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Predicting Thermal Preferences - A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms using ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II 预测热偏好--利用 ASHRAE 全球热舒适数据库 II 对机器学习算法进行比较分析
Q3 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.115.2.5060
Omar Ahmed Al-Sharif, Ahmed Emam Newir, Mohamed Aly Halawa
Predicting thermal preferences and ensuring comfort through machine learning is a highly active research field that has attracted significant attention from researchers aiming to achieve accurate forecasting and a deeper understanding of human thermal comfort in buildings. The primary objective of this study is to develop machine learning models for predicting thermal preference using the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II. Additionally, the algorithms developed in this study can serve as valuable groundwork for transferring the acquired knowledge to develop personalized machine learning models, thereby enhancing individualized comfort. To enhance the dataset's accuracy and reliability, rigorous data exploration and preprocessing were executed. A comparative analysis of diverse machine learning algorithms was conducted, revealing that ensemble-based methods, namely Random Forest, Extra Trees, LightGBM, CatBoost, Gradient Boosting Machine, and XGBoost, exhibited superior performance in predicting thermal preferences. The accuracy of these ensemble models was further refined through hyperparameter optimization using the Optuna framework. This optimization led to a notable improvement, increased the model accuracy from 65% for traditional machine learning algorithms to 70% for the optimized ensemble algorithms.
通过机器学习预测热偏好并确保舒适度是一个非常活跃的研究领域,吸引了研究人员的极大关注,他们的目标是实现准确预测并加深对建筑物内人体热舒适度的理解。本研究的主要目的是利用 ASHRAE 全球热舒适数据库 II 开发预测热偏好的机器学习模型。此外,本研究中开发的算法还可作为宝贵的基础工作,将获得的知识用于开发个性化机器学习模型,从而提高个性化舒适度。为了提高数据集的准确性和可靠性,我们对数据进行了严格的探索和预处理。我们对各种机器学习算法进行了比较分析,发现基于集合的方法(即随机森林、额外树、LightGBM、CatBoost、梯度提升机和 XGBoost)在预测热偏好方面表现出色。通过使用 Optuna 框架进行超参数优化,进一步提高了这些集合模型的准确性。这种优化带来了显著的改进,使模型准确率从传统机器学习算法的 65% 提高到优化集合算法的 70%。
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引用次数: 0
Vibration-Induced Flow and Streaming in Oscillatory Flow of Thermoacoustics 热声振荡流中的振动诱导流和流动
Q3 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.115.2.112
Azman Hafiidz Aji, Fatimah Al Zahrah Mohd Saat, Fadhilah Shikh Anuar, Patcharin Saechan
Induced acoustic streaming flow in thermoacoustic systems occurs due to acoustic vibrations, causing changes to the mean flow in the systems. This phenomenon creates a tendency to generate net fluid flow that can cause energy change within certain areas inside the system. However, the effects of the entire system’s vibrations on the flow streaming are not yet fully understood, yet it is important for a more effective operation. This study experimentally investigated the flow streaming resulting from vibration in a standing-wave thermoacoustic test rig with a flow frequency of 23.6 Hz. The existence of flow streaming due to vibration which was not counted in the theoretical formula is shown and indicated by experimental values. The result shows that there is a correlation between the amplitude of the drive ratio (DR) and the velocity of the oscillation of the flow. Upon examining both the theoretical and the practical evidence, it becomes clear that there exists a marginal flow velocity in directions other than the main flow due to the vibration of resonator’s wall as measured at the intake and outflow areas of the stack. This marginal flow velocity amplifies as the drive ratio of flow increases and it may potentially explain the observed difference between measured flow amplitude and the theoretical value.
热声系统中的诱导声流是由声波振动引起的,会导致系统中的平均流量发生变化。这种现象会产生净流体流动的趋势,从而导致系统内部某些区域的能量变化。然而,人们尚未完全了解整个系统的振动对流动流的影响,但这对更有效的运行非常重要。本研究在流动频率为 23.6 Hz 的驻波热声试验台中对振动导致的流动流进行了实验研究。实验值显示并说明了理论公式中未计算在内的振动导致的流动流的存在。结果表明,驱动比(DR)振幅与流动振荡速度之间存在相关性。在对理论和实际证据进行研究后,我们可以清楚地看到,由于谐振器壁的振动,在烟囱的进气口和出气口区域测量到的主气流以外的方向存在着边际流速。这种边际流速会随着气流驱动比的增大而增大,这可能是测量到的气流振幅与理论值之间存在差异的潜在原因。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Various Concentrations of Sodium Hydroxide/Hot Alkali Treatment on the Physical Properties of Ramie Fibres 不同浓度的氢氧化钠/热碱处理对苎麻纤维物理特性的影响
Q3 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.115.2.96102
Hery Sunarsono, Hazimah, Sari Rahmiati, Mohd Sapuan Salit, Ahmad Ilyas Rushdan, Fiqri Ardi Azhari
The preparation stages that precede the final treatment with a chemical treatment like alkali determine the physical characteristics of ramie fibres. It modified the hydroxyl group which is responsible for the hydrogen bonding of the fibres. This work examined the pre-treatment of ramie fibres with acetone followed by alkali or hot alkali with various concentrations. The immersion of ramie fibres in certain percentages of sodium hydroxide solution resulted in a good performance of their physical characteristics. The ramie fibres treated with 10% NaOH exhibit the best dispersion stability and low agglomeration or precipitation in water with an amount of 14%. When alkali is applied to ramie fibres, the hydrophilic group on their surface grows, potentially improving the fibre's capacity to absorb water. However, when the concentration is increased to 15%, the dispersion stability of sodium hydroxide performs less well. The fibres' ability to absorb water was diminished and they became brittle due to a high alkali content. In addition to the aforementioned characteristics, the properties of precipitation and water absorption were unaffected by the hot alkaline process for all samples. The hot alkali process (80°C) was not able to generate a further breakdown of hydrogen bonds of the fibres.
在使用碱等化学处理方法进行最终处理之前的准备阶段决定了苎麻纤维的物理特性。它改变了负责纤维氢键的羟基。这项工作研究了用丙酮对苎麻纤维进行预处理,然后用不同浓度的碱或热碱进行处理。将苎麻纤维浸泡在一定比例的氢氧化钠溶液中,其物理特性表现良好。用 10%的氢氧化钠溶液处理的苎麻纤维在水中的分散稳定性最好,结块或沉淀现象少,浓度为 14%。在苎麻纤维中加入碱后,其表面的亲水基团会增加,从而提高纤维的吸水能力。然而,当浓度增加到 15%时,氢氧化钠的分散稳定性就会降低。由于碱含量较高,纤维的吸水能力减弱,变得易碎。除上述特性外,所有样品的沉淀和吸水性能均不受热碱工艺的影响。热碱工艺(80°C)无法进一步破坏纤维的氢键。
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引用次数: 0
Heat and Mass Transfer in Unsteady Radiating MHD Flow of a Maxwell Fluid with a Porous Vertically Stretching Sheet in the Presence of Activation Energy and Thermal Diffusion Effects 存在活化能和热扩散效应的麦克斯韦流体与多孔垂直伸展片的非稳态辐射 MHD 流动中的传热和传质
Q3 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.115.2.158177
Damodara Reddy Annapureddy, Sarada Devi Puliyeddula, Nagaraju Vellanki, Kalyan Kumar Palaparthi
The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of activation energy and thermal diffusion an unsteady MHD reactive Maxwell fluid flow past a porous stretching sheet in the presence of Brownian motion, Thermophoresis and nonlinear thermal. The non-linear partial differential equations that govern the fluid flow have been transformed into a two-point boundary value problem using similarity variables and then solved numerically by fourth order Runge–Kutta method with shooting technique. Graphical results are discussed for non-dimensional velocity, temperature and concentration profiles while numerical values of the skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are presented in tabular form for various values of parameters controlling the flow system. The present study is compared with the previous literature and found to be in good agreement.
本研究旨在分析在布朗运动、热泳和非线性热存在的情况下,活化能和热扩散对流经多孔拉伸片的非稳态 MHD 反应性麦克斯韦流体流动的影响。利用相似变量将控制流体流动的非线性偏微分方程转化为两点边界值问题,然后利用四阶 Runge-Kutta 方法和射击技术进行数值求解。研究讨论了非尺寸速度、温度和浓度剖面的图形结果,并以表格形式列出了控制流动系统的各种参数值的表皮摩擦力、努塞尔特数和舍伍德数的数值。本研究与之前的文献进行了比较,结果表明两者非常吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting from the Roof and Attics of a Building 从建筑物屋顶和阁楼收集热电能量
Q3 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.115.2.8395
Saleh Umar Abubakar, Siti Amely Jumaat, Babangida Yakubu, Yau Shuaibu Haruna, Suleiman Abdulrahman
Globally people are faced with difficulties in environmental pollution, increasing power costs, and global warming. As such researchers are focusing on enhancing energy-harvesting using thermoelectric generators for power generation to lessen the difficulties. Through the Seebeck effect, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have proven their ability to convert thermal energy into electric power. Given the unique benefits they present, thermoelectric generators have arisen in the recent decade as a possible alternative to other green power generation technologies. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a solid-state device that converts thermal energy into electrical energy. TEG consists of elements of p and n-type semiconductors, connected thermally in parallel and electrically in series. In this paper, one hundred and ninety-two thermoelectric generators connected in series and parallel were used to investigate the thermal energy potential at the roof and attic area for domestic application for 20 days from the falling solar radiation on a residential prototype in Bashar, Wase Local government area of Plateau State. A theoretical analysis was used in determining the average output power (P) due to the delta T across the thermoelectric generator module junction. The load resistance value of the thermoelectric generator configuration was evaluated. The results show that the TEG generated power output ranging from 217 mW to 1.99 W throughout the day, 5.97 mW to 13.8 mW in the morning, and 6.8 mW to 36.9 mW in the evening. Furthermore, The finding also reveals that the attic side has the capacity to store thermal energy, which can be harnessed owing to the fast heat transfer to the surroundings during the convection process. In conclusion, solar irradiance has a major impact on the system.
在全球范围内,人们面临着环境污染、电力成本增加和全球变暖等困难。因此,研究人员正专注于利用热电发电机加强能量收集,以减少发电困难。通过塞贝克效应,热电发电机(TEG)已经证明了其将热能转化为电能的能力。鉴于其独特的优势,近十年来,热电发电机已成为其他绿色发电技术的可能替代品。热电发电机(TEG)是一种能将热能转化为电能的固态装置。TEG 由热并联和电串联的 p 型和 n 型半导体元件组成。本文使用了 192 台串联和并联的热电发生器,对高原州瓦塞地方政府地区巴沙尔的一个住宅原型进行了为期 20 天的太阳辐射下降情况下屋顶和阁楼区域的热能潜力调查。通过理论分析,确定了热电模块结点上的三角洲 T 所产生的平均输出功率 (P)。对热电发电机配置的负载电阻值进行了评估。结果表明,热电发生器全天产生的功率输出范围为 217 mW 至 1.99 W,上午为 5.97 mW 至 13.8 mW,傍晚为 6.8 mW 至 36.9 mW。此外,研究结果还表明,阁楼一侧具有储存热能的能力,由于在对流过程中热量能快速传递到周围环境,因此可以利用这些热能。总之,太阳辐照度对系统有重大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Comprehensive Review on the Relationship between Duct Cleanliness and Airborne Contaminants 管道清洁度与空气污染物之间关系的全面回顾
Q3 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.115.2.6169
Mohd Arif Rosli, Muhamad Shahril Mohd Abdullah, Azian Hariri, Amir Abdullah Muhamad Damanhuri, Berkah Fajar Tamtama, Nor Mohd Razif Noraini
This study investigates the relationship between Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and air duct cleanliness, addressing the rising concern for human well-being. Airborne contaminants like dust, mold, and bacteria are identified as significant threats to IAQ, with potential health consequences. The study will also explore the several established safety and health guidelines and duct characteristics that influenced IAQ. Consequently, the primary research goal is to examine the relationship between duct cleanliness and airborne contaminants in the building environment and determine whether air duct cleaning effectively reduces these contaminants. By thoroughly reviewing studies and established standards, we examine IAQ contaminants and explore the effects of duct cleaning, along with its potential health advantages. Findings emphasize duct cleaning's potential to enhance IAQ, reduce exposure to pollutants, and its importance for building owners, facility managers, and stakeholders in safeguarding occupants' health and comfort.
本研究调查了室内空气质量(IAQ)与通风管道清洁度之间的关系,以解决人们日益关注的人类健康问题。灰尘、霉菌和细菌等空气污染物被认为是对室内空气质量的重大威胁,并可能对健康造成影响。这项研究还将探讨若干既定的安全和健康准则以及影响室内空气质量的风道特征。因此,研究的主要目标是检查风道清洁度与建筑环境中空气传播的污染物之间的关系,并确定风道清洁是否能有效减少这些污染物。通过全面回顾研究和既定标准,我们检查了室内空气质量污染物,并探讨了风道清洁的效果及其潜在的健康优势。研究结果强调了风道清洗在改善室内空气质量、减少污染物暴露方面的潜力,以及其对楼宇业主、设施管理者和利益相关者在保障居住者健康和舒适方面的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
MFC Performance with Additional Micronutrients in Food Waste Substrate 在厨余基质中添加微量营养元素的 MFC 性能
Q3 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.115.2.103112
Fitria Nur Laily, Sri Rachmania Juliastuti, Raden Darmawan
Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) are the one of utilization of waste for renewable energy continues to be developed. According to the FAO, 32% of all food for human consumption is discarded about 1.3 billion tonnes per year. In this study, Microbial Fuel Cells used an organic source in the form of food waste that had been hydrolyzed by Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus aculeatus, and Candida rugosa. The results of the hydrolysis are entered into the MFC system. In the MFC system it is mixed with Sidoarjo mud and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, then put into a Single Chamber microbial fuel cell (SC-MFC) to generate electricity. In this research, also added micronutrients (Mg2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Pb2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Cr2+, and Zn2+) to increase the metabolic of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria, so can elevate electric currents. electrons and protons are produced by microorganisms by changing organic compounds in the substrate. The results showed that the best power density was 6.652 W/m2 with BOD 89.362% and COD removal 77.273% achieved with a ratio of food waste to water of 2:1 M. Food hydrolysis is capable of hydrolyzing 40% food waste into glucose within 24 hours. The greatest percentage of glucose decreased was achieved by Cobalt micronutrient addition with 77% of glucose decreased. Therefore, MFC can be greatly enhance food waste degradation to become a carbon source in a microbial fuel cell for electricity production.
微生物燃料电池(MFC)是一种利用废物生产可再生能源的技术,目前仍在不断开发之中。根据联合国粮农组织(FAO)的数据,每年有 32% 的供人类消费的食物被丢弃,约 13 亿吨。在这项研究中,微生物燃料电池使用了食物垃圾形式的有机源,这些食物垃圾已被黑曲霉、曲霉和白色念珠菌水解。水解的结果被输入 MFC 系统。在 MFC 系统中,它与 Sidoarjo 泥和 Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 混合,然后进入单室微生物燃料电池(SC-MFC)发电。在这项研究中,还添加了微量营养素(Mg2+、Ni2+、Cu2+、Ca2+、Pb2+、Co2+、Cd2+、Cr2+ 和 Zn2+),以增加一龄雪旺氏菌 MR-1 的新陈代谢,从而提高电流。结果显示,最佳功率密度为 6.652 W/m2,当食物垃圾与水的比例为 2:1 M 时,BOD 去除率为 89.362%,COD 去除率为 77.273%。食物水解能在 24 小时内将 40% 的食物垃圾水解为葡萄糖。钴微量营养元素的添加使葡萄糖的减少比例最大,达到 77%。因此,微生物燃料电池可以大大提高厨余降解能力,使其成为微生物燃料电池发电的碳源。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of Fluid Pressure Drop through a Globe Valve using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Statistical Techniques 利用计算流体动力学和统计技术分析通过球阀的流体压降
Q3 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.115.2.7082
Mauricio Rhenals, Armando Robledo, Jonathan Fábregas, Javier Carpintero
Fluid mechanics plays a crucial role in everyday life, enabling the selection of accessories, materials, and various components essential for a system through which fluid flows. Pressure drop stands out as one of the most relevant factors in the design of fluid flow systems. However, analytical and experimental physical methods can increase these analyses' costs and time. Hence, in this study, statistical tools are employed to carry out specific experiments supported by numerical fluid simulation, aiming to comprehend the pressure drop behavior in a fluid as it passes through a globe valve. This valve, in turn, possesses distinct operating and manufacturing characteristics. The methods employed encompass a complete factorial system of response surface as support to construct the experimental design path through computational fluid dynamics. Among the key findings, it is demonstrated that, for systems with relatively low flow rates, the valve opening percentage does not exhibit a significant relationship with fluid pressure drop. Conversely, significant effects are observed for systems with relatively high flow rates regarding the valve opening percentage and pressure drop, reaching values of up to 73% pressure drop in this study. It can be inferred that the integration of statistical experimental design techniques and computational fluid dynamics constitutes a valuable resource for studying the pressure drop of a fluid passing through a system.
流体力学在日常生活中起着至关重要的作用,它使人们能够选择流体流动系统所必需的配件、材料和各种组件。压降是流体流动系统设计中最重要的因素之一。然而,分析和实验物理方法会增加这些分析的成本和时间。因此,在本研究中,采用了统计工具来进行具体实验,并辅以流体数值模拟,旨在理解流体通过截止阀时的压降行为。这种阀门具有独特的操作和制造特性。所采用的方法包括一个完整的响应面因子系统,以支持通过计算流体动力学构建实验设计路径。主要研究结果表明,在流速相对较低的系统中,阀门开启百分比与流体压降的关系并不明显。相反,对于流速相对较高的系统,阀门开度百分比与压降之间的关系却很明显,在本研究中,压降值最高可达 73%。由此可以推断,统计实验设计技术与计算流体动力学的结合是研究流体通过系统时压降的宝贵资源。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Magnetic Flow and Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Hybrid Nanofluid: A Structured Review 使用混合纳米流体增强磁流和对流传热的效果:结构性综述
Q3 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.115.2.1332
Siti Nur Aisyah Azeman, Anis Zafirah Azmi, Nurul Hafizah Zainal Abidin, Nor Alwani Omar
Convective heat transfer is vital in a variety of engineering applications, including thermal management systems, electronic refrigeration, and energy conversion devices. Improving the rate of heat transfer in these systems is of the utmost significance for increasing their efficiency. This review focuses on the single and combined effects of these parameters on improving heat transmission in such systems. The heat and mass transfer of nanofluid is greatly influenced by various factors, including the intrinsic features of the nanofluid, the process used for synthesising the nanofluid, the impact of magnetic force, the concentration and size of nanoparticles, and the Reynolds number (Re). Furthermore, it is important to note that the material characteristics, thermal properties, and performance of magnetic nanofluids are significantly influenced by slight variations in the magnetic force and magnetic field gradient. Multiple research projects have reached the agreement that the inclusion of a magnetic field within magnetic nanoparticles enhances the convective heat transfer capabilities of a nanofluid, resulting in an improvement ranging from around 13% to 75%. Moreover, several applications of hybrid nanofluids in thermal systems have been introduced.
对流换热在各种工程应用中都至关重要,包括热管理系统、电子制冷和能量转换装置。提高这些系统的传热速率对提高其效率至关重要。本综述将重点讨论这些参数对改善此类系统传热的单一和综合影响。纳米流体的传热和传质在很大程度上受到各种因素的影响,包括纳米流体的固有特性、合成纳米流体的工艺、磁力的影响、纳米颗粒的浓度和尺寸以及雷诺数(Re)。此外,值得注意的是,磁性纳米流体的材料特性、热性能和性能会受到磁力和磁场梯度微小变化的显著影响。多个研究项目已达成共识,在磁性纳米粒子中加入磁场可增强纳米流体的对流传热能力,改善幅度约为 13% 至 75%。此外,还介绍了混合纳米流体在热力系统中的一些应用。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-Objective Optimization of Vortex Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Generator using Response Surface Methodology 利用响应面方法对涡流磁流体动力学(MHD)发电机进行多目标优化
Q3 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.115.2.3349
Arleen Natalie, Ridho Irwansyah, Budiarso, Nasruddin
The introduction of electromagnetic fields in fluid dynamics in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), particularly when those fields are vector and non-uniform, complicates its application in vortex geometry. The imperative to optimize MHD generators arises from the inherent trade-off between voltage and pressure drop in energy conversion systems, to maximize voltage output while minimizing associated pressure drop. This study focuses on optimizing vortex MHD generators by applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM), which is based on mathematical models that capture the complex relationships between factor and response variables. This method offers a comprehensive approach to obtaining the optimum solution to the objectives, voltage and pressure drop, based on fluid velocity and magnetic field strength input parameters. Numerical optimization RSM generates 11 solutions. The optimum solutions obtained are a velocity of 1.415 m/s, and magnetic field strength of 0.43 T, and the corresponding optimum output voltage and pressure drop will be 4.264 mV and 4.254 psi, respectively, with a desirability level of the selected solution is 0.770. This study suggests the RSM method shows a good measurement of R2 and RSME. Our findings contribute to the understanding of optimizing vortex MHD generators and offer insights into achieving efficient energy conversion systems of a set of optimum generator operating parameters.
在磁流体动力学(MHD)中的流体动力学中引入电磁场,特别是当这些电磁场是矢量和非均匀的时候,使其在涡旋几何中的应用变得更加复杂。优化 MHD 发电机的必要性源于能量转换系统中电压和压降之间的固有权衡,即最大化电压输出,同时最小化相关压降。本研究的重点是通过应用响应面法(RSM)优化涡流 MHD 发电机,响应面法以数学模型为基础,可捕捉因素和响应变量之间的复杂关系。该方法提供了一种综合方法,可根据流体速度和磁场强度输入参数,获得目标、电压和压降的最优解。数值优化 RSM 生成了 11 个解决方案。获得的最佳解决方案是流速为 1.415 m/s,磁场强度为 0.43 T,相应的最佳输出电压和压降分别为 4.264 mV 和 4.254 psi,所选解决方案的可取性水平为 0.770。这项研究表明,RSM 方法能很好地测量 R2 和 RSME。我们的研究结果有助于理解如何优化涡流 MHD 发电机,并为实现一组最佳发电机运行参数的高效能量转换系统提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences
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