OpenNano最新文献

{"title":"Response surface methodology - optimized niosomes encapsulating whole tomato extract: Release profile and mechanistic insights for UVB protection and anti-melanogenesis applications","authors":"Nattawadee Kanpipit ,&nbsp;Sakornchon Mattariganont ,&nbsp;Likit Temprom ,&nbsp;Prutchayawoot Thopan ,&nbsp;Khomsorn Lomthaisong ,&nbsp;Sriprajak Krongsuk ,&nbsp;Suthasinee Thapphasaraphong","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the development and characterization of a novel niosome delivery system incorporating whole tomato extract for topical application. The formulation was optimized using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) by response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve high entrapment efficiency, small vesicle size, and low polydispersity index (PDI). The optimal formulation (2 mM Span 60, 1 mM cholesterol, 1 % extract) yielded an entrapment efficiency of 90.34 %, particle size of 222.06 nm, and PDI of 0.34. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirmed successful encapsulation and nanoscale spherical morphology. In vitro release studies demonstrated distinct kinetic behaviors: the whole extract followed Higuchi model, while lycopene exhibited zero-order model. The optimized tomato extract–loaded niosomes (TNS) exhibited enhanced stability and demonstrated significant biological activity, including ultraviolet ̶ B (UVB) protection in immortalized human keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT) and anti-melanogenic effects in murine melanoma cell lines (B16F10). Notably, tomato extract–loaded niosomes (TNS) significantly downregulated the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase, as confirmed by Western blot analysis. These findings support the potential use of tomato extract-loaded niosomes (TNS) as multifunctional cosmetic ingredients for photoprotection and skin whitening applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Green-fabricated CRL-AgNPs from Catharanthus roseus","authors":"Rokshana Ara Ruhi ,&nbsp;Sk. Md. Atiqur Rahman ,&nbsp;Mobasshir Noor Shehab ,&nbsp;Md. Roqunuzzaman ,&nbsp;Mohammad Saiful Islam ,&nbsp;Md. Ragib Shariar ,&nbsp;Md. Mahmudul Hasan Maruf ,&nbsp;Firoz Ahmed ,&nbsp;M Ahasanur Rabbi ,&nbsp;Syed Rashel Kabir ,&nbsp;Ananda Kumar Saha ,&nbsp;Md. Anwarul Kabir Bhuiya ,&nbsp;Md. Abu Reza","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the promise of green nanotechnology, the synthesis reproducibility with consistent pharmacological activity remains the key challenge. Therefore, the current project aimed to biosynthesize AgNPs using aqueous leaf extract of <em>Catharanthus roseus</em> as a reducing and capping agent to discover novel therapeutic leads. To attain this target, synthesis of <em>C. roseus</em> leaf-mediated AgNPs (CRL-AgNPs) was optimized using a 2⁴ full factorial design, which yielded a highly significant and predictive statistical model. CRL-AgNPs synthesis was confirmed through chromism and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Further characterization by DLS, XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, and EDX revealed an average particle size of 55.78±13.2 nm with high colloidal stability, scoring a zeta-potential of -54.5±0.57 mV. EDX study validated the elemental composition of synthesized CRL-AgNPs, demonstrating that a strong silver signal accounted for 84.09% of the weight. Cytotoxicity assessments using the MTT assay revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation, with an IC₅₀ value of 8.033μg/mL, indicating their potent anticancer activity. Furthermore, their anti-proliferative efficacy was validated <em>in vivo</em> on EAC cells bearing a mouse model, demonstrating that intra-peritoneal administration of CRL-AgNPs significantly reduced cancer cell growth by 63.20%. Apoptosis was ascertained by nuclear staining and gene expression, with upregulation of p53 and BAX and downregulation of Bcl2 and NF-κβ. Histopathology confirmed selective tissue protection for vital organs in treated mice. Therefore, these findings establish CRL-AgNPs as a sustainable, reproducible, and mechanistically validated nanoparticle that integrates green chemistry with functional biomaterials design, advancing the translational nanotherapeutic development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green-synthesized selenium nanoparticles overcoming methotrexate resistance in colorectal cancer","authors":"Mohammed S. Saddik ,&nbsp;Basima A.A. Saleem ,&nbsp;Ali Khames ,&nbsp;Ahmed Adel Alaa-Eldin ,&nbsp;Mohamed Ahmed ,&nbsp;Hesham.A. Eliwa ,&nbsp;Mostafa F. Al-Hakkani ,&nbsp;Ahmed M. Ashour ,&nbsp;Hamada Hashem ,&nbsp;Mohamad A. Ismail ,&nbsp;Amany A. Abdel-Rheem","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy with methotrexate (MTX) is limited by toxicity and resistance. This study developed eco-friendly selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to enhance MTX delivery and overcome resistance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>SeNPs were synthesized using a green reduction method and optimized via a Box–Behnken design. Characterization confirmed spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 20–30 nm. MTX loading efficiency (LE%) and release behavior were measured, and biological evaluation was conducted in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells through cytotoxicity, apoptosis (Annexin V/7-AAD), and efflux-transporter assays.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Optimized SeNPs achieved an MTX loading efficiency of ≈48–52 %, with controlled early-phase release. MTX–SeNPs markedly enhanced cytotoxicity, reducing the IC₅₀ to 62.4 µg/mL, compared with 186.6 µg/mL for MTX alone—representing a ∼67 % reduction in required dose. Docking analysis showed selenium interacting with human glutathione reductase, supporting the observed increase in ROS and apoptosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Green-synthesized SeNPs significantly improve MTX efficacy by enhancing drug retention, suppressing efflux activity, and reducing resistance. These findings highlight MTX–SeNPs as a promising strategy for CRC treatment and justify further in vivo investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of the alarming impediments encountered while establishing an apposite IVIVC of nanomedicines necessitated its regulatory approval","authors":"Nandakumar Selvasudha ,&nbsp;Joseph Pushpa Sweety ,&nbsp;Gover Antoniraj M ,&nbsp;Kandasamy Ruckmani","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100271","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For the past three decades, the principle of nanotechnology has been widely employed to develop pharmaceuticals and bio-pharmaceuticals that are successful for many disease therapies. Several commercially available approved nanomedicines are more efficacious than conventional dosage forms and successfully manage many diseases. The patient's well-being and the certainty to resolve the unresolved challenges of medical science became realistic due to the advent of novel pharmaceutical products based on nanotechnology. These benefits are observed as in humans, the absorption profile of a drug fabricated into nanoparticles varies widely with that of its conventional dosage forms mainly due to the physicochemical modifications and results in highly deviating in-vitro and in-vivo data for the same drug when administered as nanoparticles. The researchers and regulators must frame new guidelines that guide the pharmaceutical industry to develop novel nanomedicines that conform to the desired safety and efficacy. The nanoparticles translational research conducted at the academic level is mainly developing, and the scale-up techniques of the clinically approved nanomedicines are yet to be optimized from the perspective of the manufacturer as well as the regulatory authorities. The IVIVC serves as a reference document that reinforces the pharmaceutical industries to substantiate and expedite the credentials of an oral dosage form about the New Drug Application (NDA), Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA), or Antibiotic Drug Application (AADA). A poor in-vitro in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) marks a constraint factor, which declines the clinical approval for nanomedicine and its commerce. As on date, neither any specific regulatory guidelines nor any specific calculation methods have been drafted that facilitate the determination of the IVIVC for nanomedicine. Most of the research scientists involved in developing nano/micro/macro formulations do not consider IVIVC an essential criterion. Therefore, a lag in assessing the formulation of assured quality for the next phase happens in the drug development cycle, which terminates the formulation mostly at its pilot scale rather than for its succession as a viable market product. In the pharmaceutical industries, the necessity for IVIVC has been expanded to a greater extent, and a strong IVIVC is recommended to approve the developed nanoformulations of poorly soluble drugs; thus, an appropriate IVIVC model shall be established to expedite the regulatory process for easy and rapid market approval of the developed nanomedicine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The objective of the present review includes examining and considering the various associated factors involved in the development of an IVIVC model for nanomedicine, viz., Physico-chemical characteristics and bio-pharmaceutical factors (Formulation and physiological factors); to deliberate on the pros and cons of the various in-vitro dissolution study methods with due consid","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanodiagnostics and nanotoxicology: A systematic review and meta-analysis on nanoparticle applications and safety in metabolic organs","authors":"Sruti Murali ,&nbsp;Jayamani Thomas ,&nbsp;John Abraham ,&nbsp;Vignesh Kanna ,&nbsp;Sivaramakrishnan Ramachandiran ,&nbsp;Suruthi SS","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Nanotechnology is reshaping the biomedical landscape by offering unprecedented capabilities in disease diagnostics, targeted therapy, and biosensing. Nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their unique physicochemical properties, enable ultra-sensitive biomarker detection, real-time monitoring, and minimally invasive assays across oncology, infectious diseases, and neurology. However, their biological interactions also raise significant concerns regarding organ-specific toxicity, particularly in metabolic systems.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to integrate current evidence on nanoparticle-based diagnostic applications with emerging insights into their toxicological impacts on key metabolic organs — liver, kidney, pancreas, spleen, and adipose tissue. It further examines mechanistic pathways, dose-dependent effects, and translational challenges to bridge the gap between innovation and biosafety.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from January 2015 to October 2025 following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies reported quantitative diagnostic performance metrics (e.g., limit of detection, sensitivity, multiplexing capacity) or biological outcomes (e.g., oxidative stress, apoptosis, fibrosis, endocrine disruption) related to NP exposure. Meta-analytic synthesis was performed on 42 studies reporting comparable quantitative toxicity data.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Diagnostic applications of metallic, polymeric, photonic, and hybrid nanoparticles demonstrated up to a 1000-fold improvement in sensitivity over conventional assays, with mean detection limits reaching the femtomolar range. However, pooled toxicity analysis revealed significant organ-specific risks: hepatic ROS generation (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.42, 95 % CI: 1.10–1.75), renal tubular apoptosis (SMD = 1.27, 95 % CI: 0.94–1.61), and β-cell impairment (SMD = 1.18, 95 % CI: 0.88–1.49). Translational challenges remain due to poor clearance kinetics, chronic inflammation, and incomplete regulatory frameworks.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Nanoparticles hold transformative potential in precision diagnostics, but their clinical adoption demands a nuanced understanding of toxicological trade-offs. Future research must focus on biodegradable and renal-clearable materials, mechanistically guided design strategies, standardized toxicological protocols, and AI-driven predictive models. This review provides a dual-perspective framework that integrates diagnostic breakthroughs with biosafety imperatives, guiding the next phase of nanomedicine toward safe and effective clinical translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of various forms of propolis nanoparticles and their antibacterial effectiveness","authors":"Ammar Fadhil ,&nbsp;Sriwidodo ,&nbsp;Khaled M. Elamin ,&nbsp;Ahmed Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed ,&nbsp;Safwat A Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Nasrul Wathoni","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most bacteria are beneficial to human health, but some have pathogenic properties. Pathogenic bacteria cause diseases in the host by directly damaging tissues or cells during replication via toxin production. Propolis nanoparticles is a method that has the potential to be an effective antibacterial. Advantages of using nanotechnology include boosting the drug delivery system and absorption of active herbal medicine substances, which have poor bioavailability owing to their high molecular weight, improved solubility, rapid penetration with low cytotoxicity, reduced drug dosage, and fewer side effects. This study reviews the literature on the effectiveness of propolis in various forms of nanoparticle technology as an antibacterial agent, which may help researchers to develop nanoparticle technology in the pharmaceutical industry. We conducted this research using search engines, including Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, with the keywords \" Nanoparticles,”\" Propolis,”and \"Antibacterial,” without limiting the year of publication. We conducted a search between April and June 2025. They related the reviewed articles to knowledge of nanoparticle use. Propolis is a natural resinous substance produced by honeybees in various forms. These parameters were used to extract 1699 articles, which were reviewed and examined. The study identified eight types of propolis nanoparticles with antibacterial properties: nanoemulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), nanosheets, metal nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, nanoencapsulation, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), and polymer nanoparticles. The effectiveness of antibacterial propolis nanoparticles varies agents. The metallic form of propolis nanoparticles is the most effective nanoparticles. Metallic propolis nanoparticles can inhibit 19 types of bacteria and can be applied in eight different forms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced oral bioavailability of Irbesartan via nano-bilosomes: A potential breakthrough in hypertension treatment","authors":"Heba A. Ghanem ,&nbsp;Mahmoud M.A. Elsayed ,&nbsp;Shadeed Gad ,&nbsp;Mamdouh Ghorab ,&nbsp;Nashwa H. Abd Elwahab ,&nbsp;Abd El hakim Ramadan ,&nbsp;Maha Alsunbul ,&nbsp;Amira Abdel Motaal ,&nbsp;Ali M. Nasr","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Irbesartan (IRB), a widely used antihypertensive medication, exhibits limited therapeutic efficacy due to poor solubility and stability characteristics, which compromise patient adherence. This investigation focused on developing and optimizing a nano bilosomal formulation of IRB to enhance oral bioavailability, extend release duration, and improve pharmacological performance. Through D-optimal design methodology, the study examined key formulation variables including bile salt concentration, cholesterol content, bile salt type, edge activator type, and soybean phosphatidylcholine to bile salt ratio (SPC). These parameters were evaluated against key performance indicators: particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), and encapsulation efficiency (EE%). Physicochemical characterization included DSC analysis, TEM imaging, and in vitro release studies. The optimized bilosomal formulation demonstrated favorable characteristics with a particle size of 109.99 nm, zeta potential of -30.999 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 94.54 %. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the absence of IRB-excipient interactions, while DSC analysis revealed IRB amorphization. TEM imaging validated spherical morphology of the formulated structures. The IRB-loaded bilosomes exhibited sustained biphasic release over 24 h, achieving relative bioavailability 1.42-fold and 1.30-fold higher compared to IRB solution and commercial formulation, respectively. The nano bilosomal formulation significantly enhances IRB solubility, stability, and bioavailability, offering a promising approach for improved oral delivery and therapeutic outcomes. Additional research addressing scalability and clinical efficacy is warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of antioxidant and low-toxicity gold and silver nanoparticles using floral extracts","authors":"Geovanna Arroyo ,&nbsp;Yolanda Angulo ,&nbsp;Blanca Naranjo ,&nbsp;Fernanda Toscano ,&nbsp;Marbel Torres Arias ,&nbsp;Alexis Debut ,&nbsp;Carlos Reinoso ,&nbsp;Carina Stael ,&nbsp;Joselyn Soria ,&nbsp;Andrés Izquierdo","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, gold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles were synthesized using floral extracts of <em>H. sabdariffa</em> and <em>P. domesticum</em>, aiming to develop eco-friendly nanomaterials with antioxidant and low toxicity properties. The green synthesis method produced stable nanoparticles larger than 30 nm, which were characterized by high antioxidant activity, low cytotoxicity, and minimal ecotoxic effects compared to those obtained via conventional chemical reducers (trisodium citrate and tannic acid). Among the most promising results, promising results, AuNPs and AgNPs synthesized with <em>H. sabdariffa</em> exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity (up to 43.13% more than <em>P. domesticum</em>) and negligible cytotoxicity in both A549 and HFF cell lines, with AuNPs even enhancing cell viability. AgNPs from <em>P. domesticum</em> showed improved resistance to UV exposure buy slightly higher cytotoxicity. In contrast, chemically synthesized NPs (Q1 and Q2) induced significant cell death and exhibited increased oxidative states under UV–Vis-NIR radiation. Toxicity tests on cyanobacteria (<em>Fisherella musicola</em>) confirmed the biocompatibility of green synthesis NPs, with no significant growth inhibition observed for AuNPs:Hs and AgNPs:Hs. Overall, this work confirms that anthocyanin rich floral extracts can act as effective reducing and stabilizing agents, producing multifunctional nanoparticles suitable for biomedical and cosmetic applications. These findings highlight the potential of green nanotechnology to deliver safer and more sustainable nanoparticle formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted gene removal by SpCas9 transduced by a protein-RNA complex transduction system NanoMEDIC","authors":"Mayuko Yagi ,&nbsp;China Tomita ,&nbsp;Minami Hama ,&nbsp;Rafal Krol ,&nbsp;Peter Gee ,&nbsp;Akitsu Hotta ,&nbsp;Jun Komano","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The CRISPR-Cas9 system offers powerful genome editing capabilities, but off-target effects remain a key limitation. Direct delivery of Cas9 protein complexed with guide RNA (gRNA) can mitigate these effects by limiting exposure time. We previously developed NanoMEDIC, a virus-like particle system shown to deliver Cas9/gRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we compared NanoMEDIC-mediated delivery with plasmid-based transfection using a gene excision reporter in the human embryonic kidney-derived cell line 293FT and the human glioblastoma-derived cell line NP-2. In this model, the DNA sequence targeted by Cas9/gRNA was derived from a human oncogenic retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1). NanoMEDIC achieved efficient gene removal-editing with significantly lower Cas9 input per cell regardless of whether the target DNA was transiently transfected or integrated into chromosomal DNA. Sequencing of edited loci revealed that NanoMEDIC-mediated Cas9/gRNA delivery produced 58.3 – 87.5 % removal-edited DNA without insertions or deletions (indels), compared with 8.3 – 29.4 % using plasmid transfection. These data suggest a high editing precision of NanoMEDIC-mediated Cas9/gRNA delivery. This likely reflects the transient presence of Cas9, which enables rapid repair through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) without prolonged nuclease activity. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential of NanoMEDIC for applications requiring precise, indel-free genome modifications and support its use as a safer alternative to DNA-based delivery or systems involving sustained Cas9 expression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical-capped silver nanoparticles from the medicinal plant Embelia laeta disrupting 3D tumorspheres and inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells","authors":"Thi Thanh Huong Le ,&nbsp;Van Hung Hoang ,&nbsp;Thi Quynh Nguyen ,&nbsp;Dac Trung Nguyen ,&nbsp;Viet Hoang ,&nbsp;Thu Huong Trinh ,&nbsp;Thi Tam Khieu ,&nbsp;Phu Hung Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant-based green nanotechnology provides a promising strategy that integrates phytochemicals with metallic nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Eml-AgNPs) synthesized using <em>Embelia laeta</em> (L.) Mez. leaf extract were investigated for their anticancer potential. The Eml-AgNPs were spherical, crystalline, and averaged 13.4 ± 4.6 nm in size, as confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy (absorption peak at 453 nm), XRD, FTIR, and TEM analyses. UPLC-QToF-MS profiling revealed 13 bioactive molecules bound to the nanoparticle surface, contributing to their stability and anticancer efficacy. Eml-AgNPs demonstrated potent, concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against HepG2, AGS, MCF-7, and MKN45 cancer cell lines, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.78 µg/mL to 1.67 µg/mL. In 3D tumorsphere cultures, treatment with Eml-AgNPs (2–5 µg/mL) significantly disrupted spheroid morphology and cellular cohesion. Mechanistic studies indicated ROS-mediated apoptosis, evidenced by a 36.7 % increase in Annexin V-FITC-positive cells (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) and a 32.7 % elevation in ROS generation following treatment with 5 µg/mL Eml-AgNPs (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, expression of pro-apoptotic genes including <em>CASP8, CASP9, GADD45</em>, and <em>BAX</em> was significantly upregulated. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of Eml-AgNPs as a green nanotherapeutic platform, leveraging phytochemical synergy to induce oxidative stress-driven apoptosis in cancer cells. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of Eml-AgNPs for potential biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}