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Since the bioavailability of calcium from foods and supplements is low, its encapsulation in niosomes is proposed as a potential solution to this issue. This study aimed to compare the physiochemical properties and release profiles of niosomes with calcium chloride and calcium lactate produced by injection and sonication methods. The size distribution (200–300 nm), encapsulation efficiency (20–40 %), stability, release profile, cytotoxicity, and calcium bioavailability of the niosomes were characterized. The production method, rather than the calcium salt used, impacted the properties of the niosomes. Calcium release under gastrointestinal conditions was dependent on both the calcium source and the production method, which was characterized by a Peppas-Sahlin release model. Calcium niosomes were not cytotoxic to intestinal cells. All the calcium niosomes showed high bioavailability in cells (5–20 % greater than the control) but lower bioavailability than the non-encapsulated calcium salts (80–110 % above control) due to their high solubility. Nevertheless, the use of niosomes might be a promising approach for improving calcium bioavailability.

The green fabrication of photocatalyst is an interesting research topic owing to the beneficials of non-toxicity, simplicity, and environmentally friendly. In this research, we report the biosynthesis of ZnO by a hydrothermal/solvothermal method with addition of leaf extract (using either water or ethanol as a solvent) of Senna siamea.. The prepared ZnO was used for removal of tetracycline (TC) antibiotic and reactive red 141 (RR141) azo dye. The complete degradation of the pollutant was achieved under both UV light (120 min) and sunlight (40 min). The ZnO-SV400, solvothermally grown using ethanol extract and then calcined at 400 °C, showed promising photoactivity assigning to the increment of the photogenerated charge carrier separation capacity and high crystallinity of the sample after thermal treatment. The degradation reaction follows nicely with the first-order reaction with a rate constant of 0.081 min⁻¹. The result shows that hydroxyl radicals are the key spices involved in the detoxification of the contaminants. The recycling ability of about five cycles was reported. The structural stability was also confirmed. The strategy presented here demonstrates that the green synthesis with addition of plant extracts is the main parameter governing the fabrication of sunlight-active ZnO photocatalyst for detoxification of the toxic contaminants including organic dyes and antibiotics in wastewater.

In this work, the Zn based MOFs were synthesized from cyanoguanidine and zinc acetate source precursors via two hydrothermal methods and high energy ball milling technique and also the free salt and bimetallic samples have been synthesized. Then, the fabricated Zn-MOFs were heat for calcination at 550 °C for 110 min. The synthesized nanostructures were examined by XRD, SEM and FTIR analysis to gain insight about structure, morphology and functional groups properties. The results confirm that it is possible to prepare Zn MOFs using high energy ball milling methods. Besides, the fabricated MOF and complex structures can be converted to porous zinc oxide (ZnO) by a simple thermal annealing in air. Then, the line broadening of ZnO from mechanochemical and hydrothermal methods was showed due to the small crystallite size and lattice strain. The broadening was studied by the Scherrer formula and Williamson Hall (UDM, USDM, UDEDM) and Size-strain plot techniques. In addition, undesirable phases may affect the synthesized part during thermal cycles. We demonstrate the potential of using high-energy X-ray diffraction for detailed analysis of minority phases in ZnO-derived components.

To know when a nanoparticle (NP) is toxic and when a NP is medicinal, we need to elucidate the various biochemical interactions exerted by NPs within the body. Clearance is an important pharmacological parameter and property. Once in the body, renal clearance modulates the biological response to NPs and modulate (toxic) stress. Here, we reviewed mechanisms of interaction between NPs and kidney. NPs interact differently with mesangial and endothelial cells, podocytes and macrophages; these cell types work together to maintain homeostasis. Clearance requires NPs to be filtered and (then) ‘scavenged’ by e.g., kidney macrophages. We identified several markers of overall biophysical stress. For example, NPs can mimic transport agents, viruses or systems used by the body to combat them, like vesicles. Thus, NPs interfere with e.g., endocytic and actin-angiotensin systems and osmotic pressure that they regulate. In cases of too much stress, NPs can aggravate disease; in case ‘adequate’ stress is lacking, NPs can act medicinal. In this short review, we also describe kinetics for clearance by kidney and present formulae for NP clearance with a basis in bio-physics. Glomerular filtration rates (GFR) measure energy expenditure and metabolic rate. NPs of differing size may differ in renal scavenging and filtration capacity. NPs affect the GFR in a size and dose-dependent manner. Therefore, modeling clearance and accumulation of NPs by/in kidney ought to be flexible to biological response and in situ NP-induced changes in biophysiological properties.

On a global scale, lung cancer remains a common malignancy and is largest cause of many deaths related to cancer. Despite the significant advancements in lung cancer diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, many individuals exhibit resistant responses to proven therapies. This focuses on the critical need for novel therapeutic methods to be developed and innovated. Recently, nanotechnology has gained a lot of importance for treating malignancy as it helps improve drug delivery, specificity, reduced dose, and efficient elimination. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are nanocarriers with low particle size, which can be modified for specific delivery. The current review focuses on the significance and application of lipid-based theranostic nanoparticles for cancer therapy, components, method of preparation and factors affecting lipid nanoparticle preparation, along with the clinical trials and patents of LNPs. Therapeutic applications in lung cancer therapy include Chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, photothermal therapy, and sonodynamic therapy. Diagnostic applications like SPECT, CT, MRI, PET, Optical fluorescence imaging and NIR. As LNPs are being used more frequently in lung cancer therapy, the ongoing research helps in offering solutions to overcome the issues by conventional treatments. Due to their adaptability to customized medical procedures and the use of numerous components, they hold the potential for treating lung cancer. In conclusion, LNPs offer a viable strategy for treating lung cancer by boosting bioavailability, promoting medication delivery, and removing obstacles. For individualised medicine, they can encapsulate a range of therapeutic, such as immunomodulatory medicines, siRNA, and chemotherapeutic medications. Additional study and clinical validation are required to address scalability, long-term safety, and optimised manufacturing techniques for effective application in lung cancer therapy.

Growing interest has been seen in non-pathogenic, safe, and effective gene therapy delivery systems. There are many nucleic acid therapies that have been studied to alter the expression of DNA or RNA, such as mRNA, siRNA, antisense DNA, and microRNA (miRNA), of which siRNA has been shown to be useful in blocking specific genes. The development of an efficient nucleic acid delivery method is crucial for molecular diagnostic and therapeutic systems. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with high porosity, good textural qualities, and biocompatibility have been studied for use in drug delivery systems. They are being utilized more and more in combination therapy, gene silencing, and other biological applications, especially in cancer nanomedicine. MSNs offer efficient drug loading and controlled release, and additions can change their characteristics. They are widely employed in target medication delivery, biosensing, cellular uptake, and diagnostics in the biomedical field. Additionally, they have been connected to theranostic drugs for cancer treatment. This review highlights the current state of knowledge of MSNs and their specialized applications as theranostic agents for cancer management.

Breast cancer cases have recorded an increase for the past decade globally. Currently, available treatments affect patients both physically and mentally, prompting the development of a safer alternative treatment, such as gene therapy. Clinical trials mainly utilise viruses to deliver genes though it has adverse immunological issues. Thus, non-viral vectors such as liposomes, an alternative delivery system without immunological problems, are extensively considered. Liposomes, consisting of lipid bilayers made into nanoparticles as a form of the delivery system, encompass a therapeutic gene cargo to protect and efficiently traverse through the biological barriers for effective gene delivery. Various liposome formulations involving DPPC, OCTA and CHOL lipids were investigated. The optimum method was developed for formulating liposomes which involved several methods and techniques producing particles of below ∼300 nm in size and was confirmed via TEM imaging forming spherical agglomeration. The cytotoxicity of the liposome and nucleic acid complexes was determined using MTT cytotoxicity assay with ∼65% cell viability at 2 µg/µl (w/v) concentration, a higher concentration used compared to those published in the literature (µg/ml). Through this work, a formulation of liposome consisting of DPPC:OCTA:CHOL at 18:72:10 ratio with a reporter gene (pEGFP) was developed and has shown promising size properties, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency with a capacity to use at a higher concentration as a potential non-viral gene therapy carrier for utilization in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.

The interface between nanostructured materials and plant cell organelles, such as chloroplasts, and has been recently found to have potential to impart organelles with new functions and enhanced performances. The plant nanobionics-based technologies can be implemented to provide the precise quantity of nutrients and pest control systems to improve the crop productivity as the concerns are growing regarding various agricultural difficulties such as poor nutrient use, stagnant yields, nutrient deficiencies, climate change, and water scarcity. The creation of novel nanomaterial (NM) based-fertilizers and -pesticides has encouraged the assimilation of mineral nutrients as well as to control pests without harming the environment. These nanostructured materials are more effective in releasing nutrients in a site-specific manner, increasing plant uptake efficiency and decreasing nutrient loss, and targeting specific pests than conventional fertilizers and pesticides. This article discusses about recent advancement of innovative nanostructured materials that could transport nutrients, such as carbon-based nanoparticles (NP) and metal-based NP: Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Silver (Ag), and Cerium (Ce) etc. We explored the potential development and implementation challenges for these NPs in this article and highlighted the importance of using a systems approach when creating nano bionics-based technology in the near future.

Biomedical applications of nanomaterials, especially in diagnosing, management, and treatment of diseases are evolving. However, nanotoxicity remains a major challenge in availing the full biomedical potential of engineered nanomaterials. Nevertheless, recent advancements in the field have suggested that smart engineering of targeting ligands and presence of biomolecules on the surface of nanomaterials can reduce nanotoxicity through differential affinity, enhanced biocompatibility, and efficient internalization. Further, certain ligand-functionalized nanomaterials permit their tracking in cells and tissues over a prolonged period of time, making them suitable for nanomedicine applications. In this seminal review, a range of strategies, which have been employed for surface functionalization of nanomaterials using various biomolecules that confer amide / hydrazone bonds, thiol binding, and surface silanization have been evaluated. The challenges, and impact of surface functionalization of nanomaterials on cellular uptake, drug targeting, molecular imaging, and biocompatibility are also discussed. Finally, nanotoxicity aspects and recommendations of ligand-based surface engineered nanomaterials are detailed for future biomedical applications.

Cancer is amongst the foremost causes of death worldwide, and the field of nanotechnology presents promising prospects in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Theranostics are nanoparticles (NPs) that possess the ability to combine therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities into a single agent. Nonetheless, the synthesis, characterization, and delivery of NPs for theranostics against cancer present obstacles. By providing swift, responsive, and economical platforms for cancer detection and treatment, microfluidic systems based on nanomaterials can overcome these obstacles. A synopsis of recent developments in microfluidic-assisted theranostic nanosystems for the treatment of various malignancies is provided in this mini-review. In addition to microfluidic system-based cancer sensing methods (optical, electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal), efficacious treatment approaches (gene therapy, drug delivery, sonodynamic therapy, etc.) are examined. Further, the potential and limitations of this innovative technique are analyzed, and its potential clinical applications in the future are proposed.