marinelli, Gunnar Rohde
The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is a vital step in the reduction of emissions within the transport sector. However, the development of public fast charging infrastructure and the proper modeling of EV charging behaviours is required to enable this adoption. This paper presents charging data and patterns observed at a battery buffered fast charging DC microgrid on the Danish island of Bornholm. The charging sessions observed at this single site tend to be shorter with lower total energy transfer compared to studies with a wider scope. An atypical uptake of charges with higher than average energy transfer late in the evening is also observed. A simulation based study using this charging data to examine the effectiveness of the battery buffers at facilitating EV fast charging at reduced grid capacities is then presented. This study shows that the Bornholm DC microgrid would have been able to supply all observed EV charging at a reduced grid capacity of 11kW, enabling such a system to provide EV fast charging at a much wider range of locations.
{"title":"Battery Buffered EV Fast Chargers on Bornholm: Charging Patterns and Grid Integration","authors":"Aidan Bowen, J. Engelhardt, T. Gabderakhmanova, M. Marinelli, Gunnar Rohde","doi":"10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917690","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is a vital step in the reduction of emissions within the transport sector. However, the development of public fast charging infrastructure and the proper modeling of EV charging behaviours is required to enable this adoption. This paper presents charging data and patterns observed at a battery buffered fast charging DC microgrid on the Danish island of Bornholm. The charging sessions observed at this single site tend to be shorter with lower total energy transfer compared to studies with a wider scope. An atypical uptake of charges with higher than average energy transfer late in the evening is also observed. A simulation based study using this charging data to examine the effectiveness of the battery buffers at facilitating EV fast charging at reduced grid capacities is then presented. This study shows that the Bornholm DC microgrid would have been able to supply all observed EV charging at a reduced grid capacity of 11kW, enabling such a system to provide EV fast charging at a much wider range of locations.","PeriodicalId":371561,"journal":{"name":"2022 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123930309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917747
R. Ebadi, Hande Šenyüz, F. Aboshady, O. Ceylan, I. Pisica, A. Ozdemir
The penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), including renewable energy sources (RES), into electric power systems has led to several challenges for the system operators. Despite various economic and environmental benefits offered by RES, the issue of voltage rise due to active power injection from RES is still an open problem. On the other hand, voltage decrease due to high load in distribution systems is another challenge faced by operators. In this study, we investigated the problem of over-voltage and under-voltage in the operation of unbalanced 3-phase distribution systems with penetration of RES. Moreover, We utilize derivative-based Exterior Penalty Function (EPF) optimization to solve the voltage deviation problem. The results of the tests conducted on a modified IEEE 13 Bus Test System have confirmed that the use of the tap changer voltage regulators and reactive power from PVs connected close to inverters can effectively contribute to the voltage control problem.
{"title":"Voltage Control of Unbalanced Distribution Systems with Penetration of Renewable Sources: A Gradient-Based Optimization Approach","authors":"R. Ebadi, Hande Šenyüz, F. Aboshady, O. Ceylan, I. Pisica, A. Ozdemir","doi":"10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917747","url":null,"abstract":"The penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), including renewable energy sources (RES), into electric power systems has led to several challenges for the system operators. Despite various economic and environmental benefits offered by RES, the issue of voltage rise due to active power injection from RES is still an open problem. On the other hand, voltage decrease due to high load in distribution systems is another challenge faced by operators. In this study, we investigated the problem of over-voltage and under-voltage in the operation of unbalanced 3-phase distribution systems with penetration of RES. Moreover, We utilize derivative-based Exterior Penalty Function (EPF) optimization to solve the voltage deviation problem. The results of the tests conducted on a modified IEEE 13 Bus Test System have confirmed that the use of the tap changer voltage regulators and reactive power from PVs connected close to inverters can effectively contribute to the voltage control problem.","PeriodicalId":371561,"journal":{"name":"2022 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123982223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917806
P. Brown, M. Göl
A demonstration agricultural microgrid containing solar photovoltaic (PV), battery storage system (BSS) and multiple water pumps and reservoirs is presented. A mathematical model of the cost of operating the demonstration microgrid is developed. The mathematical model includes hybrid inverter source switching and BSS charging modes in addition to power balance and inter-period energy and water-level coupling. Electricity pricing and irrigation water use efficiency are allowed to vary by time of day. The mathematical model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP), implemented in Python using Pyomo, and optimized using the open-source SCIP solver to plan pumping and water usage. Estimated data for a demonstration system at a farm in Turkey is used to demonstrate the proposed model. Results of the optimization of the demonstration system show intuitive results that are superior to a rule-based initialization. The model may serve as the basis for model predictive control (MPC) or stochastic model predictive control (SMPC).
{"title":"Operational Optimization of an Agricultural Microgrid","authors":"P. Brown, M. Göl","doi":"10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917806","url":null,"abstract":"A demonstration agricultural microgrid containing solar photovoltaic (PV), battery storage system (BSS) and multiple water pumps and reservoirs is presented. A mathematical model of the cost of operating the demonstration microgrid is developed. The mathematical model includes hybrid inverter source switching and BSS charging modes in addition to power balance and inter-period energy and water-level coupling. Electricity pricing and irrigation water use efficiency are allowed to vary by time of day. The mathematical model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP), implemented in Python using Pyomo, and optimized using the open-source SCIP solver to plan pumping and water usage. Estimated data for a demonstration system at a farm in Turkey is used to demonstrate the proposed model. Results of the optimization of the demonstration system show intuitive results that are superior to a rule-based initialization. The model may serve as the basis for model predictive control (MPC) or stochastic model predictive control (SMPC).","PeriodicalId":371561,"journal":{"name":"2022 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130270744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917602
M. Galici, G. Celli, E. Ghiani, S. Ruggeri, G. Pisano, F. Pilo
Over the years, different energy systems have often been planned and managed independently and not always efficient and optimised. A paradigm shift towards a holistic, multi-generation approach can achieve more significant benefits by integrating the energy infrastructure for electricity, natural gas and district heating networks and creating energy hubs in the urban districts of future smart cities. In such systems, different energy carriers interact collaboratively. The number of uncertainties in multi-energy hubs requires developing optimisation planning methodologies capable of keeping the risk below acceptable values. In this context, the paper proposes a robust linear programming optimisation algorithm to solve the energy hub planning problem under uncertainty. The optimisation algorithm allows the identification of the optimal energy carriers to meet energy demands and minimise energy costs keeping the risk of failure below the allowable level. Simulation results highlight the benefits of applying the proposed approach considering a multi-energy hub structure in an urban district of the city of Cagliari (Italy).
{"title":"Multi-Energy Smart City Urban District Planning with Robust Optimisation","authors":"M. Galici, G. Celli, E. Ghiani, S. Ruggeri, G. Pisano, F. Pilo","doi":"10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917602","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, different energy systems have often been planned and managed independently and not always efficient and optimised. A paradigm shift towards a holistic, multi-generation approach can achieve more significant benefits by integrating the energy infrastructure for electricity, natural gas and district heating networks and creating energy hubs in the urban districts of future smart cities. In such systems, different energy carriers interact collaboratively. The number of uncertainties in multi-energy hubs requires developing optimisation planning methodologies capable of keeping the risk below acceptable values. In this context, the paper proposes a robust linear programming optimisation algorithm to solve the energy hub planning problem under uncertainty. The optimisation algorithm allows the identification of the optimal energy carriers to meet energy demands and minimise energy costs keeping the risk of failure below the allowable level. Simulation results highlight the benefits of applying the proposed approach considering a multi-energy hub structure in an urban district of the city of Cagliari (Italy).","PeriodicalId":371561,"journal":{"name":"2022 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127887514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917588
O. Dzobo
The provision of electricity through renewable energy sources have become the pivot for sustainable development in most remote rural communities. This paper presents the optimal power dispatch of an off-grid hybrid energy system which consists of a solar PV, wind energy and small hydropower system. Linear programming technique is proposed to solve the optimization problem. The objective of the optimization problem is to minimize the cost of electricity taking into account the constraints of the hybrid energy system. A case study for a remote rural community in Zimbabwe is used for this study. The results show that the off-grid renewable energy system is able to supply the load demand of the rural community and it is therefore a feasible solution for energy provision in remote rural communities.
{"title":"Optimal power dispatch of an off-grid renewable energy-based system using linear programming","authors":"O. Dzobo","doi":"10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917588","url":null,"abstract":"The provision of electricity through renewable energy sources have become the pivot for sustainable development in most remote rural communities. This paper presents the optimal power dispatch of an off-grid hybrid energy system which consists of a solar PV, wind energy and small hydropower system. Linear programming technique is proposed to solve the optimization problem. The objective of the optimization problem is to minimize the cost of electricity taking into account the constraints of the hybrid energy system. A case study for a remote rural community in Zimbabwe is used for this study. The results show that the off-grid renewable energy system is able to supply the load demand of the rural community and it is therefore a feasible solution for energy provision in remote rural communities.","PeriodicalId":371561,"journal":{"name":"2022 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129203901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917660
Kristian Sevdari, Simone Striani, P. B. Andersen, M. Marinelli
De-coupling transport sector from the use of petroleum is giving way to the rise of electric mobility. As compromising the user’s comfort is not an option managing the power system becomes a tall challenge, especially during peak hours. Thus, having a smart connection to the power system, such as an electric vehicle (EV) smart charger, is considered part of the solution. This paper focuses on assessing the capabilities of smart chargers in the context of helping the electrical network without compromising the user’s comfort. By using a Tesla Model S P85, Renault Zoe, and Nissan LEAF, the paper first evaluates differently controlled (centralized and distributed) smart chargers against the IEC 61851 standard. Second, it tests smart features such as peak-shaving, valley-filling, and phase balancing. Being representatives of the state-of-the-art, both chargers exceed standard requirements and offer new grid service possibilities. However, the bottleneck for providing faster grid services remains the EV on-board charger. The results from this article can help to better simulate the dynamic charging behaviors of EVs.
从石油的使用中分离出来的运输部门正在让位于电动交通的兴起。由于用户的舒适不是一个妥协的选择，管理电力系统成为一个艰巨的挑战，特别是在高峰时段。因此，拥有与电力系统的智能连接，例如电动汽车(EV)智能充电器，被认为是解决方案的一部分。本文的重点是评估智能充电器在不影响用户舒适度的情况下帮助电网的能力。通过使用特斯拉Model S P85、雷诺Zoe和日产LEAF，本文首先根据IEC 61851标准评估了不同控制(集中式和分布式)的智能充电器。其次，测试剃峰、填谷、相位平衡等智能特性。作为最先进技术的代表，这两个充电器都超出了标准要求，并提供了新的电网服务可能性。然而，提供更快的电网服务的瓶颈仍然是电动汽车车载充电器。本文的研究结果有助于更好地模拟电动汽车的动态充电行为。
{"title":"Power Modulation and Phase Switching Testing of Smart Charger and Electric Vehicle Pairs","authors":"Kristian Sevdari, Simone Striani, P. B. Andersen, M. Marinelli","doi":"10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917660","url":null,"abstract":"De-coupling transport sector from the use of petroleum is giving way to the rise of electric mobility. As compromising the user’s comfort is not an option managing the power system becomes a tall challenge, especially during peak hours. Thus, having a smart connection to the power system, such as an electric vehicle (EV) smart charger, is considered part of the solution. This paper focuses on assessing the capabilities of smart chargers in the context of helping the electrical network without compromising the user’s comfort. By using a Tesla Model S P85, Renault Zoe, and Nissan LEAF, the paper first evaluates differently controlled (centralized and distributed) smart chargers against the IEC 61851 standard. Second, it tests smart features such as peak-shaving, valley-filling, and phase balancing. Being representatives of the state-of-the-art, both chargers exceed standard requirements and offer new grid service possibilities. However, the bottleneck for providing faster grid services remains the EV on-board charger. The results from this article can help to better simulate the dynamic charging behaviors of EVs.","PeriodicalId":371561,"journal":{"name":"2022 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126760856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917972
M. J. Chihota, B. Bekker
The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and concerns over the associated technical issues have stimulated research towards evaluating the loadability of existing networks with DERs, termed hosting capacity (HC). Various HC methodologies have been proposed and differ in four primary characteristics: (1) the characterization of input characteristics, including stochasticity, variability, and allocation uncertainty, (2) the formulation of the load flow to accommodate identified input uncertainties, (3) characterization and analysis of uncertain impact assessment outputs, and (4) HC quantification and characterization, including the scope of technical parameters considered. This paper investigates the impact of these aspects on the quality of conclusions on feeder HC on distribution networks. An adaptive stochastic framework involving a Monte-Carlo simulation for DER allocation and a probabilistic load flow method is used to solve the HC problem according to the selected simulation characteristics. The analysis is carried out on an LV residential low voltage feeder with electric vehicles. The sensitivity results encourage the development of comprehensive HC formulations and simulations that generate reliable, consistent, and replicable HC solutions and conclusions. The results have significant implications for the optimal regulation of DERs.
{"title":"Exploring the Sensitivity of Hosting Capacity Evaluations to Various Simulation Characteristics","authors":"M. J. Chihota, B. Bekker","doi":"10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917972","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and concerns over the associated technical issues have stimulated research towards evaluating the loadability of existing networks with DERs, termed hosting capacity (HC). Various HC methodologies have been proposed and differ in four primary characteristics: (1) the characterization of input characteristics, including stochasticity, variability, and allocation uncertainty, (2) the formulation of the load flow to accommodate identified input uncertainties, (3) characterization and analysis of uncertain impact assessment outputs, and (4) HC quantification and characterization, including the scope of technical parameters considered. This paper investigates the impact of these aspects on the quality of conclusions on feeder HC on distribution networks. An adaptive stochastic framework involving a Monte-Carlo simulation for DER allocation and a probabilistic load flow method is used to solve the HC problem according to the selected simulation characteristics. The analysis is carried out on an LV residential low voltage feeder with electric vehicles. The sensitivity results encourage the development of comprehensive HC formulations and simulations that generate reliable, consistent, and replicable HC solutions and conclusions. The results have significant implications for the optimal regulation of DERs.","PeriodicalId":371561,"journal":{"name":"2022 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)","volume":"267 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131460338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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