OpenNano最新文献

Colorimetric methods are classical techniques that have been broadly subjected to and applied for the detection of many analytes. The method is low cost, simple, practically active, and suitable to determine the sample due to color changes which are accessed visually even at low concentrations of target analysis. Hence, different methods are applied for detecting and determining pesticides (insecticides) and phenolic compounds (bisphenol A). Moreover, researchers detected OCPs (Organochloride pesticides) in breast milk and adipose tissues, which may exhibit estrogenic, and antiestrogenic activities mostly associated with breast cancer. The common thing between two the analytes is nature because they both show endocrine-disrupting properties. Bisphenol A (phenolic compound) is commonly used in the high-volume production of monomers and plastics. Bisphenol A is used to manufacture polycarbonate plastics, used in food cans coating, baby formula bottles, milk containers, paints, etc. Pesticides and phenolic compounds identification methods can be sluggish and need extremely skilled workforces to function cultured instruments that are mostly too expensive, delicate, or immense to a position outside of a devoted laboratory facility. This review deals with the discriminatory and low-cost method for the colorimetric detection of pesticides and phenolic compounds (bisphenol A) with different bio-synthesized metals and metal-doped nanocomposites. Based on existing publications, using colorimetry with nanocomposites provides low detection limits and good reproducibility for the detection of pesticides and phenolic compounds in various samples such as food samples. These results serve as a guide for controlling pesticides and phenolic chemicals in food processing, lowering the dangers involved.

Thymol and carvacrol are aromatic compounds derived from plants that exhibit considerable broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects. They have also shown extensive biological effects, including antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic. Carvacrol and thymol also have pleasant smells, tastes, and potent antioxidant effects. Therefore, biological effects, along with their favorable toxicity, make thymol and carvacrol an option as an additive to inhibit microbial spoilage of foods and potent antimicrobial agents against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, volatility, low stability, and high hydrophobicity are some of the limitations of carvacrol and thymol, which limit their application. To increase the efficacy of thymol and carvacrol, especially antimicrobial properties, using a drug delivery system might be a practical option. Encapsulation of the essential oils into appropriated nanocarriers may decrease their potential limitations. Carvacrol and thymol-encapsulated nanomaterials have been shown to have more solubility and increased antibacterial effects. Here, we provide a brief review of the antimicrobial effects of carvacrol and thymol nanoformulation to give a prospect on their applications for future studies as natural antimicrobial agents and food additives.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis, stands as an immensely devastating and persistently relevant pathogen, claiming the lives of millions each year. This infectious bacterium remains a formidable global health challenge, necessitating urgent attention and comprehensive strategies to combat its profound impact on public health. MTB is a finicky bacterium that manages to sneak into macrophages and fibroblasts to avoid being eliminated. Current first-line treatments allow the control of the spread of an active MTB, but are not capable of effectively controlling when MTB is in its latent phase and struggle against MTB resistant strains. Lipid-based nanoparticles have gained significant attention in the field of tuberculosis nanotechnology treatments, owing to their compelling logical underpinnings, remarkable merits, and acknowledged demerits. These nanoparticles offer a rational approach by harnessing the unique properties of lipids, such as biocompatibility and stability, to encapsulate and protect anti-tuberculosis drugs. Their inherent ability to actively target infected macrophages holds immense promise for precise drug delivery to the infection site, enhancing therapeutic efficacy. However, it is crucial to consider potential limitations, such as the restricted payload capacity due to their small size and challenges in achieving sustained drug release. Despite these challenges, lipid-based nanotechnology represents an exciting frontier for combating drug resistance and advancing tuberculosis treatment strategies, warranting further exploration and development in this field. In addition, we emphasize the characteristics of lipid-based nanoparticles with the ability to improve the administration, stability, and dosage of these molecules. New modified systems are expected to be successful in the coming years as nanotechnology has improved various treatments in other diseases.

Gemcitabine (GEM) is a chemotherapeutic drug widely used for treating pancreatic cancer and other cancers. Despite its efficacy, GEM is associated with adverse side effects and tumor resistance, hampering its therapeutic outcomes. To address these challenges, innovative strategies have emerged to enhance GEM delivery. This comprehensive review explores various distribution systems, including polymer-based platforms, liposomes, and inorganic nanoparticles, highlighting their unique characteristics for improving GEM efficacy in cancer treatment. Additionally, we discuss the promising approach of codelivery with genes and present several methods for augmenting GEM's chemotherapeutic properties. Our findings shed light on novel insights and provide recommendations for overcoming the limitations associated with GEM, guiding researchers and clinicians toward more effective cancer therapies.

Organ-on-a-chip microfluid systems (OCMS) are miniaturized three-dimension models of human tissue and organ, designed to recapitulate the crucial physiological and biological parameters of their corresponding in vivo parts. They have emerged as a powerful multifunctional tool for various applications such as personalized medicine, drug screening, due to its ability to show biomimetic composition, designs, and functions. Recently, OCMS have been employed to model and decode inter-organ communication via exosomes. Exosomes are biological nanovesicles with approximately 30-200 nm diameter, released from most of the cell types and participate in various cellular functions via intracellular communication and by carrying different cargoes including protein, and nucleic acids. Under pathological conditions such as cancer, the release of exosomes enhances tremendously, which are either fused or internalized by the recipient cells to elicit specific biological responses. The research pertaining to the exosomal communication has employed different methods for characterizing their release by the donor cells and uptake by the recipient cells, such as nano tracking analyzer, protein quantification, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning EM (SEM), and immunogold-EM, exosome labeling kits, microbead-based flow cytometry. However, the research associated with the regulation of exosomal release and uptake has been impeded by the dearth of advanced techniques for capturing dynamics of exosomes. Here in, we discuss the advances in biosensing for tracking exosomal dynamic communication in OCMS, which will open new avenues of exosomal research using microfluidic engineering for modeling intracellular communication in OCMS.

Rutin is a natural product has various biological activities. Pasteurellosis is crucial bacterial infection of respiratory system caused by Pasteurella multocida. This study aimed to investigate the improved antibacterial effect of Rutin nanocarriers as mucoadhesive intranasal delivery against Pasteurella multocida. Different formulations of Rutin niosomes and nanostructure lipid carriers (NLCs) were formulated and well characterized. The in vivo antibacterial performance of the developed formulations against Pasteurella multocida in infected mice was conducted. Further, cytokines levels of Interferon Gamma (INF-γ) and Interlukin-12 (IL -12) in mice sera were assessed. The results revealed that developed Rutin nanocarriers were in nanosized range and exhibited high drug encapsulation. However, Rutin NLCs showed smaller particle size (240.34 ± 5.5 nm), higher encapsulation% (97.34 ± 0.15%), and higher drug release of 94.5% within 12 h comparing with Rutin niosomes. Further, Rutin NLCs presented the highest antibacterial effect against P. multocida infection compared with other treated groups. The bacterial count in lungs and livers was reduced in treated groups compared to the infected non treated one. Our results indicate that mucoadhesive Rutin nanocarriers introduce a new promising antibacterial agent for intranasal delivery against P. multocida and open vision for veterinary applications to utilize advanced nanocarriers in the management of several infections.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs) and flavonoid curcumin that has been widely studied for treating diseases involving high reactive oxygen species (ROS). In nanotherapeutics, the particle size, shape, metal oxide dispersity and surface properties of nanocarriers are vital for drug delivery and therapeutic efficiency. Here, cisplatin release behavior on cerium impregnated two different shaped nanocarriers, CeO₂/monodispersed spherical silica (Sil) and CeO₂/halloysite (Hal) nanotube was studied for potential anti-cancer therapies. For comparison, CeO₂ impregnated mesoporous silica MCM-41, SBA-16, Hydroxyapatite and clay were prepared. Subsequently, the nanocomposites were coated with curcumin (25% wt/wt), and cisplatin (Cp) functionalization (5% wt/wt). 5wt%CeO₂/Hal/Cp and 5wt%CeO₂/Sil/Cp samples were pegylated using lyophilization technique. Physico-chemical analyses revealed the nanosized distribution of CeO₂ and functionalization of cisplatin and curcumin. Cp release was studied using automated Franz cell and dialysis membrane techniques. The different structured nanocarriers delivering mechanism was studied by determining the drug kinetic release using four different kinetic models (first order, second order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas). In vitro cytotoxicity assay of nano formulations along with free cisplatin and curcumin (Cur) were tested against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) for multiple timepoints by MTT assay. The results reveled the efficacy of 5wt%CeO₂/Sil/Cp/Cur nanoparticles in delivering cisplatin. On the other hand, 5wt%CeO₂/Hal/Cur nanoparticles enhanced the uptake of curcumin in comparison to free curcumin. Overall, pegylated CeO₂/Silica nano formulation demonstrated an effective carrier to cisplatin for potential treatment of breast cancer.

Despite being convenient and practical, current nanomedicine (NM) release kinetic models remain unscalable, non-specific and less descriptive of the underlying physicochemical determinants. However, a deterministic mathematical modelling could overcome these limitations. In this study, we develop a model, based on a system of two differential equations (accounting for nanoparticle (NP) degradation and then drug release from degraded NM), which enable us to estimate per capita rate constant α (#NP degraded/hr) and β (Drug Amount Released/NP), the net effect of the nanomedicine (NE factor ɣ= α.β) and the controlled release index (φ, ratio of drug release to NP degradation). The model analysis conducted with tenofovir loaded hyaluronidase sensitive NM clearly shows the α factor significantly increased with triggering stimuli due to its enzymatic action on its substrate (hyaluronic acid). However, the β factor remained relatively unchanged, due to intrinsic physicochemical properties of the drug as limiting factor. The application of the solutions of this model clearly enabled us to effectively screen among various nanoformulations and identified the best hyaluronidase-sensitive NM formulation, exhibiting the highest ratio (3.7-fold increase compared to no enzyme). The φ value confirmed the controlled release and stimuli sensitivity of the nanosystem. Moreover, the computed drug release rate (dM/dt) is consistent with other existing mathematical models (under valid assumption). The key advantages of this approach are i) relevancy to underlying physicochemical and biochemical process, ii) versatility and application to various NM kinetics, and iii) prediction of temporo-spatial distribution of the drug loaded NP that could potentially improve in-vitro/in vivo correlation study. This unique approach is applicable for a more specific and more meaningful/physicochemically relevant description of bioactive agents release from NM or NP for various applications.

Cervical cancer has historically been the deadliest malignancy in women. It continues to create several health issues, particularly in developing countries. Current management techniques include cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy and surgical procedures. These treatments have some drawbacks, such as low absorption, side effects, systemic toxicity, the development of resistance to various therapeutics, and targeting that is too broad and insufficiently precise. To compensate for these shortcomings, researchers are still hunting for novel anticancer drugs. Plant-derived phytochemicals and their derivatives have promise for improving cancer treatment efficacy while reducing adverse effects. Phytomolecules are utilized to treat cancer, but they are difficult to work with since they have low bioavailability, excessive dosages, negative side effects and low therapeutic indices. They must be administered in high doses to be effective and nanotechnology can be utilized to overcome these obstructions. Piperlongumine, rutin, quercetin, lycopene, leutin, curcumin, green tea polyphenols, and other phytomolecules have been loaded into a carrier called nanophytomedicine to be beneficial in chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Nanocarriers have a high level of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biological stability. Nano-based drug delivery systems are an excellent approach to improving therapeutic specificity, making it easier for the body to absorb it reducing the drug's breakdown and systemic toxicity. This review looks at phytonanomedicine and how it can be used to treat cervical cancer instead of traditional chemo-radiotherapy.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring process of gene regulation that has been harnessed to silence specific genes in various cell types, including those involved in diabetes complications. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is an RNA molecule that activates RNAi and targets specific genes for degradation. Recent research has demonstrated that siRNA holds promise as a tool for treating diabetes complications, including diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. In preclinical studies, siRNA has been shown to effectively target genes involved in these complications, resulting in improved clinical outcomes. One potential advantage of siRNA therapy is its ability to selectively target specific genes without disrupting endogenous mRNA pathways, which reduces the risk of off-target effects. Additionally, siRNA has the potential to provide long-lasting effects with a single dose, which could result in reduced treatment frequency and improved patient compliance. While promising preclinical results have been, several challenges still need to be addressed before siRNA can be used in clinical practice. These include delivery issues, as siRNA molecules rapidly degrade in the bloodstream and cannot cross cell membranes without assistance. Despite these challenges, the potential of siRNA as a tool for treating diabetes complications is exciting, and further research is needed to determine its safety and efficacy in clinical trials. With continued investigation and refinement, siRNA has the potential to become an important therapeutic tool for the treatment of diabetes complications, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.