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Open-source spring-driven syringe pump with 3D-printed components for microfluidic applications 用于微流体应用的带有 3D 打印组件的开源弹簧驱动注射泵
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00550
Se Been Park , Joong Ho Shin

The operation of microfluidic devices requires precise and constant fluid flow. Microfluidic systems in low-resource settings require a portable, inexpensive, and electricity-free pumping approach due to the rising demand for microfluidics in point-of-care testing (POCT). Open-source alternatives, employing 3D printing and motors, offer affordability. However, using motors require electrical power, which often relies on external sources, hindering the on-site use of open-source pumps. This study introduces a spring-driven, 3D-printed syringe pump, eliminating the need for an external power source. The syringe pump is operated by the flat spiral spring’s torque. By manually winding up the mainspring, the syringe pump can be operated without electricity. Various flow rates can be achieved by utilizing different syringe sizes and choosing the right gear combinations. All the parts of the syringe pump can be fabricated by 3D printing, requiring no additional components that require electricity. It operates by winding a mainspring and is user-friendly, allowing flow rate adjustments by assembling gears that modulate syringe plunger pushing velocity. The fabrication cost is $25–30 and can be assembled easily by following the instructions. We expect that the proposed syringe pump will enable the utilization of microfluidic technologies in resource-limited settings, promoting the adoption of microfluidics. Detailed information and results are available in the original research paper (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2024.135289).

微流控设备的运行需要精确、恒定的流体流动。由于床旁检测(POCT)对微流控系统的需求不断增加,在资源匮乏的环境中,微流控系统需要一种便携、廉价、无需电力的泵送方法。采用三维打印和电机的开源替代品价格低廉。然而,使用电机需要电力,而电力通常依赖于外部电源,这阻碍了开源泵的现场使用。本研究介绍了一种弹簧驱动的 3D 打印注射泵,无需外部电源。注射泵由扁平螺旋弹簧的扭矩驱动。通过手动给主弹簧上发条,注射泵可以在没有电力的情况下运行。通过使用不同尺寸的注射器和选择合适的齿轮组合,可实现不同的流速。注射泵的所有部件均可通过 3D 打印制造,无需额外的电力组件。它通过缠绕主发条运行,操作方便,可通过组装齿轮来调节注射器柱塞的推动速度,从而实现流量调节。制造成本为 25-30 美元,按照说明即可轻松组装。我们希望拟议的注射泵能在资源有限的环境中利用微流体技术,促进微流体技术的应用。详细信息和结果见原始研究论文(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2024.135289)。
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引用次数: 0
High-performance wide-band open-source system for acoustic stimulation 用于声学刺激的高性能宽带开源系统
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00555
Artur Silva , Filipe Carvalho , Bruno F. Cruz

The design and characterization of a low-cost, open-source auditory delivery system to deliver high performance auditory stimuli is presented. The system includes a high-fidelity sound card and audio amplifier devices with low-latency and wide bandwidth targeted for behavioral neuroscience research. The characterization of the individual devices and the entire system is performed, providing a thorough audio characterization data for varying frequencies and sound levels. The system implements the open-source Harp protocol, enabling the hardware timestamping of devices and seamless synchronization with other Harp devices.

本文介绍了用于提供高性能听觉刺激的低成本开源听觉传输系统的设计和特性。该系统包括高保真声卡和音频放大器设备,具有低延迟和宽带宽的特点,主要用于行为神经科学研究。对单个设备和整个系统进行了表征,为不同频率和声级提供了全面的音频表征数据。该系统实现了开源 Harp 协议,可对设备进行硬件时间标记,并与其他 Harp 设备无缝同步。
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引用次数: 0
A do-it-yourself benchtop device for highly scalable flow synthesis of protein-based nanoparticles 用于高度可扩展的蛋白质纳米粒子流动合成的自助台式设备
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00554
Egor S. Korenkov , Vladimir R. Cherkasov , Maxim P. Nikitin

Synthesis of nanoparticles is typically carried out in batch procedures, which offer limited control of parameters, and a narrow range of possible batch volumes. In contrast, flow synthesis systems, usually having a microfluidic chip as a crucial part, are devoid of these drawbacks. However, large scale devices – millifluidic systems – may offer several advantages over microfluidic systems, such as easier and cheaper production, enhanced throughput, and reduced channel clogging. Here we report a millifluidic system for the generation of protein nanoparticles, using the flow format of the original swift thermal formation technology (STF), which can process batch volume ranging from 100 µl to any practically significant amount. Capabilities of the system are demonstrated with model synthesis of Epirubicin-encapsulated BSA nanoparticles. A better degree of scalability of the synthesis over batch procedure is shown: with a 10-fold working volume increase, hydrodynamic diameter and loading capacity changed by only 10 % and 1 % respectively, compared to 60 % and 30 % for the batch synthesis. Additionally, we provide all engineering drawings, electrical circuits, programming code and nuances of assembly and operation, so that our findings can be easily reproduced. The ease of construction of the device and the superior characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles compared to the batch method indicate application potential in both the biomedical research and industrial spheres.

纳米粒子的合成通常采用批量程序,这种程序对参数的控制有限,而且可能的批量范围也很窄。相比之下,通常以微流体芯片为关键部分的流动合成系统则不存在这些缺点。然而,与微流控系统相比,大规模装置--毫流体系统--可能具有一些优势,如生产更容易、成本更低、吞吐量更大、通道堵塞更少等。在此,我们报告了一种用于生成蛋白质纳米颗粒的毫流体系统,该系统采用了最初的快速热形成技术(STF)的流动形式,可以处理从 100 µl 到任何实际数量的批量。该系统的能力通过表柔比星包裹 BSA 纳米粒子的模型合成得到了验证。与批量合成相比,该系统具有更好的可扩展性:在工作容量增加 10 倍的情况下,流体力学直径和装载能力分别只改变了 10% 和 1%,而批量合成则分别改变了 60% 和 30%。此外,我们还提供了所有的工程图纸、电路、编程代码以及组装和操作的细微差别,因此我们的研究成果可以很容易地复制。与批量法相比,该装置易于制造,而且所产生的纳米粒子具有更优越的特性,这表明它在生物医学研究和工业领域都具有应用潜力。
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引用次数: 0
The Open SprayBot: A high-throughput paper spray mass spectrometry platform for disease screening 开放喷雾机器人:用于疾病筛查的高通量纸喷雾质谱平台
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-06-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00551
Nancy Shyrley García-Rojas , Héctor Guillén-Alonso , Scott MacKay , Claudia Torres-Calzada , Leonardo Daniel Soto-Rodriguez , Robert Winkler , David S. Wishart

Newborn disease screening increases survival, improves quality of life and reduces treatment costs for healthcare systems. Mass spectrometry (MS) is an effective method for metabolic screening. However, conventional analytical methods require biofluid handling and cooling conditions during transport, making the logistics difficult and expensive, especially for remote regions. ’Paper-spray’ (PS) ionization generates a charged solvent spray from samples deposited on paper strips. Therefore, samples can be applied on a suitable matrix and shipped as dried spots to diagnostic laboratories with standard postal or messenger services. We built a robotic platform, the ’Open SprayBot’, to automatically analyze paper-deposited samples via PS-MS and increase the sample throughput. The system is operated via RUMBA32 and Arduino Mega boards. A commercial syringe pump and power supply provide solvent application and electrical current required for PS-MS. The usability of the Open SprayBot was demonstrated by quantifying palmitoyl-l-carnitine, a common biomarker in newborn screening.

新生儿疾病筛查可提高存活率、改善生活质量并降低医疗系统的治疗成本。质谱法(MS)是一种有效的代谢筛查方法。然而,传统的分析方法需要生物流体处理和运输过程中的冷却条件,因此物流困难且成本高昂,尤其是对于偏远地区而言。纸喷雾"(PS)离子化技术可使沉积在纸条上的样品产生带电溶剂喷雾。因此,可以将样品涂抹在合适的基质上,然后通过标准的邮政或信使服务,以干燥点的形式运送到诊断实验室。我们建立了一个机器人平台--"Open SprayBot",通过 PS-MS 自动分析沉积在纸上的样品,并提高样品吞吐量。该系统通过 RUMBA32 和 Arduino Mega 板进行操作。商用注射泵和电源提供 PS-MS 所需的溶剂应用和电流。Open SprayBot 的实用性通过对棕榈酰左旋肉碱(新生儿筛查中的一种常见生物标志物)的定量进行了验证。
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引用次数: 0
Cost-effective, open-source light shutters with Arduino control 采用 Arduino 控制的低成本、开源百叶窗
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00548
Mathias S. Fischer, Martin C. Fischer

In optical experiments, shutters are devices that open or close a path of light. They are often used to limit the duration of light exposure onto a target or onto a detector to reduce possible light-induced damage. Many commercial shutters are available for different applications – some provide very fast opening and closing times, some can handle large optical powers, and others allow for fail-safe operation. Many of these devices are costly and offer limited control options. Here we provide an open-source design for a low-cost, general purpose shutter system based on ubiquitous actuators (servo motors or solenoids) that are connected to an Arduino-based controller. Several shutters can be controlled by one controller, further reducing system cost. The state of the shutters can be controlled via a display built into the controller, by serial commands via USB, or by electrical control lines. The use of a microcontroller makes the shutter controller adaptable – only control options that are used need to be included, and the design accommodates a selection of display and actuator options. We provide designs for all required components, including 3D print files for the actuator holders and cases, the Arduino code, libraries for serial communication (C and python), and example graphical user interfaces for testing.

在光学实验中,快门是打开或关闭光路的装置。它们通常用于限制光照射到目标或探测器上的时间,以减少可能的光致损伤。许多商用快门可用于不同的应用领域--有些快门的打开和关闭速度非常快,有些快门可以处理较大的光功率,还有些快门可以进行故障安全操作。其中许多设备价格昂贵,提供的控制选项也很有限。在这里,我们提供了一种低成本、通用快门系统的开源设计,该系统基于无处不在的执行器(伺服电机或螺线管),并与基于 Arduino 的控制器相连。一个控制器可以控制多个快门,从而进一步降低了系统成本。百叶窗的状态可通过控制器内置的显示屏、USB 串行命令或电气控制线路进行控制。微控制器的使用使百叶窗控制器具有很强的适应性--只需包含所使用的控制选项,设计中还可选择显示器和执行器选项。我们提供所有所需组件的设计,包括致动器支架和外壳的 3D 打印文件、Arduino 代码、串行通信库(C 和 python)以及用于测试的图形用户界面示例。
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引用次数: 0
Spin coating on a budget: A 3D-Printed all-mechanical alternative for cost-effective thin-film deposition 低成本旋转镀膜:用于经济高效薄膜沉积的三维打印全机械替代方案
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00547
Apostolos Kalafatis , Lazaros Theofylaktos , Thomas Stergiopoulos

Spin coating stands out as the most employed thin-film deposition technique across a variety of scientific fields. Particularly in the past two decades, spin coaters have become increasingly popular due to the emergence of solution-processed semiconductors such as quantum dots and perovskites. However, acquiring commercial spin coaters from reputable suppliers remains a significant financial burden for many laboratories, particularly for smaller research or educational facilities. Prompted by the simple mechanical principles of the device, in this work, we present a 3D-printed analogue that can be printed and assembled in under 10 h and costs less than 5 euros per device. The operating principle is fully mechanical since the rotating motion is induced by gas flow. It does not require any additional components such as DC motors, motor drivers, circuitry or software and thus it can be fully operational off the grid. Additionally, the gas flow generates a purging effect that was found to be rather advantageous for film formation. To prove the effectiveness of this device, we have employed it to fabricate planar thin-film antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) solar cells. The optoelectronic characteristics of solar cells revealed noteworthy improvements, particularly in terms of repeatability, when compared to those fabricated with a commercial spin coater.

自旋镀膜是各种科学领域最常用的薄膜沉积技术。特别是在过去的二十年里,由于量子点和过氧化物等溶液加工半导体的出现,旋涂仪变得越来越受欢迎。然而,对于许多实验室,尤其是规模较小的研究或教育机构来说,从知名供应商处购买商用自旋镀膜机仍然是一项沉重的经济负担。受该装置简单机械原理的启发,我们在这项工作中提出了一种三维打印的类似装置,可在 10 小时内完成打印和组装,每个装置的成本不到 5 欧元。由于旋转运动是由气体流动引起的,因此其工作原理完全是机械式的。它不需要直流电机、电机驱动器、电路或软件等任何额外组件,因此可以完全脱离电网运行。此外,气流还能产生净化效果,这对薄膜的形成非常有利。为了证明这种装置的有效性,我们利用它制造了平面薄膜硫化锑(Sb2S3)太阳能电池。与使用商用旋涂机制造的太阳能电池相比,太阳能电池的光电特性有了显著改善,特别是在可重复性方面。
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引用次数: 0
Open collaborative smart plugs for energy management 用于能源管理的开放式协作智能插头
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00549
Almir Neto , Luis Gomes , Zita Vale

Given the growth of domotics and home automation, there is a need to use smart devices that integrate energy management systems and enable the automation of the environment. Considering the need to study the relationship between the environmental parameters in which the equipment is located and the energy parameters, an Environmental Awareness smart Plug (EnAPlug) is proposed with the application of machine learning (Tiny ML).This article presents a demonstration of EnAPlug applied to a refrigerator for predictions on internal humidity and activation motor for 5 min-ahead prediction on its operation, i.e., turning on or off. The two models for forecasting humidity presented Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) results of 0.055 and 0.058 and a Coefficient of determination (r2 score) of 0.97 and 0.99, respectively. For the motor activation prediction, the results obtained were an accuracy of 94.74% and 94.84%, an F1 score of 0.97 for OFF, 0.94 for ON for Forecast 1 and 0.97 for OFF and 0.93 for ON for Forecast 2. Although the prototype does not have commercial purposes, what differs from existing smart plugs is the option to store data locally. The results are promising, as it allows for better energy management with implementation of machine learning.

随着家用机器人和家庭自动化的发展,有必要使用集成能源管理系统并实现环境自动化的智能设备。考虑到需要研究设备所处环境参数与能源参数之间的关系,我们提出了一种应用机器学习(Tiny ML)的环境感知智能插头(EnAPlug)。本文展示了 EnAPlug 应用于冰箱的演示,用于预测冰箱内部湿度,以及用于提前 5 分钟预测冰箱运行(即打开或关闭)的启动电机。两个湿度预测模型的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为 0.055 和 0.058,判定系数(r2)分别为 0.97 和 0.99。电机启动预测的准确率分别为 94.74% 和 94.84%,预测 1 的关断和接通的 F1 分数分别为 0.97 和 0.94,预测 2 的关断和接通的 F1 分数分别为 0.97 和 0.93。 虽然原型没有商业用途,但与现有智能插头不同的是,它可以在本地存储数据。结果很有希望,因为它可以通过机器学习实现更好的能源管理。
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引用次数: 0
Economically viable electromechanical tensile testing equipment for stretchable sensor assessment 用于评估可拉伸传感器的经济可行的机电拉伸测试设备
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00546
Ardi Wiranata , Witnadi Dardjat Premiaji , Widya Kartika , Burhan Febrinawarta , Zebing Mao , Hifni Mukhtar Ariyadi , Nyayu Aisyah , Ryan Anugrah Putra , Kevin G.H. Mangunkusumo , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun

The growing interest in soft robotics increases the demand for stretchable sensors. The high performance of stretchable sensors depends much on the linearity, reliability and hysteresis of the stretchable conductive materials. In the applications of conductive materials such as in dielectric elastomer actuators, a stretchable conductive material should maintain the conductivity while sustaining large and multiple cycles of stretch and release tests. To understand the stretchable electrode quality, researchers should perform an electromechanical test. However, researchers require a high investment cost to use a professional type of electromechanical tensile test. In this research, we proposed an economically viable version of the Do-it-yourself (DIY) electromechanical tensile test (EMTT) to resolve the high investment cost problems. The DIY-EMTT is based on the Arduino-nano module. We integrate the load cell, displacement sensor, motor linear stage and DIY resistance meter. We can use the DIY mechanism to suppress the instrumental cost from thousands to hundreds of dollars. Furthermore, we provide a step-by-step guide to build the DIY-EMTT. We expect our DIY-EMTT to boost stretchable sensor development in soft robotics.

随着人们对软机器人技术的兴趣与日俱增,对可拉伸传感器的需求也随之增加。可拉伸传感器的高性能在很大程度上取决于可拉伸导电材料的线性、可靠性和滞后性。在导电材料的应用中,例如在介电弹性体致动器中,可拉伸导电材料应在承受大量、多次拉伸和释放循环测试时保持导电性。为了解拉伸电极的质量,研究人员应进行机电测试。然而,研究人员使用专业的机电拉伸测试需要高昂的投资成本。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种经济可行的 "自己动手(DIY)"机电拉伸试验(EMTT),以解决投资成本高的问题。DIY-EMTT 基于 Arduino 纳米模块。我们集成了称重传感器、位移传感器、电机线性平台和 DIY 电阻表。我们可以利用 DIY 机制将仪器成本从数千美元降至数百美元。此外,我们还提供了 DIY-EMTT 的制作步骤指南。我们期待我们的 DIY-EMTT 能够推动软机器人领域可拉伸传感器的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Open-source and low-cost miniature microscope for on-site fluorescence detection 用于现场荧光检测的开源低成本微型显微镜
IF 2.2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-06-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00545
Michio Kawai , Haruka Oda , Hisatoshi Mimura , Toshihisa Osaki , Shoji Takeuchi

The development of a compact and affordable fluorescence microscope can be a formidable challenge for growing needs in on-site testing and detection of fluorescent labeled biological systems, especially for those who specialize in biology rather than in engineering. In response to such a situation, we present an open-source miniature fluorescence microscope using Raspberry Pi. Our fluorescence microscope, with dimensions of 19.2 × 13.6 × 8.2 cm3 (including the display, computer, light-blocking case, and other operational requirements), not only offers cost-effectiveness (costing less than $500) but is also highly customizable to meet specific application needs. The 12.3-megapixel Raspberry Pi HQ Camera captures high-resolution imagery, while the equipped wide-angle lens provides a field of view measuring 21 × 15 mm2. The integrated wireless LAN in the Raspberry Pi, along with software-controllable high-powered fluorescence LEDs, holds potential for a wide range of applications. This open-source fluorescence microscope offers biohybrid sensor developers a versatile tool to streamline unfamiliar mechanical design tasks and open new opportunities for on-site fluorescence detections.

为了满足日益增长的现场测试和检测荧光标记生物系统的需求,特别是对于那些专门从事生物学而非工程学研究的人员来说,开发一种结构紧凑、价格低廉的荧光显微镜是一项艰巨的挑战。针对这种情况,我们提出了一种使用 Raspberry Pi 的开源微型荧光显微镜。我们的荧光显微镜尺寸为 19.2 × 13.6 × 8.2 立方厘米(包括显示屏、计算机、遮光箱和其他操作要求),不仅具有成本效益(成本不到 500 美元),而且可高度定制,以满足特定的应用需求。1230 万像素的 Raspberry Pi HQ 摄像机可捕捉高分辨率图像,配备的广角镜头可提供 21 × 15 平方毫米的视野。Raspberry Pi 中集成的无线局域网以及软件可控的高功率荧光 LED 具有广泛的应用潜力。这种开源荧光显微镜为生物杂交传感器开发人员提供了一种多功能工具,可简化不熟悉的机械设计任务,并为现场荧光检测带来新的机遇。
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引用次数: 0
mSLAb – An open-source masked stereolithography (mSLA) bioprinter mSLAb - 一种开源的掩膜立体光刻 (mSLA) 生物打印机
IF 2.2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00543
Benedikt K. Kaufmann , Matthias Rudolph , Markus Pechtl , Geronimo Wildenburg , Oliver Hayden , Hauke Clausen-Schaumann , Stefanie Sudhop

3D bioprinting is a tissue engineering approach using additive manufacturing to fabricate tissue equivalents for regenerative medicine or medical drug testing. For this purpose, biomaterials that provide the essential microenvironment to support the viability of cells integrated directly or seeded after printing are processed into three-dimensional (3D) structures. Compared to extrusion-based 3D printing, which is most commonly used in bioprinting, stereolithography (SLA) offers a higher printing resolution and faster processing speeds with a wide range of cell-friendly materials such as gelatin- or collagen-based hydrogels and SLA is, therefore, well suited to generate 3D tissue constructs.

While there have been numerous publications of conversions and upgrades for extrusion-based printers, this is not the case for state-of-the-art SLA technology in bioprinting. The high cost of proprietary printers severely limits teaching and research in SLA bioprinting. With mSLAb, we present a low-cost and open-source high-resolution 3D bioprinter based on masked SLA (mSLA). mSLAb is based on an entry-level (€350) desktop mSLA printer (Phrozen Sonic Mini 4 K), equipped with temperature control and humidification of the printing chamber to enable the processing of cell-friendly hydrogels. Additionally, the build platform was redesigned for easy sample handling and microscopic analysis of the printed constructs. All modifications were done with off-the-shelf hardware and in-house designed 3D printed components, printed with the same printer that was being modified.

We validated the system by printing macroscopic porous scaffolds as well as hollow channels from gelatin-based hydrogels as representative structures needed in tissue engineering.

三维生物打印是一种组织工程学方法,利用快速成型技术制造等效组织,用于再生医学或医学药物测试。为此,可提供必要微环境的生物材料被加工成三维(3D)结构,以支持直接整合或打印后播种的细胞的存活。与生物打印中最常用的挤压式三维打印相比,立体光刻技术(SLA)的打印分辨率更高,处理速度更快,可使用明胶或胶原蛋白水凝胶等多种细胞友好型材料,因此非常适合生成三维组织结构。专有打印机的高成本严重限制了 SLA 生物打印的教学和研究。mSLAb 以入门级(350 欧元)桌面 mSLA 打印机(Phrozen Sonic Mini 4 K)为基础,配备了打印室温度控制和加湿功能,可处理细胞友好型水凝胶。此外,还重新设计了构建平台,以方便样品处理和打印构建体的显微分析。我们通过打印宏观多孔支架以及明胶基水凝胶空心通道验证了该系统,这些都是组织工程所需的代表性结构。
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引用次数: 0
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