Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.15446/RFNAM.V74N1.89089
B. Pérez, A. Endara, J. Garrido, Lucía de los Ángeles Ramírez Cárdenas
Mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum) is a wild Andean berry, with a high content of bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanins, with protective effects against various diseases due to their antioxidant capacity. The aim of this study was to determine the best anthocyanin extraction conditions without affecting the mortiño antioxidant capacity. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 23 was applied in the extraction (solvent: ethanol and methanol; concentration: 20 and 60%; temperature: 30 and 60 °C). The anthocyanin content showed that the best extraction conditions were 20 and 60% hydroethanolic solution at 60 °C (P<0.05). For the antioxidant capacity, the treatments were analyzed in a factorial arrangement 22: ethanol and methanol 20%; 30 and 60 °C. The highest antioxidant capacity was found at 20% ethanol and 60 °C (19,653.3±256.62 µmol TE 100 g-1 FW (fresh weight)) by the FRAP method (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) (P<0.05), and with the ABTS methodology, methanol and ethanol (20%), at 60 °C (8458.3±127.45 and 8,258.0±325.05 µmol TE 100 g-1 FW, respectively) (P<0.05). Extraction at 60 °C did not affect the antioxidant properties of anthocyanins. A high correlation was found between both methodologies by Pearson’s Correlation (PC=0.898). In addition, the antioxidant capacity measured by the two methods was highly related to the anthocyanin content of the extracts (PC=0.973 and 0.952, respectively). Other berry species have been extensively investigated for their antioxidant compounds, but there is limited information about the optimization of anthocyanin extraction from mortiño and its high antioxidant capacity important for future industrial applications. As a result, ethanol at 20 and 60%, 60 °C for h are the best conditions to extract and quantify the anthocyanins of the mortiño fruit.
Mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum)是一种野生安第斯浆果，具有高含量的生物活性化合物，特别是花青素，由于其抗氧化能力，对各种疾病具有保护作用。在不影响mortiño抗氧化能力的前提下，确定花青素的最佳提取条件。提取采用全随机设计，因子排列23(溶剂:乙醇和甲醇;浓度:20%和60%;温度:30和60°C)。花青素含量的最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度为20%和60%，温度为60℃(P<0.05)。对抗氧化能力进行因子分析22:乙醇和甲醇各20%;30和60°C。FRAP法(铁还原抗氧化能力)中，20%乙醇和60°C(19,653.3±256.62µmol TE 100 g-1 FW(鲜重))的抗氧化能力最高(P<0.05)， ABTS法中，甲醇和乙醇(20%)在60°C(分别为8458.3±127.45和8258.0±325.05µmol TE 100 g-1 FW)的抗氧化能力最高(P<0.05)。60℃提取对花青素的抗氧化性能没有影响。Pearson 's correlation (PC=0.898)表明两种方法之间存在较高的相关性。此外，两种方法测定的抗氧化能力与提取物中花青素含量高度相关(PC值分别为0.973和0.952)。其他浆果种类的抗氧化化合物已被广泛研究，但关于从mortiño提取花青素的优化及其对未来工业应用的高抗氧化能力的信息有限。结果表明，乙醇浓度为20%和60%，60°C为h是提取和定量mortiño果实花青素的最佳条件。
{"title":"Extraction of anthocyanins from Mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum) and determination of their antioxidant capacity","authors":"B. Pérez, A. Endara, J. Garrido, Lucía de los Ángeles Ramírez Cárdenas","doi":"10.15446/RFNAM.V74N1.89089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/RFNAM.V74N1.89089","url":null,"abstract":"Mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum) is a wild Andean berry, with a high content of bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanins, with protective effects against various diseases due to their antioxidant capacity. The aim of this study was to determine the best anthocyanin extraction conditions without affecting the mortiño antioxidant capacity. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 23 was applied in the extraction (solvent: ethanol and methanol; concentration: 20 and 60%; temperature: 30 and 60 °C). The anthocyanin content showed that the best extraction conditions were 20 and 60% hydroethanolic solution at 60 °C (P<0.05). For the antioxidant capacity, the treatments were analyzed in a factorial arrangement 22: ethanol and methanol 20%; 30 and 60 °C. The highest antioxidant capacity was found at 20% ethanol and 60 °C (19,653.3±256.62 µmol TE 100 g-1 FW (fresh weight)) by the FRAP method (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) (P<0.05), and with the ABTS methodology, methanol and ethanol (20%), at 60 °C (8458.3±127.45 and 8,258.0±325.05 µmol TE 100 g-1 FW, respectively) (P<0.05). Extraction at 60 °C did not affect the antioxidant properties of anthocyanins. A high correlation was found between both methodologies by Pearson’s Correlation (PC=0.898). In addition, the antioxidant capacity measured by the two methods was highly related to the anthocyanin content of the extracts (PC=0.973 and 0.952, respectively). Other berry species have been extensively investigated for their antioxidant compounds, but there is limited information about the optimization of anthocyanin extraction from mortiño and its high antioxidant capacity important for future industrial applications. As a result, ethanol at 20 and 60%, 60 °C for h are the best conditions to extract and quantify the anthocyanins of the mortiño fruit.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83361618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.83836
S. Santacruz, G. Cobo
Almojábana is a kind of food that varies in its composition depending on the geographical place where it is baked. In Ecuador, almojábana is based on cheese, wheat flour and Canna edulis starch. C. edulis planting has diminished, leading to a high cost of the starch and less availability on the market. The present work studied C. edulis starch substitution by a mixture of potato and cassava starches on the elaboration of almojábanas. Specific volume, crumb structure, textural properties and sensory analyses were used to find the best starch substitution. Mixtures of cassava and potato starch (25/75, 35/65, and 45/55) and starch dough resting time (10, 15, and 20 h) were investigated. Hardness, elasticity, chewiness, specific volume, average size cell, the number of cells per area and the total area of cells of almojábanas were determined. Results showed that a mixture of 25% potato, 75% cassava and 20 h resting time could substitute C. edulis starch in almojábana baking. The obtained almojábanas had different flavor compared to a control sample (based on C. edulis starch). Starch substitution reduced the cost of raw materials (starch) by 60%.
{"title":"Substitution of Canna edulis starch for a mixture of potato/cassava starch in the production of almojábanas","authors":"S. Santacruz, G. Cobo","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.83836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.83836","url":null,"abstract":"Almojábana is a kind of food that varies in its composition depending on the geographical place where it is baked. In Ecuador, almojábana is based on cheese, wheat flour and Canna edulis starch. C. edulis planting has diminished, leading to a high cost of the starch and less availability on the market. The present work studied C. edulis starch substitution by a mixture of potato and cassava starches on the elaboration of almojábanas. Specific volume, crumb structure, textural properties and sensory analyses were used to find the best starch substitution. Mixtures of cassava and potato starch (25/75, 35/65, and 45/55) and starch dough resting time (10, 15, and 20 h) were investigated. Hardness, elasticity, chewiness, specific volume, average size cell, the number of cells per area and the total area of cells of almojábanas were determined. Results showed that a mixture of 25% potato, 75% cassava and 20 h resting time could substitute C. edulis starch in almojábana baking. The obtained almojábanas had different flavor compared to a control sample (based on C. edulis starch). Starch substitution reduced the cost of raw materials (starch) by 60%.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85113276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.85316
C. O. Ogidi, Oluwatobiloba Hannah George, O. Aladejana, Olu Malomo, O. Famurewa
Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG) is renewable lignocellulosic biomass generated from the beer brewing process. It serves as a substrate for various biotechnological applications. BSG was used as the main substrate for bioethanol production with Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in submerged fermentation. Saccharification and fermentation studies were performed for the production of bioethanol. A sterilized fermenter was loaded with 50 g L-1 of BSG at 29±2 °C and an agitation speed of 180 rpm. pH was adjusted to 6.0 before the addition of 500 mL of yeast culture for 7 days under submerged and optimized conditions. The fermented product was concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 66±1 °C, and ethanol was qualitatively determined by the dichromate method. Bioethanol yield was 22%, with a specific gravity of 0.8 at 28 °C. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of -CH3 stretch, -OHstretch and -CH2stretch in bioethanol. For the preservative test, Staphylococcus spp., Erwinia spp., Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus spp., Xanthomonas spp., Pseudomonas spp., Micrococcus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. were the bacteria isolated from fruits examined from different regions of Osun State. The genera of fungi isolated were Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Candida, Saccharomyces, Geotrichium and Pichia. Bioethanol produced from BSG inhibited the growth of microorganisms with zones of inhibition range from 7.0 mm to 11.5 mm, and thus, selected fruits were preserved. Hence, the fermentation technology of agro-industrial wastes with microorganisms can be adopted to convert waste biomass to useful resources.
啤酒精(BSG)是啤酒酿造过程中产生的可再生木质纤维素生物质。它是各种生物技术应用的基础。以BSG为主要底物，利用卡尔斯伯根酵母进行深层发酵生产生物乙醇。为生产生物乙醇进行了糖化和发酵研究。在29±2℃、180转/分的搅拌速度下，将50 g L-1 BSG装入灭菌发酵罐。将pH调至6.0后，加入500 mL酵母培养物，在优化条件下浸泡7天。发酵产物在66±1℃的旋转蒸发器浓缩，用重铬酸盐法对乙醇进行定性测定。生物乙醇收率为22%，比重为0.8，温度为28°C。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)证实了生物乙醇中存在-CH3、-OHstretch和-CH2stretch。对于防腐剂的检测，葡萄球菌、欧文氏菌、乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌、黄单胞菌、假单胞菌、微球菌和棒状杆菌是从奥孙州不同地区的水果中分离到的细菌。分离到的真菌属有曲霉属、炭疽菌属、青霉属、镰刀菌属、Alternaria菌属、根霉属、念珠菌属、酵母菌属、地毛菌属和毕赤酵母属。BSG生产的生物乙醇对微生物生长的抑制范围为7.0 ~ 11.5 mm，因此可以保存选定的果实。因此，可以采用微生物发酵农工废弃物技术，将废弃生物质转化为有用资源。
{"title":"Fruit preservation with bioethanol obtained from the fermentation of brewer’s spent grain with Saccharomyces carlsbergensis","authors":"C. O. Ogidi, Oluwatobiloba Hannah George, O. Aladejana, Olu Malomo, O. Famurewa","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.85316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.85316","url":null,"abstract":"Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG) is renewable lignocellulosic biomass generated from the beer brewing process. It serves as a substrate for various biotechnological applications. BSG was used as the main substrate for bioethanol production with Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in submerged fermentation. Saccharification and fermentation studies were performed for the production of bioethanol. A sterilized fermenter was loaded with 50 g L-1 of BSG at 29±2 °C and an agitation speed of 180 rpm. pH was adjusted to 6.0 before the addition of 500 mL of yeast culture for 7 days under submerged and optimized conditions. The fermented product was concentrated using a rotary evaporator at 66±1 °C, and ethanol was qualitatively determined by the dichromate method. Bioethanol yield was 22%, with a specific gravity of 0.8 at 28 °C. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of -CH3 stretch, -OHstretch and -CH2stretch in bioethanol. For the preservative test, Staphylococcus spp., Erwinia spp., Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus spp., Xanthomonas spp., Pseudomonas spp., Micrococcus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. were the bacteria isolated from fruits examined from different regions of Osun State. The genera of fungi isolated were Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Candida, Saccharomyces, Geotrichium and Pichia. Bioethanol produced from BSG inhibited the growth of microorganisms with zones of inhibition range from 7.0 mm to 11.5 mm, and thus, selected fruits were preserved. Hence, the fermentation technology of agro-industrial wastes with microorganisms can be adopted to convert waste biomass to useful resources.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89565413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.85788
Álvaro Cañadas-López, Diana Rade-Loor, Carlos Molina-Hidrovo
Jatropha germplasm accessions need an assessment of their traits to evaluate the nature and magnitude of the genetic variability among accessions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the phenotypic behavior of 130 Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) accessions and the genetic variability of selected Jatropha accessions. The selected variables were assessed between 2008-2014 based on the number of fruits per tree (FP), the number of seeds per fruit (SpF), weight of 100 dry seeds (100SW), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), smallest deviation standard as regular seed production (RP), highest deviation standard as irregular seed production (IP), seed oil content (Oil), seed production in g per tree (SP). Correspondence Analysis techniques were also applied in selected elite Jatropha accessions. The genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient between seed length, seed width, 100-seed weight and oil content for selected Jatropha accessions were applied. Variance, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability (broad-sense) and genetic advance were calculated for several Jatropha phenotypic characteristics. CP041, CP052, CP037, CP054, CP060, CP122, CP118, CP120, CP121 INIAP Jatropha accessions were selected basically for SP and FP. A high statistically significant correlation (genotypic and phenotypic) between seed length – seed width was obtained from the chosen Jatropha accessions. Genetic association in the characteristics of growth and production highlighted the low phenotypic diversity in the Jatropha Portoviejo Research Station (EEP) of the National Institute for Agricultural and Cattle Ranching Research (INIAP) germplasm bank. There is an urgent need to improve the germplasm resource by obtaining new accessions, mainly from countries considered as centers of origin of the species.
{"title":"In situ assessment of Jatropha curcas germplasm under tropical dry forest conditions in Manabí-Ecuador","authors":"Álvaro Cañadas-López, Diana Rade-Loor, Carlos Molina-Hidrovo","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.85788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.85788","url":null,"abstract":"Jatropha germplasm accessions need an assessment of their traits to evaluate the nature and magnitude of the genetic variability among accessions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the phenotypic behavior of 130 Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) accessions and the genetic variability of selected Jatropha accessions. The selected variables were assessed between 2008-2014 based on the number of fruits per tree (FP), the number of seeds per fruit (SpF), weight of 100 dry seeds (100SW), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), smallest deviation standard as regular seed production (RP), highest deviation standard as irregular seed production (IP), seed oil content (Oil), seed production in g per tree (SP). Correspondence Analysis techniques were also applied in selected elite Jatropha accessions. The genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient between seed length, seed width, 100-seed weight and oil content for selected Jatropha accessions were applied. Variance, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability (broad-sense) and genetic advance were calculated for several Jatropha phenotypic characteristics. CP041, CP052, CP037, CP054, CP060, CP122, CP118, CP120, CP121 INIAP Jatropha accessions were selected basically for SP and FP. A high statistically significant correlation (genotypic and phenotypic) between seed length – seed width was obtained from the chosen Jatropha accessions. Genetic association in the characteristics of growth and production highlighted the low phenotypic diversity in the Jatropha Portoviejo Research Station (EEP) of the National Institute for Agricultural and Cattle Ranching Research (INIAP) germplasm bank. There is an urgent need to improve the germplasm resource by obtaining new accessions, mainly from countries considered as centers of origin of the species.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83680288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.85278
Juan Pablo Gómez-Yarce, Edna Rocío Mompotes-Largo, Aníbal López-Castro, J. D. Hernández-Arredondo, Ó. Córdoba-Gaona
The cultivation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under agroforestry systems, generates beneficial environmental conditions for cocoa crop physiology. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of shade trees (Spanish elm trees - Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken) planted along with cocoa (clone CCN51) under an agroforestry system on cocoa’s gas exchange parameters regarding the reduction of the light intensity over the cocoa-leaf canopy. The experiment was developed in the Centro de Investigación el Nus - Agrosavia, located in the municipality of San Roque, Antioquia. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design for the cocoa planting distances from the first row of Spanish elm trees interfacing with the cocoa plantation (4 m, 7 m, 10 m, 13 m). The statistical analysis was performed by estimating the area under the curve (AUC) of each variable, using the trapezoid equation of the statistical environment SAS® 9.4, an analysis of variances was performed to determine if there were statistical differences between treatments, and Tukey’s test at 5% probability was used to estimated statistical differences between means. There were significant differences in the treatments regarding the net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E). The highest values of gas exchange parameters were found in the plants located 13 m from elm trees, while the lowest values were presented at 4 m. Plants at 7 m and 10 m always showed intermediate values for all gas exchange parameters. In the same sense, plants at 13 m had a higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) compared to plants at 4 m. The arboreal component modified the environmental conditions on cocoa trees regarding its distribution, generating a differential response to the physiological behavior of cocoa plants.
在农林复合系统下种植可可，为可可作物的生理发育提供了有利的环境条件。研究了在农林业系统下，与可可(克隆CCN51)一起种植的遮荫树(西班牙榆树- Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken)对可可气体交换参数的影响，该参数与降低可可叶冠层上的光强有关。该实验是在位于安蒂奥基亚市圣罗克市的Investigación el Nus - Agrosavia中心开发的。实验设计采用随机完全区组设计，可可种植距离第一排西班牙榆树与可可种植园之间的距离(4 m, 7 m, 10 m, 13 m)。统计分析采用SAS®9.4统计环境的梯形方程，通过估计每个变量的曲线下面积(AUC)进行统计分析，并进行方差分析，以确定处理之间是否存在统计学差异。使用5%概率的Tukey检验来估计均值之间的统计差异。净光合速率(A)、气孔导度(gs)和蒸腾速率(E)在不同处理间存在显著差异，气体交换参数在距榆树13 m处最高，在距榆树4 m处最低。7 m和10 m植株的所有气体交换参数均为中间值。同样，海拔13 m的植物比海拔4 m的植物具有更高的辐射利用效率(RUE)。树栖成分改变了可可树分布的环境条件，对可可树的生理行为产生差异反应。
{"title":"Gas exchange efficiency in Cocoa – Spanish elm agroforestry system in the northwest Antioquia, Colombia","authors":"Juan Pablo Gómez-Yarce, Edna Rocío Mompotes-Largo, Aníbal López-Castro, J. D. Hernández-Arredondo, Ó. Córdoba-Gaona","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.85278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.85278","url":null,"abstract":"The cultivation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under agroforestry systems, generates beneficial environmental conditions for cocoa crop physiology. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of shade trees (Spanish elm trees - Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken) planted along with cocoa (clone CCN51) under an agroforestry system on cocoa’s gas exchange parameters regarding the reduction of the light intensity over the cocoa-leaf canopy. The experiment was developed in the Centro de Investigación el Nus - Agrosavia, located in the municipality of San Roque, Antioquia. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design for the cocoa planting distances from the first row of Spanish elm trees interfacing with the cocoa plantation (4 m, 7 m, 10 m, 13 m). The statistical analysis was performed by estimating the area under the curve (AUC) of each variable, using the trapezoid equation of the statistical environment SAS® 9.4, an analysis of variances was performed to determine if there were statistical differences between treatments, and Tukey’s test at 5% probability was used to estimated statistical differences between means. There were significant differences in the treatments regarding the net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E). The highest values of gas exchange parameters were found in the plants located 13 m from elm trees, while the lowest values were presented at 4 m. Plants at 7 m and 10 m always showed intermediate values for all gas exchange parameters. In the same sense, plants at 13 m had a higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) compared to plants at 4 m. The arboreal component modified the environmental conditions on cocoa trees regarding its distribution, generating a differential response to the physiological behavior of cocoa plants.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84625510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.82362
H. Criollo-Escobar, Johanna Muñoz-Belalcázar
The cultivation of lulo de Castilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.) in Colombia is subject to a series of sanitary problems, which has forced many producers to abandon the crop as a result of the total loss of plantations or to transfer the crop to new areas. It is necessary to implement breeding programs in order to produce varieties that are tolerant to the limiting problems. Since these programs require broad genetic variability in the progenitors, the present study aimed to evaluate the possibility of inducing in vitro variability in explants subjected to different doses of gamma radiation using a Co60 source. The evaluated radiation doses were 0 Gy, 15 Gy, 30 Gy, 45 Gy, and 60 Gy in calluses induced with cotyledonary leaves and in seedlings from in vitro cultures of lulo with and without thorns. The survival and regeneration potential were also evaluated. The calluses were the explants that showed the highest survival, and the lulo seedlings without thorns were the most radiosensitive with a mortality of 100% at a dose of 30 Gy. The lulo seedlings with thorns had 100% mortality at a dose of 45 Gy. The irradiated lulo seedlings with thorns had a greater regeneration capacity than the lulo without thorns, with 1.52 seedling per explant and 1.12 seedling per explant, respectively, and the RAM markers showed genetic variability in all the irradiation treatments.
{"title":"Gamma ray irradiation (Co60) of lulo with and without thorns calluses and seedlings (Solanum quitoense Lam.) produced in vitro","authors":"H. Criollo-Escobar, Johanna Muñoz-Belalcázar","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.82362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.82362","url":null,"abstract":"The cultivation of lulo de Castilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.) in Colombia is subject to a series of sanitary problems, which has forced many producers to abandon the crop as a result of the total loss of plantations or to transfer the crop to new areas. It is necessary to implement breeding programs in order to produce varieties that are tolerant to the limiting problems. Since these programs require broad genetic variability in the progenitors, the present study aimed to evaluate the possibility of inducing in vitro variability in explants subjected to different doses of gamma radiation using a Co60 source. The evaluated radiation doses were 0 Gy, 15 Gy, 30 Gy, 45 Gy, and 60 Gy in calluses induced with cotyledonary leaves and in seedlings from in vitro cultures of lulo with and without thorns. The survival and regeneration potential were also evaluated. The calluses were the explants that showed the highest survival, and the lulo seedlings without thorns were the most radiosensitive with a mortality of 100% at a dose of 30 Gy. The lulo seedlings with thorns had 100% mortality at a dose of 45 Gy. The irradiated lulo seedlings with thorns had a greater regeneration capacity than the lulo without thorns, with 1.52 seedling per explant and 1.12 seedling per explant, respectively, and the RAM markers showed genetic variability in all the irradiation treatments.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88295898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.80546
Juan José Guerra-Hincapié, Ó. Córdoba-Gaona, Juan Pablo Gil-Restrepo, Danilo Augusto Monsalve-García, J. D. Hernández-Arredondo, Enrique Martínez-Bustamante
The knowledge of the defoliation-refoliation process in rubber cultivation allows the development of management strategies in the production system to improve rubber yield. The objective of this study was to determine the intensity and duration of defoliation-refoliation of rubber clones FX 3864, IAN 710 and IAN 873 in the municipality of Tarazá and the FX 3864 and IAN 873 clones in the municipality of Nechí (northwestern Colombia). From October 2015 to June 2016, the measurements of the necromass were carried out in each location for each clone. The light environment was quantified, employing the hemispheric photographs technique to estimate canopy openness percentage (CO) and leaf area index. The assessed weeks were grouped by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the original phenology and climatic variables. The defoliation-refoliation process was analyzed descriptively using graphical representations of the trend for the phenological variables that best described this process. The relationship between climatic and phenological variables in the period evaluated was evidenced; the rainfall was the most critical climatic characteristic in the induction of the defoliation process. The leaf area index was reduced to a minimum value in February, with values of 0.52 for IAN 710 clone in Tarazá, and 0.64 for the IAN 873 clone in Nechí, which corresponded to the highest defoliation stage in both locations. The refoliation period was short (4 to 6 weeks) and occurred during the dry season for all the clones in both places.
{"title":"Phenological patterns of defoliation and refoliation processes of rubber tree clones in the Colombian northwest","authors":"Juan José Guerra-Hincapié, Ó. Córdoba-Gaona, Juan Pablo Gil-Restrepo, Danilo Augusto Monsalve-García, J. D. Hernández-Arredondo, Enrique Martínez-Bustamante","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.80546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.80546","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of the defoliation-refoliation process in rubber cultivation allows the development of management strategies in the production system to improve rubber yield. The objective of this study was to determine the intensity and duration of defoliation-refoliation of rubber clones FX 3864, IAN 710 and IAN 873 in the municipality of Tarazá and the FX 3864 and IAN 873 clones in the municipality of Nechí (northwestern Colombia). From October 2015 to June 2016, the measurements of the necromass were carried out in each location for each clone. The light environment was quantified, employing the hemispheric photographs technique to estimate canopy openness percentage (CO) and leaf area index. The assessed weeks were grouped by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the original phenology and climatic variables. The defoliation-refoliation process was analyzed descriptively using graphical representations of the trend for the phenological variables that best described this process. The relationship between climatic and phenological variables in the period evaluated was evidenced; the rainfall was the most critical climatic characteristic in the induction of the defoliation process. The leaf area index was reduced to a minimum value in February, with values of 0.52 for IAN 710 clone in Tarazá, and 0.64 for the IAN 873 clone in Nechí, which corresponded to the highest defoliation stage in both locations. The refoliation period was short (4 to 6 weeks) and occurred during the dry season for all the clones in both places.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72916523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.82257
A. Acero-Camelo, M. L. Pabón, G. Fischer, J. Carulla-Fornaguera
To determine the optimum harvest time of kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone), according to the number of leaves per tiller and nitrogen fertilization level, an experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions using a 4×4 factorial design. The factors were the number of leaves per tiller (3, 4, 5, 6 leaves) and level of nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 50, 100,150 kg of Nitrogen ha-1 year-1). Dry matter (DM) yield and nutritional quality were determined. Additionally, the independent effect of nitrogen fertilization on undisturbed height, tiller density, and the phyllochron were evaluated. When the number of leaves per tiller increased (3 to 6), the leaf yield and dead forage also increased (P<0.05). The leaf-stem ratio (L:S) remained constant (P>0.05) among the number of leaves. Green forage-dead forage ratio (GF:DF) decreased (P<0.05) with a higher number of leaves per tiller. The concentration of crude protein (CP) decreased while the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased with an increment of the number of leaves per tiller (P<0.05). Nitrogen fertilization increased the undisturbed height, the density of tillers, DM yield from leaves, stems and green forage, GF:DF, and CP (P<0.05) while NDF decreased (P<0.05). The phyllochron was higher without N fertilization. The effects of the number of leaves per tiller and N fertilization on the most variables measured were independent of each other. However, due to an increment in DM yield caused by N fertilization, the pasture can be defoliated with fewer leaves per tiller, increasing defoliation frequency and improving forage quality
目的:确定吉库尤草的最佳采收期。Chiov交货)。在温室条件下，根据每分蘖叶片数和施氮量，采用4×4因子设计进行试验。影响因子为每分蘖叶片数(3、4、5、6片)和施氮量(0、50、100、150 kg / h -1 -1)。测定干物质产量和营养品质。此外，还评价了施氮对未扰动株高、分蘖密度和叶裂时的独立影响。随着分蘖叶数的增加(3 ~ 6片)，叶产量和枯死饲料也随叶数的增加而增加(P0.05)。随着每分蘖叶数的增加，绿料与死料之比(GF:DF)降低(P<0.05)。随着分蘖叶数的增加，粗蛋白质(CP)浓度降低，中性洗涤纤维(NDF)浓度升高(P<0.05)。施氮增加了原状高度、分蘖密度、叶片、茎干和青草DM产量、GF:DF和CP (P<0.05)，降低了NDF (P<0.05)。未施氮肥时，叶长较高。分蘖叶数和施氮量对大部分变量的影响是相互独立的。然而，由于氮肥增加了DM产量，牧草的每分蘖叶数减少，落叶频率增加，饲料质量提高
{"title":"Optimum harvest time for Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) according to the number of leaves per tiller and nitrogen fertilization","authors":"A. Acero-Camelo, M. L. Pabón, G. Fischer, J. Carulla-Fornaguera","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.82257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.82257","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the optimum harvest time of kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone), according to the number of leaves per tiller and nitrogen fertilization level, an experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions using a 4×4 factorial design. The factors were the number of leaves per tiller (3, 4, 5, 6 leaves) and level of nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 50, 100,150 kg of Nitrogen ha-1 year-1). Dry matter (DM) yield and nutritional quality were determined. Additionally, the independent effect of nitrogen fertilization on undisturbed height, tiller density, and the phyllochron were evaluated. When the number of leaves per tiller increased (3 to 6), the leaf yield and dead forage also increased (P<0.05). The leaf-stem ratio (L:S) remained constant (P>0.05) among the number of leaves. Green forage-dead forage ratio (GF:DF) decreased (P<0.05) with a higher number of leaves per tiller. The concentration of crude protein (CP) decreased while the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased with an increment of the number of leaves per tiller (P<0.05). Nitrogen fertilization increased the undisturbed height, the density of tillers, DM yield from leaves, stems and green forage, GF:DF, and CP (P<0.05) while NDF decreased (P<0.05). The phyllochron was higher without N fertilization. The effects of the number of leaves per tiller and N fertilization on the most variables measured were independent of each other. However, due to an increment in DM yield caused by N fertilization, the pasture can be defoliated with fewer leaves per tiller, increasing defoliation frequency and improving forage quality","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81385295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.82624
Rember Pinedo-Taco, Tulio Olivas-Alvarado, G. Rodríguez-Soto, V. Castro-Cepero
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a demanding crop regarding fertilization practices, and its productivity also depends on the variety used, environmental conditions, soil fertility, and crop management. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization sources on potato crop yield. A randomized block design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement, nine treatments, and four repetitions was established. INIA-303 Canchan was the variety evaluated using three nitrogen fertilization sources: ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium sulfate (AS), and urea. Also, three phosphorus sources were used: monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), and triple superphosphate (TSP). Total yield, commercial yield, tuber number per plant, and tuber weight per plant were studied. INIA-303 Canchan variety showed positive responses to the combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization according to the soil and climate conditions where the research was carried out. AN+DAP was the combination with the highest total yield, commercial yield, number, and weight of tubers per plant (P<0.01).The fertilization mixtures of AN+DAP, AS+MAP, and AN+MAP, applied on the INIA-303 Canchan potato variety, can be recommended to achieve yields between 32.45 t ha-1 and 33.98 t ha-1
马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)是一种对施肥要求很高的作物，其生产力也取决于所使用的品种、环境条件、土壤肥力和作物管理。本试验旨在探讨氮磷肥源互作对马铃薯产量的影响。建立随机区组设计，采用3×3因子排列，9个处理，4次重复。采用硝酸铵(AN)、硫酸铵(AS)和尿素三种氮肥源对籼稻品种nia -303 Canchan进行了评价。磷源为磷酸一铵(MAP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)和三元过磷酸钙(TSP)。研究了总产量、商品产量、单株块茎数和单株块茎重。不同土壤条件和气候条件下，干参品种INIA-303对氮磷肥组合均表现出正向响应。AN+DAP组合的单株块茎总产量、商品产量、单株块茎数和单株块茎质量最高(P<0.01)。在马铃薯品种INIA-303上施用AN+DAP、AS+MAP和AN+MAP，推荐产量在32.45 ~ 33.98 t ha-1之间
{"title":"Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization sources on the potato crop yield (Solanum tuberosum L.)","authors":"Rember Pinedo-Taco, Tulio Olivas-Alvarado, G. Rodríguez-Soto, V. Castro-Cepero","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.82624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.82624","url":null,"abstract":"Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a demanding crop regarding fertilization practices, and its productivity also depends on the variety used, environmental conditions, soil fertility, and crop management. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization sources on potato crop yield. A randomized block design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement, nine treatments, and four repetitions was established. INIA-303 Canchan was the variety evaluated using three nitrogen fertilization sources: ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium sulfate (AS), and urea. Also, three phosphorus sources were used: monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), and triple superphosphate (TSP). Total yield, commercial yield, tuber number per plant, and tuber weight per plant were studied. INIA-303 Canchan variety showed positive responses to the combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization according to the soil and climate conditions where the research was carried out. AN+DAP was the combination with the highest total yield, commercial yield, number, and weight of tubers per plant (P<0.01).The fertilization mixtures of AN+DAP, AS+MAP, and AN+MAP, applied on the INIA-303 Canchan potato variety, can be recommended to achieve yields between 32.45 t ha-1 and 33.98 t ha-1","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84555597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.90292
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín
El país se halla en una crisis súbita sin precedentes, cuyo alcance global reconfigurará, sin lugar a duda y de manera significativa, el mundo tal y como lo conocemos hoy, lo cual podría representar para cada país una oportunidad para reinventarse. Colombia es un país de profundas rupturas en varios órdenes, de contrastes, y de enormes inequidades y tensiones, muchas de las cuales se expresan en la ruralidad. La deforestación y fragmentación de los bosques debido al aprovechamiento selectivo de especies maderables y la contaminación de ríos y fuentes de agua por minería y químicos derivados de la actividad agropecuaria, han perturbado los hábitats de muchas especies y roto el equilibrio ecológico, causando extinción de especies aun no descritas, y contribuyendo al aumento de gases de efecto invernadero y al cambio global. El impacto es de tal magnitud que esta destrucción y ruptura del equilibrio son consideradas causas concomitantes con la actual pandemia.
{"title":"Declaración sobre la pandemia del COVID-19 y el agro colombiano","authors":"Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.90292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.90292","url":null,"abstract":"El país se halla en una crisis súbita sin precedentes, cuyo alcance global reconfigurará, sin lugar a duda y de manera significativa, el mundo tal y como lo conocemos hoy, lo cual podría representar para cada país una oportunidad para reinventarse. Colombia es un país de profundas rupturas en varios órdenes, de contrastes, y de enormes inequidades y tensiones, muchas de las cuales se expresan en la ruralidad. La deforestación y fragmentación de los bosques debido al aprovechamiento selectivo de especies maderables y la contaminación de ríos y fuentes de agua por minería y químicos derivados de la actividad agropecuaria, han perturbado los hábitats de muchas especies y roto el equilibrio ecológico, causando extinción de especies aun no descritas, y contribuyendo al aumento de gases de efecto invernadero y al cambio global. El impacto es de tal magnitud que esta destrucción y ruptura del equilibrio son consideradas causas concomitantes con la actual pandemia.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87871183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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