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Design and characterization of a low-cost particle image velocimetry system 低成本粒子图像测速系统的设计与鉴定
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00563
Frederick Kojo Chaway Acquah, Jeremiah Paul Konadu Takyi, Heather R. Beem

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is considered the gold standard technique for flow visualization. However, its cost (at least tens of thousands of dollars) can prove inhibitive in its standard form. This article presents an alternative design, leveraging off-the-shelf and open-source options for each key component involved: camera, laser module, optical components, tracer particles, and analysis software. Flow visualization is a crucial technique to connect theory to practice in teaching and researching fluid mechanics. Despite the ubiquity of this field within engineering curricula, many undergraduate institutions globally forego utilizing such equipment, given the barriers to setting it up. The availability of this low-cost alternative (∼$500) that can be built in-house offers a path forward. Characterization was done by visualizing the rotational flow generated by a magnetic stirrer in a cylindrical beaker. The velocity magnitude around the stirrer bar measured by the low-cost PIV system was compared to expected values calculated analytically. The percent difference was between 1–2% when the flow stayed two-dimensional but increased as the flow began developing into more of a 3-D flow. Repeatability varied no more than 6% between experiments. This platform holds the potential for reliable replication across institutions broadly.

粒子图像测速仪(PIV)被认为是流动可视化的黄金标准技术。然而,其标准形式的成本(至少数万美元)可能令人望而却步。本文介绍了一种替代设计,利用现成的和开源的方案来实现所涉及的每个关键部件:相机、激光模块、光学元件、示踪粒子和分析软件。流动可视化是流体力学教学和研究中理论联系实际的关键技术。尽管这一领域在工程学课程中无处不在,但全球许多本科院校都放弃使用此类设备,因为设置此类设备存在障碍。这种可在内部建造的低成本替代设备(500 美元)的出现,为我们提供了一条前进的道路。通过对圆柱形烧杯中磁力搅拌器产生的旋转流进行可视化表征。低成本 PIV 系统测得的搅拌棒周围的速度大小与分析计算得出的预期值进行了比较。当气流保持二维流动时,两者之间的百分比差异在 1-2% 之间,但当气流开始向三维流动发展时,两者之间的百分比差异就会增大。不同实验之间的重复性差异不超过 6%。该平台具有在各机构间广泛可靠复制的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Open-source design of low-cost sensorised elastic actuators for collaborative prosthetics and orthotics 用于协作假肢和矫形器的低成本传感器化弹性致动器的开源设计
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00564
Filippo Sanfilippo, Martin Økter, Jørgen Dale, Hua Minh Tuan, Muhammad Hamza Zafar, Morten Ottestad

Collaborative robots, or cobots, have become popular due to their ability to safely operate alongside humans in shared environments. These robots use compliant actuators as a key design element to prevent damage during unintended collisions. In prosthetic and orthotic applications, compliant actuators are crucial for ensuring user safety and comfort. However, most compliant cobots for these applications are excessively expensive and complex to construct. Our study introduces an innovative, cost-effective, and sensorised elastic actuator design tailored for prosthetics and orthotics. The design uses a modular approach and leverages 3D printing technology for rapid customisation, enabling efficient and affordable fabrication. Both hardware and software components are open-source, facilitating unrestricted access for students, researchers, and practitioners. Our design supports impedance and admittance control techniques, enhancing the system’s capabilities. Validation results show a standard deviation of 9.67 Nm between calculated and measured torque in impedance control and 0.2563 radians between calculated and measured angles in admittance control. This allows for improved adaptability to varying operational requirements in prosthetics and orthotics. By introducing this educational framework encompassing a low-cost, sensorised elastic actuator design, we aim to address the need for accessible solutions in the field of collaborative robotics for prosthetics and orthotics.

协作机器人(或称 cobots)因其能够在共享环境中与人类一起安全操作而广受欢迎。这些机器人使用顺应性致动器作为关键设计元素,以防止意外碰撞时造成损坏。在假肢和矫形应用中,顺应性致动器对于确保用户的安全性和舒适性至关重要。然而,用于这些应用的大多数顺应型 cobots 造价过于昂贵,构造过于复杂。我们的研究介绍了一种专为假肢和矫形器量身定制的创新型、高性价比和传感器化弹性致动器设计。该设计采用模块化方法,并利用 3D 打印技术进行快速定制,实现了高效、经济的制造。硬件和软件组件都是开源的,便于学生、研究人员和从业人员不受限制地使用。我们的设计支持阻抗和导纳控制技术,增强了系统的功能。验证结果表明,在阻抗控制中,计算扭矩与测量扭矩之间的标准偏差为 9.67 牛米;在导纳控制中,计算角度与测量角度之间的标准偏差为 0.2563 弧度。这样就能更好地适应假肢和矫形器的不同操作要求。通过引入这个包含低成本、传感器化弹性致动器设计的教育框架,我们旨在满足假肢和矫形器协作机器人领域对无障碍解决方案的需求。
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引用次数: 0
Design and implementation of a cost-effective, open-source, and programmable pulsatile flow system 设计并实现经济高效、开源和可编程的脉动流量系统
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00561
Sanna E. Herwald , Daniel Y. Sze , Daniel B. Ennis , Alexander M. Vezeridis

The primary objective of this research was to design, implement, and validate a programmable open-source pulsatile flow system to cost-effectively simulate vascular flows. We employed an Arduino-compatible microcontroller combined with a motor driver to control a centrifugal direct current (DC) motor pump. The system was programmed to produce pulsatile flows with an arterial pulse waveform. Validation with Doppler ultrasound and flow measurements confirmed that our Arduino-based system successfully replicated arterial vascular flow. The materials are easily accessible, with a total bill of materials as low as $99. This open-source programmable pulsatile pump platform offers superior cost-effectiveness and adaptability relative to commercial offerings.

本研究的主要目的是设计、实现和验证一个可编程开源脉动流量系统,以经济有效的方式模拟血管流动。我们采用了与 Arduino 兼容的微控制器,结合电机驱动器来控制离心直流(DC)电机泵。通过编程,该系统可产生具有动脉脉冲波形的脉动血流。通过多普勒超声和流量测量验证,我们基于 Arduino 的系统成功地复制了动脉血管流量。材料很容易获得,总材料费低至 99 美元。与商业产品相比,这种开源可编程脉动泵平台具有更高的成本效益和适应性。
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引用次数: 0
Open-source Internet of Things (IoT)-based air pollution monitoring system with protective case for tropical environments 基于开放源码物联网(IoT)的空气污染监测系统,带适用于热带环境的保护壳
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00560
Edwin Collado , Sallelis Calderón , Betzaida Cedeño , Olga De León , Miriam Centella , Antony García , Yessica Sáez

In recent years, the escalation of industrial activities has significantly increased natural resource pollution, with air pollution becoming a major cause of diseases affecting living organisms. To address this critical environmental challenge, this study proposes a comprehensive air pollution monitoring system utilizing advanced technological instruments based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The system’s primary objective is to provide precise, rapid, and efficient measurements, enabling detailed examinations of pollutant behaviors and facilitating data dissemination. The system includes a monitoring station equipped with sensors to measure ambient temperature, relative humidity, and concentrations of pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), suspended particles (PM2.5, PM10), and ozone (O3). Additionally, it captures meteorological variables like wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation, allowing a nuanced analysis of their correlation with air pollutants. The collected data are transmitted via the Internet and visualized on a user-friendly platform accessible from any internet-enabled device. A protective case, designed with SolidWorks CAD software and fabricated using 3D printing, was validated through simulations for extreme conditions to ensures the system’s robustness in tropical climates. The cost-effective, low-energy system offers a scalable solution for monitoring air pollution, advancing understanding of pollutant behaviors, and supporting environmental management.

近年来,工业活动的升级大大加剧了自然资源污染,空气污染已成为影响生物体疾病的主要原因。为了应对这一严峻的环境挑战,本研究利用基于物联网(IoT)的先进技术仪器,提出了一种全面的空气污染监测系统。该系统的主要目标是提供精确、快速和高效的测量,从而能够详细检查污染物的行为并促进数据传播。该系统包括一个配备传感器的监测站,用于测量环境温度、相对湿度以及一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化氮(NO2)、二氧化硫(SO2)、悬浮颗粒物(PM2.5、PM10)和臭氧(O3)等污染物的浓度。此外,它还能捕捉风速、风向和降水等气象变量,从而对它们与空气污染物的相关性进行细致分析。收集到的数据通过互联网传输,并在一个用户友好的平台上可视化,任何支持互联网的设备均可访问。利用 SolidWorks CAD 软件设计并使用 3D 打印技术制造的保护壳通过了极端条件下的模拟验证,以确保该系统在热带气候下的坚固性。该系统成本低、能耗低,为监测空气污染、增进对污染物行为的了解和支持环境管理提供了可扩展的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Design, manufacture, and control of a low-cost positive airway pressure device 设计、制造和控制低成本气道正压装置
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00559
Jordan F. Hill, Samuel Jackson, Mia Uluilelata, Samrath Sood, Jaimey A. Clifton, Ella F.S. Guy, J. Geoffrey Chase

Current positive airway pressure devices cost NZ$800-$2500, posing a financial barrier for the estimated 1 billion individuals worldwide with sleep apnea and those researching respiratory diseases. Increasing diagnoses and research interest in the area necessitate a low-cost, easily accessible alternative. Thus, the mePAP, a high-quality, multipurpose, low-cost (∼NZ$250) positive airway pressure device, was designed and prototyped specifically for respiratory disease research, particularly for sleep apnea. The mePAP allows user customization and provides researchers with an affordable tool for testing positive airway pressure algorithms. Unlike typical commercial devices, the mePAP offers adaptability with open-source data collection and easily modifiable software for implementing and analysing different control and diagnostic algorithms. It features three control modes: constant; bilevel; and automatic; and provides pressures from 4 to 20 cmH2O, controlled via a phone app through Wi-Fi, with a mini-sensor added at the mask for increased accuracy. Validation tests showed the mePAP’s performance is comparable to a gold-standard Fisher & Paykel device, with extremely similar output pressures. The mePAP’s low cost enhances accessibility and equity, allowing researchers to test ventilation algorithms for sleep apnea and other respiratory conditions, with all data openly available for analysis. Its adaptability and multiple applications increase its usability and usefulness across various research and clinical settings.

目前的气道正压设备价格在 800-2500 新西兰元之间,这对全球约 10 亿睡眠呼吸暂停患者和呼吸系统疾病研究者来说构成了经济障碍。该领域的诊断和研究兴趣不断增加,因此需要一种低成本、易于获得的替代品。因此,mePAP 是一种高质量、多用途、低成本(250 新西兰元)的气道正压设备,是专为呼吸疾病研究,尤其是睡眠呼吸暂停而设计和制造的。mePAP 允许用户定制,为研究人员测试气道正压算法提供了经济实惠的工具。与典型的商业设备不同,mePAP 可通过开源数据收集和易于修改的软件来实施和分析不同的控制和诊断算法。它有三种控制模式:恒定、双水平和自动,提供 4 至 20 cmH2O 的压力,通过 Wi-Fi 手机应用程序进行控制,面罩上还增加了一个微型传感器,以提高精确度。验证测试表明,mePAP 的性能可与黄金标准的 Fisher & Paykel 设备相媲美,输出压力极为相似。mePAP 的低成本提高了可及性和公平性,使研究人员能够测试睡眠呼吸暂停和其他呼吸疾病的通气算法,并公开所有数据以供分析。它的适应性和多种应用提高了它在各种研究和临床环境中的可用性和实用性。
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引用次数: 0
A filling rig for liquid and gas working fluids for two-phase thermal management systems 用于两相热能管理系统的液体和气体工作液的灌装机
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00558
Colin Butler , Emmanuel Caplanne , Jeff Punch

Two-phase cooling devices are used to remove and dissipate heat from high power-density electronic systems to maintain them within their operating temperature limits. The manufacture of these devices, such as heat pipes, thermosyphons or vapour chambers, involves firstly removing any internal air or non-condensable gases before charging with the required volume of working fluid. This paper presents detailed designs and operating instructions for a single bench-top station for use in a laboratory environment for the vacuum evacuation, degassing and charging of these devices. Two configurations allow for the filling of fluids which are either liquids or gases at standard temperature and pressure conditions. For liquids, the dispensed volume can be measured directly on an integrated burette, while the method of vapour transfer is used for gases.

The hardware was demonstrated by filling multiple thermosyphon devices with a number of common working fluids used in two-phase systems, including water, acetone and ammonia. It was shown to deliver precise and repeatable filling volumes with average differences compared to target volumes of 1.7% and 10.5% for liquids and gases respectively. The design is intended to be highly customisable where its size can be modified to accommodate filling volume requirements for different applications.

两相冷却装置用于从高功率密度电子系统中排除和散热,使其保持在工作温度范围内。在制造这些设备(如热管、热吸器或蒸汽室)时,首先要去除内部空气或不凝性气体,然后再注入所需量的工作流体。本文介绍了用于实验室环境中对这些设备进行真空抽空、脱气和充气的单个台式工作站的详细设计和操作说明。两种配置可在标准温度和压力条件下填充液体或气体。对于液体,可直接在集成滴定管上测量分配的体积,而对于气体则采用蒸汽传输方法。结果表明,该硬件可提供精确且可重复的填充量,与目标填充量相比,液体和气体的平均差异分别为 1.7% 和 10.5%。该设计具有很强的定制性,其尺寸可根据不同应用的填充量要求进行修改。
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引用次数: 0
A three-zone hypoxia chamber capable of regulating unique oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures simultaneously 三区缺氧室能够同时调节独特的氧气和二氧化碳分压
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00556
Zachary R. Sitte , Abel A. Miranda , Thomas J. DiProspero , Matthew R. Lockett

Oxygen is a vital but often overlooked variable in tissue culture experiments. Physiologically relevant oxygen tensions range from partial pressures of 100 mmHg at the alveolar-capillary interface in the lung to less than 7.6 mmHg in the hypoxic regions of solid tumors. These values are markedly lower than the partial oxygen pressure of ambient air, which is standard experimental practice. Physiologically relevant culture environments are needed to better predict cellular and tissue-level responses to drugs or potential toxins. Three commonly used methods to regulate in vitro oxygen tension involve placing cells in 1) a hypoxia chamber, 2) setups that rely on mass transport-limited microenvironments, and 3) microfabricated devices. Hypoxia chambers have the lowest barrier to entry, as they do not require laboratories to change their tissue culture setups. Here, we present a gas-regulation system for a three-zone hypoxia chamber. Each zone can maintain independent environments, with partial pressure compositions of 1–21 % O2 and 1–10 % CO2. The design incorporates small-scale fabrication techniques (e.g., laser cutting and 3D printing) and off-the-shelf electronic components for simple assembly. The hypoxia chambers are significantly lower in cost than the commercial counterparts: $1,400 for the control system or $4,100 for a complete three-zone chamber system.

氧气是组织培养实验中的一个重要变量,但却经常被忽视。与生理相关的氧张力范围从肺泡-毛细血管界面的 100 毫米汞柱到实体瘤缺氧区域的低于 7.6 毫米汞柱。这些数值明显低于环境空气的氧分压,而环境空气的氧分压是标准的实验实践。为了更好地预测细胞和组织对药物或潜在毒素的反应,需要与生理相关的培养环境。调节体外氧张力的三种常用方法包括:1)将细胞置于缺氧室;2)依靠质量传输限制的微环境设置;3)微加工设备。低氧室的进入门槛最低,因为它不需要实验室改变组织培养设置。在这里,我们介绍一种用于三区缺氧室的气体调节系统。每个区都能维持独立的环境,氧气分压组成为 1-21 %,二氧化碳分压组成为 1-10 %。设计采用了小规模制造技术(如激光切割和三维打印)和现成的电子元件,组装简单。缺氧室的成本大大低于商业同类产品:控制系统的成本为 1,400 美元,完整的三区缺氧室系统的成本为 4,100 美元。
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引用次数: 0
An open-source membrane stretcher for simultaneous mechanical and structural characterizations of soft materials and biological tissues 用于同时描述软材料和生物组织机械和结构特征的开源膜拉伸器
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00552
Shannon Li , Alyssa Gee , Nathan Cai , Alexandra Bermudez , Neil Y.C. Lin

The ability to simultaneously measure material mechanics and structure is central for understanding their nonlinear relationship that underlies the mechanical properties of materials, such as hysteresis, strain-stiffening and -softening, and plasticity. This experimental capability is also critical in biomechanics and mechanobiology research, as it enables direct characterizations of the intricate interplay between cellular responses and tissue mechanics. Stretching devices developed over the past few decades, however, do not often allow simultaneous measurements of the structural and mechanical responses of the sample. In this work, we introduce an open-source stretching system that can apply uniaxial strain at a submicron resolution, report the tensile force response of the sample, and be mounted on an inverted microscope for real-time imaging. Our system consists of a pair of stepper-based linear motors that stretch the sample symmetrically, a force transducer that records the sample tensile force, and an optically clear sample holder that allows for high-magnification microscopy. Using polymer samples and cellular specimens, we characterized the motion control accuracy, force measurement robustness, and microscopy compatibility of our stretching system. We envision that this uniaxial stretching system will be a valuable tool for characterizing soft and living materials.

同时测量材料力学和结构的能力对于理解材料力学特性(如滞后、应变硬化和软化以及塑性)的非线性关系至关重要。这种实验能力对于生物力学和机械生物学研究也至关重要,因为它可以直接描述细胞反应和组织力学之间错综复杂的相互作用。然而,过去几十年开发的拉伸设备通常无法同时测量样本的结构和机械响应。在这项工作中,我们介绍了一种开源拉伸系统,它能以亚微米级的分辨率施加单轴应变,报告样本的拉伸力响应,并能安装在倒置显微镜上进行实时成像。我们的系统由一对可对称拉伸样品的步进线性电机、一个可记录样品拉伸力的力传感器和一个可进行高倍显微镜观察的光学透明样品支架组成。我们使用聚合物样品和细胞标本,对拉伸系统的运动控制精度、力测量稳健性和显微镜兼容性进行了鉴定。我们预计,这种单轴拉伸系统将成为表征软材料和生命材料的重要工具。
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引用次数: 0
Low-cost clamp for the measurement of vegetation spectral signatures 测量植被光谱特征的低成本夹具
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00557
Camilo Acevedo-Correa , Manuel Goez , Maria C. Torres-Madronero , Tatiana Rondon

Spectral signatures allow the characterization of a surface from the reflected or emitted energy along the electromagnetic spectrum. This type of measurement has several potential applications in precision agriculture. However, capturing the spectral signatures of plants requires specialized instruments, either in the field or the laboratory. The cost of these instruments is high, so their incorporation in crop monitoring tasks is not massive, given the low investment in agricultural technology. This paper presents a low-cost clamp to capture spectral leaf signatures in the laboratory and the field. The clamp can be 3D printed using PLA (polylactic acid); it allows the connection of 2 optical fibers: one for a spectrometer and one for a light source. It is designed for ease of use and holds a leave firmly without causing damage, allowing data to be collected with less disturbance. The article compares signatures captured directly using a fiber and the proposed clamp; noise reduction across the spectrum is achieved with the clamp.

光谱特征可以通过电磁波谱的反射或发射能量来描述表面特征。这种测量方法在精准农业中具有多种潜在应用。然而,捕捉植物的光谱特征需要在田间或实验室使用专门的仪器。这些仪器的成本很高,因此在农业技术投资较低的情况下,将其纳入作物监测任务的规模并不大。本文介绍了一种用于在实验室和田间捕捉叶片光谱特征的低成本夹具。该夹具可使用聚乳酸(PLA)3D 打印而成;可连接 2 根光纤:一根用于光谱仪,一根用于光源。它的设计易于使用,可牢牢夹住假条而不会造成损坏,从而可以在较少干扰的情况下采集数据。文章比较了直接使用光纤和拟议的夹具捕获的信号;夹具实现了整个光谱的降噪。
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引用次数: 0
A low-cost and open-hardware portable 3-electrode sleep monitoring device 低成本、开放式硬件的便携式 3电极睡眠监测设备
IF 2 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00553
Matías Rodolfo Pretel , Vanessa Vidal , Dante Kienigiel , Cecilia Forcato , Rodrigo Ramele

To continue sleep research activities during the lockdown resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, experiments that were previously conducted in laboratories were shifted to the homes of volunteers. Furthermore, for extensive data collection, it is necessary to use a large number of portable devices. Hence, to achieve these objectives, we developed a low-cost and open-source portable monitor (PM) device capable of acquiring electroencephalographic (EEG) signals using the popular ESP32 microcontroller. The device operates based on instrumentation amplifiers. It also has a connectivity microcontroller with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth that can be used to stream EEG signals. This portable single-channel 3-electrode EEG device allowed us to record short naps and score different sleep stages, such as wakefulness, non rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), stage 1 (S1), stage 2 (S2), stage 3 (S3) and stage 4 (S4). We validated the device by comparing the obtained signals to those generated by a research-grade counterpart. The results showed a high level of accurate similarity between both devices, demonstrating the feasibility of using this approach for extensive and low-cost data collection of EEG sleep recordings.

为了在 COVID-19 大流行导致的封锁期间继续开展睡眠研究活动,以前在实验室进行的实验被转移到了志愿者家中。此外,为了收集大量数据,必须使用大量便携式设备。因此,为了实现这些目标,我们开发了一种低成本、开源的便携式监测器(PM)设备,能够使用流行的 ESP32 微控制器采集脑电图(EEG)信号。该设备基于仪表放大器运行。它还有一个带 Wi-Fi 和蓝牙的连接微控制器,可用于脑电信号流。这种便携式单通道 3电极脑电图设备使我们能够记录短暂的小睡,并对不同的睡眠阶段进行评分,如清醒、非快速眼动睡眠(NREM)、第一阶段(S1)、第二阶段(S2)、第三阶段(S3)和第四阶段(S4)。我们将获得的信号与研究级设备生成的信号进行了比较,从而验证了该设备的有效性。结果表明,这两种设备的精确度高度相似,证明了使用这种方法广泛而低成本地收集脑电图睡眠记录数据的可行性。
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引用次数: 0
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