OpenNano最新文献

{"title":"Green synthesis of antioxidant and low-toxicity gold and silver nanoparticles using floral extracts","authors":"Geovanna Arroyo ,&nbsp;Yolanda Angulo ,&nbsp;Blanca Naranjo ,&nbsp;Fernanda Toscano ,&nbsp;Marbel Torres Arias ,&nbsp;Alexis Debut ,&nbsp;Carlos Reinoso ,&nbsp;Carina Stael ,&nbsp;Joselyn Soria ,&nbsp;Andrés Izquierdo","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, gold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles were synthesized using floral extracts of <em>H. sabdariffa</em> and <em>P. domesticum</em>, aiming to develop eco-friendly nanomaterials with antioxidant and low toxicity properties. The green synthesis method produced stable nanoparticles larger than 30 nm, which were characterized by high antioxidant activity, low cytotoxicity, and minimal ecotoxic effects compared to those obtained via conventional chemical reducers (trisodium citrate and tannic acid). Among the most promising results, promising results, AuNPs and AgNPs synthesized with <em>H. sabdariffa</em> exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity (up to 43.13% more than <em>P. domesticum</em>) and negligible cytotoxicity in both A549 and HFF cell lines, with AuNPs even enhancing cell viability. AgNPs from <em>P. domesticum</em> showed improved resistance to UV exposure buy slightly higher cytotoxicity. In contrast, chemically synthesized NPs (Q1 and Q2) induced significant cell death and exhibited increased oxidative states under UV–Vis-NIR radiation. Toxicity tests on cyanobacteria (<em>Fisherella musicola</em>) confirmed the biocompatibility of green synthesis NPs, with no significant growth inhibition observed for AuNPs:Hs and AgNPs:Hs. Overall, this work confirms that anthocyanin rich floral extracts can act as effective reducing and stabilizing agents, producing multifunctional nanoparticles suitable for biomedical and cosmetic applications. These findings highlight the potential of green nanotechnology to deliver safer and more sustainable nanoparticle formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in nanotechnology for sunscreens: Preparation, characterization, and mechanisms of UV protection","authors":"Feggy Yustika Sitinjak ,&nbsp;Nur Aisyah ,&nbsp;Diah Lia Aulifa ,&nbsp;Arif Budiman","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanotechnology based sunscreens have arisen as sophisticated alternatives to conventional formulations, overcoming constraints such as inadequate skin penetration, photoinstability, and potential toxicity of active components. Diverse nanocarrier systems such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles exhibit significant advancements, including up to 50 % or more compared to conventional formulations increase in sun protection factor (SPF), particle dimensions ranging from 50 to 200 nm and encapsulation efficiencies surpassing 90 % for UV filters. These systems improve photostability, decrease systemic absorption, and mitigate whitening effects in comparison to conventional sunscreens. Characterization techniques, including dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and etc., yield insights into particle size distribution, shape, and stability, which are essential for guaranteeing safety and performance. This study emphasizes recent emphasizes novel developments in the preparation, characterization, and mechanisms of UV protection in nanotechnology based sunscreens, delineating current progress and prospective prospects for safer and more effective solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted gene removal by SpCas9 transduced by a protein-RNA complex transduction system NanoMEDIC","authors":"Mayuko Yagi ,&nbsp;China Tomita ,&nbsp;Minami Hama ,&nbsp;Rafal Krol ,&nbsp;Peter Gee ,&nbsp;Akitsu Hotta ,&nbsp;Jun Komano","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The CRISPR-Cas9 system offers powerful genome editing capabilities, but off-target effects remain a key limitation. Direct delivery of Cas9 protein complexed with guide RNA (gRNA) can mitigate these effects by limiting exposure time. We previously developed NanoMEDIC, a virus-like particle system shown to deliver Cas9/gRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we compared NanoMEDIC-mediated delivery with plasmid-based transfection using a gene excision reporter in the human embryonic kidney-derived cell line 293FT and the human glioblastoma-derived cell line NP-2. In this model, the DNA sequence targeted by Cas9/gRNA was derived from a human oncogenic retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1). NanoMEDIC achieved efficient gene removal-editing with significantly lower Cas9 input per cell regardless of whether the target DNA was transiently transfected or integrated into chromosomal DNA. Sequencing of edited loci revealed that NanoMEDIC-mediated Cas9/gRNA delivery produced 58.3 – 87.5 % removal-edited DNA without insertions or deletions (indels), compared with 8.3 – 29.4 % using plasmid transfection. These data suggest a high editing precision of NanoMEDIC-mediated Cas9/gRNA delivery. This likely reflects the transient presence of Cas9, which enables rapid repair through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) without prolonged nuclease activity. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential of NanoMEDIC for applications requiring precise, indel-free genome modifications and support its use as a safer alternative to DNA-based delivery or systems involving sustained Cas9 expression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A water-soluble, organosilane-based coating blocked acute and sub-chronic respirable crystalline silica-induced lung toxicity and systemic inflammation in an animal model","authors":"James M. Antonini ,&nbsp;Mohammad Shoeb ,&nbsp;Breanna Alman ,&nbsp;Gregory Zarus ,&nbsp;Terry G. Meighan ,&nbsp;Katherine A. Roach ,&nbsp;Aleksandr Stefaniak ,&nbsp;Lauren Bowers ,&nbsp;Gregory Boyce ,&nbsp;Jenny R. Roberts ,&nbsp;Vamsi Kodali","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inhalation of respirable crystalline silica can cause pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. Silica particles have a highly reactive surface that generates cell-damaging reactive oxygen species when fractured. The objective was to evaluate lung toxicity after exposure to silica coated with and without a water-soluble, organosilane-based coating (SIVO160). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with silica (1 mg/rat), silica coated with SIVO160, SIVO160 alone, or saline (vehicle control). At 3, 10, 45, and 90 d after exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and histopathology were performed to assess lung toxicity. Whole blood was collected to evaluate systemic inflammation by differentiating circulating white blood cells. Also, samples of uncoated and coated silica were analyzed [(1) RapiFlex MALDI-ToF/ToF mass spectrometry; (2) digestion in phagolysosomal simulant fluid (PSF) and serum ultrafiltrate (SUF)] to confirm the SIVO160 coating on the surface of the silica particles after incubation in biological media. At each time point, silica significantly increased BAL fluid lactate dehydrogenase (lung injury) and the number of recovered lung macrophages and neutrophils (lung inflammation). These silica-induced elevations in lung toxicity were completely blocked at each time point when silica was coated with SIVO160 before exposure. At 45 d after exposure to uncoated silica, circulating total white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were significantly elevated in the blood compared to the other groups. Lung exposure to silica pretreated with SIVO160 did not cause a significant elevation in any of the peripheral blood cell types at any time point when compared to the saline and SIVO160 alone. As assessed by mass spectrometry, multiple unique spectral peaks were detected on the surface of the silica+SIVO160 particle samples after an overnight incubation in saline. The peaks were absent in the uncoated silica sample spectra, confirming the coating’s presence on the particles. The time it took for removal by digestion of the SIVO160 coating on the silica was reflected by a short-term delay after incubation in both PSF and SUF, suggesting protection could be conveyed to lung cells by the coating during phagocytosis and particle deposition on lung tissue structures. Organosilane materials may be used as a possible mitigation strategy to potentially protect large numbers of workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica in multiple industries is important.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced oral bioavailability of Irbesartan via nano-bilosomes: A potential breakthrough in hypertension treatment","authors":"Heba A. Ghanem ,&nbsp;Mahmoud M.A. Elsayed ,&nbsp;Shadeed Gad ,&nbsp;Mamdouh Ghorab ,&nbsp;Nashwa H. Abd Elwahab ,&nbsp;Abd El hakim Ramadan ,&nbsp;Maha Alsunbul ,&nbsp;Amira Abdel Motaal ,&nbsp;Ali M. Nasr","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Irbesartan (IRB), a widely used antihypertensive medication, exhibits limited therapeutic efficacy due to poor solubility and stability characteristics, which compromise patient adherence. This investigation focused on developing and optimizing a nano bilosomal formulation of IRB to enhance oral bioavailability, extend release duration, and improve pharmacological performance. Through D-optimal design methodology, the study examined key formulation variables including bile salt concentration, cholesterol content, bile salt type, edge activator type, and soybean phosphatidylcholine to bile salt ratio (SPC). These parameters were evaluated against key performance indicators: particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), and encapsulation efficiency (EE%). Physicochemical characterization included DSC analysis, TEM imaging, and in vitro release studies. The optimized bilosomal formulation demonstrated favorable characteristics with a particle size of 109.99 nm, zeta potential of -30.999 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 94.54 %. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the absence of IRB-excipient interactions, while DSC analysis revealed IRB amorphization. TEM imaging validated spherical morphology of the formulated structures. The IRB-loaded bilosomes exhibited sustained biphasic release over 24 h, achieving relative bioavailability 1.42-fold and 1.30-fold higher compared to IRB solution and commercial formulation, respectively. The nano bilosomal formulation significantly enhances IRB solubility, stability, and bioavailability, offering a promising approach for improved oral delivery and therapeutic outcomes. Additional research addressing scalability and clinical efficacy is warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myco-nanotechnology at the crossroads: eco-friendly synthesis, agricultural applications, and AI-driven risk mitigation of fungal-derived nanoparticles","authors":"Lakshika Sharma ,&nbsp;Abhishek Dadhich ,&nbsp;Irra Dhar ,&nbsp;Rashmi Choudhary ,&nbsp;Mamta Dhiman ,&nbsp;Madan Mohan Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fungal-based nanotechnology is emerging as a promising and sustainable approach in agriculture, environmental cleanup, and biotechnology. Nanoparticles produced by fungi known as Myco-nanoparticles offer a greener method of synthesis, along with good stability and strong biological activity. However, their increasing use has raised concerns about possible environmental risks and long-term effects. This review highlights recent advances in the eco-friendly production of Myco-nanoparticles and their potential to support plant growth, improve nutrient uptake, and boost resistance to stress and disease. While small amounts of these particles may be helpful, higher doses can lead to harmful effects such as oxidative stress and damage to plant DNA. Compared to nanoparticles made by plants or bacteria, fungal-derived particles are often more stable and easier to produce, though they still pose similar safety concerns. This review uniquely connects fungal nanobiotechnology with AI-driven toxicity prediction and omics-based pathway mapping an integrated approach that lays the groundwork for precision myconanotechnology with reduced ecological impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144931526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvothermally grown ZnO/BiOCl photocatalyst for solar-light-responsive degradation of tetracycline antibiotic","authors":"Lalitphan Hongtanee ,&nbsp;Khemika Wannakan ,&nbsp;Sattra Nonthing ,&nbsp;Atchawadee Panchakeaw ,&nbsp;Supinya Nijpanich ,&nbsp;Suwat Nanan","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Binary photocatalyst based on ZnO/BiOCl was constructed very easily using a solvothermal route by addition of solid ZnO to the reaction mixture during the formation of BiOCl. The two-component heterojunction was then applied for sunlight-active removal of tetracycline (TC) drug. The synthesized heterostructure showed mainly the characteristic XRD peaks of BiOCl with the band gap of 3.50 eV, compared to 3.30 eV of the bare BiOCl. The binary photocatalyst comprising 0.05 g of ZnO per 1.0 g of BiOCl (denoted as 0.05ZnO/BiOCl) displayed the lowest photoluminescence signal, compared to the synthesized BiOCl and ZnO. This indicates the greatest carrier separation rate at the interface detected in the binary ZnO/BiOCl, compared to other photocatalysts. The result corelates well with the maximum photoactivity detected in the 0.05ZnO/BiOCl. High photocatalytic performance of 100% was detected under 100 min of UV light (135 W, a mercury lamp). In addition, 98% removal of TC under natural sunlight was also achieved within 240 min. The photodegradation of TC agrees perfectly with the first-order kinetic model providing a rate constant of 0.0546 min^–1. This is about 1.9 times higher than those obtained from either ZnO or BiOCl photocatalysts. The binary ZnO/BiOCl heterostructure still exhibits the promising photodegradation efficiency after five runs. The scavenger experiment reveals that the photogenerated electrons are the major species which play a crucial role in TC degradation. This work emphasizes a facile route to fabricate the two-component heterostructure, with promising performance, for removal of TC antibiotic in natural water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in supersaturation-based SNEDDS: Formulation, mechanism, and biopharmaceutical performance","authors":"Sani Ega Priani ,&nbsp;Adilah Nurhaliza ,&nbsp;Ratih Aryani ,&nbsp;Gofarana Wilar ,&nbsp;Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa ,&nbsp;Iyan Sopyan","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review highlights supersaturation-based SNEDDS (self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems), focusing on formulation strategies, supersaturation generation, stabilization mechanisms, and their impact on drug release, permeation, and bioavailability. The discussion is based on articles from reputable databases published between 2020 and 2025. Supersaturation-based SNEDDS are classified into supersaturable and supersaturated types, differing in the onset of supersaturation and approaches to precipitation inhibition. Widely developed for BCS Class II and IV drugs, these systems increase thermodynamic activity and enhance drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Although metastable and prone to precipitation, precipitation inhibitors (PIs) such as HPMC or PVP can stabilize the supersaturated state, suppressing nucleation and crystal growth<strong>.</strong> Proper screening is essential to identify the most suitable PIs for each formulation. Supersaturable and supersaturated SNEDDS have improved drug release and intestinal permeation, enhancing bioavailability compared to pure drugs, conventional SNEDDS, or marketed formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entrapment efficiency methodology for lipid nanoparticles – a literature review","authors":"Niklas Baltz ,&nbsp;Regina Scherließ","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lipid nanoparticles have been used for decades to deliver lipophilic drugs. The success of particle formation and drug loading is determined by excipient selection and the production process. Entrapment efficiency (EE) as a measure for process effectiveness and drug load are critical quality attributes of lipid nanoparticles. To determine EE, the nanodispersion must be separated to determine the amount of drug inside the nanoparticles or to measure the amount of un-encapsulated drug in the medium. This review systematically analyses opportunities and challenges of different EE methods. 109 studies were included. The methodology used for EE appears to be chosen on a case-by-case basis and is often reported without a thorough method description. 78 studies (72 %) reported the EE method with enough detail to readily attempt experimental reproduction. This review underlines the need for thorough reporting of the principles and method used to determine entrapment efficiency to allow data interpretation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on the topical delivery of caspofungin ufasomes: In vitro/ Ex vivo evaluation and anti-fungal study against Candida albicans","authors":"Sumayah Al-Mahmood ,&nbsp;Nawal Ayash Rajab","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cutaneous candidiasis presents a considerable challenge in today’s medical landscape, particularly for patients with weakened immune systems or chronic illnesses. As antifungal resistance continues to rise, the development of new topical therapies has become increasingly urgent. Caspofungin (CSP), an echinocandin antifungal, exhibits fungicidal activity against Candida species by inhibiting β-1,3-<span>d</span>-glucan synthase, a key enzyme in fungal cell wall synthesis. However, its poor stability and requirement for intravenous administration limit its clinical application. To address these limitations, novel formulations such as ufasomes (unsaturated fatty acid vesicles) have been developed to enhance caspofungin's stability and skin penetration. In this study, ufasomes were prepared using three oils: oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, along with caspofungin and cholesterol, using the thin-film method. Among the formulations, F34, composed of 500 mg palmitoleic acid and 10 mg cholesterol, exhibited promising results. It demonstrated a particle size (PS) of 87.65± 2.65 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.22 ± 0.00, a zeta potential (ZP) of -7.46± 0.4 mV, a drug content of 97 ± 1.34 %, and an encapsulation efficiency (EE %) of 92 ± 0.82 %. Furthermore, the optimized formulation F34 showed a sustained drug release of 81.5 ± 0.4 over 600 min (10 h) compared to 100 %±0.01 of caspofungin. The permeation of F34 in 600 min (10 h) was 94 %±0.81 compared to the caspofungin 87.85 %±0.85. The antifungal activity showed that the inhibition zone diameter, MIC and MBC for caspofungin-loaded ufasomes was 29 mm±0.8, 0.153 μg/mL±0.01, 0.283 μg/mL±0.02 compared to 25 mm±0.8, 0.214 μg/mL±0.01, 0.409±0.01 for pure caspofungin. The histopathological study revealed a positive response towards the optimized formulation. In conclusion, this optimized formulation holds potential as a novel therapeutic approach for treating topical fungal infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}