OpenNano最新文献

{"title":"Oxidative brain injury ascending from DMBA: Metabolomics and BRAF3/FKBR/A2m molecular signaling crosstalk","authors":"Rehab M. Abdel-Megeed ,&nbsp;Mai O. Kadry ,&nbsp;Abdel-Hamid Z. Abdel-Hamid ,&nbsp;Sherif M. Afifi ,&nbsp;Naglaa M. Ammar","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study explored brain damage that is associated with Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer. Induction was occurred in female Sprague-Dawley rats via 50 mg/kg DMBA followed by treatment with liposomal doxorubicin (5mg<strong>/</strong>kg) or titanium dioxide nanoparticles loaded doxorubicin (TiO₂NP-DOX) (2mg<strong>/</strong>kg) for one month. Biochemical, molecular, and histopathological studies were accessed in addition to untargeted metabolomics study using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The current study revealed a significant reduction in the total antioxidant capacity besides a significant elevation of lipid peroxide values upon DMBA intoxication. Molecular quantification of FKBP5, A2m, BRAF and NF-kB mRNA gene expression revealed a significant reduction in both FKBP5 and A2M upon DMBA intoxication in contrast to a significant overexpression of BRAF and NF-kB mRNA gene expression. Meanwhile, liposomal doxorubicin and TiO₂NP-DOX treated groups significantly modulate the aforementioned genes, with the superiority of TiO₂NP-DOX treatment regimen. Protein expression of both AKT and PI3K recorded a significant elevation post DMBA intoxication. However, a highly significant downregulation was revealed in the protein expression post TiO₂NP-DOX treatment. Interestingly, we found that various metabolites were downregulated whereas others were unregulated in DMBA intoxicated group. However, TiO₂NP-DOX treatment regulated these altered metabolites. Histopathological examination of brain tissue confirmed the obtained results. In conclusion: TiO₂NP-DOX could be a promising candidate for modulating oxidative stress, gene and protein expression malformation and oxidative brain injury associated with DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in rats and alters metabolites associated with mitigating inflammation and oxidative damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A water-soluble, organosilane-based coating blocked acute and sub-chronic respirable crystalline silica-induced lung toxicity and systemic inflammation in an animal model","authors":"James M. Antonini ,&nbsp;Mohammad Shoeb ,&nbsp;Breanna Alman ,&nbsp;Gregory Zarus ,&nbsp;Terry G. Meighan ,&nbsp;Katherine A. Roach ,&nbsp;Aleksandr Stefaniak ,&nbsp;Lauren Bowers ,&nbsp;Gregory Boyce ,&nbsp;Jenny R. Roberts ,&nbsp;Vamsi Kodali","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inhalation of respirable crystalline silica can cause pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. Silica particles have a highly reactive surface that generates cell-damaging reactive oxygen species when fractured. The objective was to evaluate lung toxicity after exposure to silica coated with and without a water-soluble, organosilane-based coating (SIVO160). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with silica (1 mg/rat), silica coated with SIVO160, SIVO160 alone, or saline (vehicle control). At 3, 10, 45, and 90 d after exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and histopathology were performed to assess lung toxicity. Whole blood was collected to evaluate systemic inflammation by differentiating circulating white blood cells. Also, samples of uncoated and coated silica were analyzed [(1) RapiFlex MALDI-ToF/ToF mass spectrometry; (2) digestion in phagolysosomal simulant fluid (PSF) and serum ultrafiltrate (SUF)] to confirm the SIVO160 coating on the surface of the silica particles after incubation in biological media. At each time point, silica significantly increased BAL fluid lactate dehydrogenase (lung injury) and the number of recovered lung macrophages and neutrophils (lung inflammation). These silica-induced elevations in lung toxicity were completely blocked at each time point when silica was coated with SIVO160 before exposure. At 45 d after exposure to uncoated silica, circulating total white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were significantly elevated in the blood compared to the other groups. Lung exposure to silica pretreated with SIVO160 did not cause a significant elevation in any of the peripheral blood cell types at any time point when compared to the saline and SIVO160 alone. As assessed by mass spectrometry, multiple unique spectral peaks were detected on the surface of the silica+SIVO160 particle samples after an overnight incubation in saline. The peaks were absent in the uncoated silica sample spectra, confirming the coating’s presence on the particles. The time it took for removal by digestion of the SIVO160 coating on the silica was reflected by a short-term delay after incubation in both PSF and SUF, suggesting protection could be conveyed to lung cells by the coating during phagocytosis and particle deposition on lung tissue structures. Organosilane materials may be used as a possible mitigation strategy to potentially protect large numbers of workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica in multiple industries is important.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fe3O4/BiOCl photocatalyst with magnetic recovery property for solar-light-responsive removal of Rhodamine B dye","authors":"Sattra Nonthing ,&nbsp;Atchawadee Panchakeaw ,&nbsp;Ruethaithip Dulyasucharit ,&nbsp;Hidaki Nakajima ,&nbsp;Suwat Nanan","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Binary Fe₃O₄/BiOCl photocatalyst was fabricated successfully via a facile ultrasonic route. The magnetic Fe₃O₄/BiOCl was used for solar-light-driven detoxification of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye. The prepared binary photocatalyst displayed mainly the diffraction peaks of BiOCl. The energy gap of BiOCl and Fe₃O₄/BiOCl was 3.37 eV, and 2.55 eV, respectively. The Fe₃O₄/BiOCl photocatalyst revealed lower fluorescence intensity, compared to the pristine BiOCl, indicating the enhanced carrier separation rate. The result corelates well with the improvement in photocatalytic activity of the magnetic Fe₃O₄/BiOCl photocatalyst. High photocatalytic efficiency of 100% was achieved after 90 min of sunlight irradiation. The degradation of RhB dye fits nicely with the first-order kinetic model revealing the maximum rate constant of 0.0113 min^–1. The binary photocatalyst still maintains the excellent photodegradation activity after the fifth cycle of use. The trapping technique reveals that photogenerated electrons and superoxide anion radicals play a key role in RhB detoxification. The present work provides a promising way to generate the sunlight-active semiconducting catalyst, with magnetic separable property, for detoxification of RhB dye in an aqueous phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan-functionalized selenium nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy: Advances in synthesis, stability, and tumor-specific delivery","authors":"Tubagus Akmal ,&nbsp;Yedi Herdiana ,&nbsp;Ahmed Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed ,&nbsp;Safwat A. Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Khaled M. Elamin ,&nbsp;Gofarana Wilar ,&nbsp;Nasrul Wathoni","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chitosan-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (CS-SeNPs) integrate selenium’s redox-active anticancer potential with chitosan’s stabilization, mucoadhesion, and ligand-ready surface to enable tumor-selective delivery. This review consolidates advances in chemical, physical, and green syntheses; relates processing to size, charge, colloidal stability, and drug loading; and maps these attributes to biodistribution, cellular uptake, and controlled release. Emphasis is placed on modified chitosan derivatives that confer pH or redox responsiveness, enhanced permeability and retention, active targeting, and co-delivery of chemotherapeutics or photosensitizers. Anticancer mechanisms encompass mitochondrial apoptosis, ROS modulation, cell-cycle arrest, anti-metastatic activity, and chemo- or photo-synergy. A critical comparison with metal-oxide platforms and discussion of environmental fate, biofilm reactor data, hemocompatibility, and immunotoxicity delineate benefits and remaining risks. Key translational priorities include scalable green synthesis, robust physicochemical and release specifications, in vivo exposure–response models, and regulatory-grade safety packages. CS-SeNPs thus represent a credible path toward precision oncology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in nanotechnology for sunscreens: Preparation, characterization, and mechanisms of UV protection","authors":"Feggy Yustika Sitinjak ,&nbsp;Nur Aisyah ,&nbsp;Diah Lia Aulifa ,&nbsp;Arif Budiman","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanotechnology based sunscreens have arisen as sophisticated alternatives to conventional formulations, overcoming constraints such as inadequate skin penetration, photoinstability, and potential toxicity of active components. Diverse nanocarrier systems such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles exhibit significant advancements, including up to 50 % or more compared to conventional formulations increase in sun protection factor (SPF), particle dimensions ranging from 50 to 200 nm and encapsulation efficiencies surpassing 90 % for UV filters. These systems improve photostability, decrease systemic absorption, and mitigate whitening effects in comparison to conventional sunscreens. Characterization techniques, including dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and etc., yield insights into particle size distribution, shape, and stability, which are essential for guaranteeing safety and performance. This study emphasizes recent emphasizes novel developments in the preparation, characterization, and mechanisms of UV protection in nanotechnology based sunscreens, delineating current progress and prospective prospects for safer and more effective solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myco-nanotechnology at the crossroads: eco-friendly synthesis, agricultural applications, and AI-driven risk mitigation of fungal-derived nanoparticles","authors":"Lakshika Sharma ,&nbsp;Abhishek Dadhich ,&nbsp;Irra Dhar ,&nbsp;Rashmi Choudhary ,&nbsp;Mamta Dhiman ,&nbsp;Madan Mohan Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fungal-based nanotechnology is emerging as a promising and sustainable approach in agriculture, environmental cleanup, and biotechnology. Nanoparticles produced by fungi known as Myco-nanoparticles offer a greener method of synthesis, along with good stability and strong biological activity. However, their increasing use has raised concerns about possible environmental risks and long-term effects. This review highlights recent advances in the eco-friendly production of Myco-nanoparticles and their potential to support plant growth, improve nutrient uptake, and boost resistance to stress and disease. While small amounts of these particles may be helpful, higher doses can lead to harmful effects such as oxidative stress and damage to plant DNA. Compared to nanoparticles made by plants or bacteria, fungal-derived particles are often more stable and easier to produce, though they still pose similar safety concerns. This review uniquely connects fungal nanobiotechnology with AI-driven toxicity prediction and omics-based pathway mapping an integrated approach that lays the groundwork for precision myconanotechnology with reduced ecological impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144931526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvothermally grown ZnO/BiOCl photocatalyst for solar-light-responsive degradation of tetracycline antibiotic","authors":"Lalitphan Hongtanee ,&nbsp;Khemika Wannakan ,&nbsp;Sattra Nonthing ,&nbsp;Atchawadee Panchakeaw ,&nbsp;Supinya Nijpanich ,&nbsp;Suwat Nanan","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Binary photocatalyst based on ZnO/BiOCl was constructed very easily using a solvothermal route by addition of solid ZnO to the reaction mixture during the formation of BiOCl. The two-component heterojunction was then applied for sunlight-active removal of tetracycline (TC) drug. The synthesized heterostructure showed mainly the characteristic XRD peaks of BiOCl with the band gap of 3.50 eV, compared to 3.30 eV of the bare BiOCl. The binary photocatalyst comprising 0.05 g of ZnO per 1.0 g of BiOCl (denoted as 0.05ZnO/BiOCl) displayed the lowest photoluminescence signal, compared to the synthesized BiOCl and ZnO. This indicates the greatest carrier separation rate at the interface detected in the binary ZnO/BiOCl, compared to other photocatalysts. The result corelates well with the maximum photoactivity detected in the 0.05ZnO/BiOCl. High photocatalytic performance of 100% was detected under 100 min of UV light (135 W, a mercury lamp). In addition, 98% removal of TC under natural sunlight was also achieved within 240 min. The photodegradation of TC agrees perfectly with the first-order kinetic model providing a rate constant of 0.0546 min^–1. This is about 1.9 times higher than those obtained from either ZnO or BiOCl photocatalysts. The binary ZnO/BiOCl heterostructure still exhibits the promising photodegradation efficiency after five runs. The scavenger experiment reveals that the photogenerated electrons are the major species which play a crucial role in TC degradation. This work emphasizes a facile route to fabricate the two-component heterostructure, with promising performance, for removal of TC antibiotic in natural water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in supersaturation-based SNEDDS: Formulation, mechanism, and biopharmaceutical performance","authors":"Sani Ega Priani ,&nbsp;Adilah Nurhaliza ,&nbsp;Ratih Aryani ,&nbsp;Gofarana Wilar ,&nbsp;Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa ,&nbsp;Iyan Sopyan","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review highlights supersaturation-based SNEDDS (self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems), focusing on formulation strategies, supersaturation generation, stabilization mechanisms, and their impact on drug release, permeation, and bioavailability. The discussion is based on articles from reputable databases published between 2020 and 2025. Supersaturation-based SNEDDS are classified into supersaturable and supersaturated types, differing in the onset of supersaturation and approaches to precipitation inhibition. Widely developed for BCS Class II and IV drugs, these systems increase thermodynamic activity and enhance drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Although metastable and prone to precipitation, precipitation inhibitors (PIs) such as HPMC or PVP can stabilize the supersaturated state, suppressing nucleation and crystal growth<strong>.</strong> Proper screening is essential to identify the most suitable PIs for each formulation. Supersaturable and supersaturated SNEDDS have improved drug release and intestinal permeation, enhancing bioavailability compared to pure drugs, conventional SNEDDS, or marketed formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Localized Periodontitis Treatment with Azithromycin-Loaded Niosomal Thermosensitive Gels","authors":"Kunchorn Kerdmanee ,&nbsp;Chuencheewit Thongsiri ,&nbsp;Nuttawut Supachawaroj ,&nbsp;Sucharat Limsitthichaikoon","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease requiring localized drug delivery for sustained therapeutic action. Conventional treatments face challenges such as a rapid drug clearance and poor bioavailability. This study develops and evaluates an azithromycin-loaded niosomal thermoresponsive gel (AZG) to enhance drug retention and treatment efficacy. Azithromycin-loaded niosomes (AZN) were optimized using a 3² full factorial design with Span 60 and cholesterol, achieving nanoscale size, stable zeta potential, and high drug encapsulation. The optimized AZN was incorporated into a poloxamer 407-hyaluronic acid gel, ensuring in situ gelation and prolonged drug retention. AZG exhibited favorable gelation, biocompatibility, accelerated wound closure, enhanced cell proliferation, and significant anti-inflammatory effects (twofold IL-1β and sixfold TNF-α reduction, p &lt; 0.05). By integrating sustained drug release with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, AZG presents a promising adjunctive therapy for periodontitis, addressing key limitations of existing treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on the topical delivery of caspofungin ufasomes: In vitro/ Ex vivo evaluation and anti-fungal study against Candida albicans","authors":"Sumayah Al-Mahmood ,&nbsp;Nawal Ayash Rajab","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cutaneous candidiasis presents a considerable challenge in today’s medical landscape, particularly for patients with weakened immune systems or chronic illnesses. As antifungal resistance continues to rise, the development of new topical therapies has become increasingly urgent. Caspofungin (CSP), an echinocandin antifungal, exhibits fungicidal activity against Candida species by inhibiting β-1,3-<span>d</span>-glucan synthase, a key enzyme in fungal cell wall synthesis. However, its poor stability and requirement for intravenous administration limit its clinical application. To address these limitations, novel formulations such as ufasomes (unsaturated fatty acid vesicles) have been developed to enhance caspofungin's stability and skin penetration. In this study, ufasomes were prepared using three oils: oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, along with caspofungin and cholesterol, using the thin-film method. Among the formulations, F34, composed of 500 mg palmitoleic acid and 10 mg cholesterol, exhibited promising results. It demonstrated a particle size (PS) of 87.65± 2.65 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.22 ± 0.00, a zeta potential (ZP) of -7.46± 0.4 mV, a drug content of 97 ± 1.34 %, and an encapsulation efficiency (EE %) of 92 ± 0.82 %. Furthermore, the optimized formulation F34 showed a sustained drug release of 81.5 ± 0.4 over 600 min (10 h) compared to 100 %±0.01 of caspofungin. The permeation of F34 in 600 min (10 h) was 94 %±0.81 compared to the caspofungin 87.85 %±0.85. The antifungal activity showed that the inhibition zone diameter, MIC and MBC for caspofungin-loaded ufasomes was 29 mm±0.8, 0.153 μg/mL±0.01, 0.283 μg/mL±0.02 compared to 25 mm±0.8, 0.214 μg/mL±0.01, 0.409±0.01 for pure caspofungin. The histopathological study revealed a positive response towards the optimized formulation. In conclusion, this optimized formulation holds potential as a novel therapeutic approach for treating topical fungal infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}