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The drug efficacy for the pathologies treatments depends on several physicochemical properties of the drug. Among these, solubility is one of the most important and is directly related to the bioavailability of the drug. Ibuprofen is a popular drug used for the treatment of different diseases. However, its dissolution rate in aqueous media is limited, which causes undesirable adverse effects on the patient. One of the possibilities to solve this challenge is loading ibuprofen on the surface of the nanoparticles for drug delivery. However, some challenges related to complicated experimental procedures, expensive chemical precursors, the techniques for ibuprofen quantification, and the loading efficiency continue to be a problem. This work reports the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles and the straightforward loading with commercial ibuprofen in a mixed ethanol/water solution without intermediate surfactants, stabilizers, or linkers. XRD, SEM, FT-IR, Magnetometry, UV–Vis Spectrophotometry, and DLS techniques allowed for determining the samples' structure, morphology, functional groups, magnetism, and agglomerate size. A complete factorial Design of Experiments allowed for comparing the encapsulation efficiency for two exposure and centrifugation times (20 and 40 min) by UV–VIS and Acid-alkali titration. The results suggest that the magnetic separation and centrifugation (< 2000 RPM) were inappropriate for nanoparticle decantation. This produces an underestimation of the ibuprofen adsorbed by the nanoparticles. Under our experimental conditions, 20 min is enough to achieve maximum encapsulation efficiency (14%) without surfactants or binders.

Owing to their unique characteristic features (e.g., nano-scaled dimensions, surface charge, surface chemistry, thermodynamics, morphology, etc.), diversity of functionalization, and great penetrability to body tissues, nanomaterials have been widely employed in various fields including medical and health sciences. The feasibility and significance of nanomaterials has been well-explored as drug delivery devices, diagnostic tools, vaccination, prognostic agents, and gene therapy; however, substantial evidence on safety of these nanomaterials is lacking. The aim of this study was critical evaluation of available literature on the safety concerns of various nanomaterials and conceptualization of vital factors which might help in mitigating the toxicity caused by these nanomaterials. It has been established that various factors such as particle size, dosage regimen, route of exposure, surface chemistry, degree of aggregation, transmembrane diffusivity, excretion pathway, and immunogenicity play key role in inducing the nanotoxicity. By controlling these factors, interaction of nanomaterials with biological tissues, their penetrability, diffusivity, absorption, distribution, recognition by the immune players, duration of deposition into various body tissues, and clearance from the body can be controlled to avert unintended nanotoxicity. Furthermore, it has been identified that surface functionalization of nanomaterials with diverse moieties such as sodium citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and/or surfactants could significantly downregulate their nanotoxicity potential and improve their safety profile. Factually, nanotoxicity is a grave concern which should be consider while designing of any nanomaterials to circumvent their detrimental interactions with various biological tissues.

Nanoparticles (NPs), despite of very small in size have extraordinary power and functional ability, forms the backbone of nanomaterials science, and utilizes it in diverse fields. Many conventional methods can be employed for the fabrication of NPs, but it required either high energy with producing toxic byproducts that degrades an environment. Therefore, a green approach is needed to save an environment. Green methods provide the simple, straightforward, cost-effective and environmentally-safe approach for the NPs synthesis. Plant derived NPs, is one of the best and supreme methods with green and sustainable routes for preparation of NPs. As plant derived metal NPs gains the more attention due to their green synthesis approach and significant for biomedical appliances. In the present review, we concentrated on synthesis of plant derived metal NPs (Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Zn and Ti) with their morphologies and biomedical applications. Also discussed the therapeutic applications and future perspective of plant derived metal NPs.

Traditional wound healing substitutes loaded with bioactive molecules such as drugs, growth factors, and so on have been extensively researched in order to promote better wound healing and restore normal tissue function. The use of nanofibrous scaffolds has enhanced the biomaterial performance, thereby offering a promising solution as wound dressings in the field of skin tissue engineering. In the present study, the homoeopathic mother tincture extract of Syzygium cumini incorporated in poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated in the concentration range of 5 %–20 % (w/w) and its various physicochemical and biological properties were evaluated. The fabricated nanofibers structurally mimicked the extracellular matrix, with enhanced hydrophilicity for better cellular attachment and proliferation. These scaffolds also showed anti-biofilm activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and exhibited superior anti-oxidant activity. Furthermore, the extract incorporation was observed to be beneficial in cell adhesion, viability, growth and proliferation. This novel poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffold loaded with homoeopathic mother tincture  extract of Syzygium cumini might be a suitable biomaterial for clinical management of wounds and reconstruction of damaged/diseased skin tissues.

Planetary ball milling (PBM) synthesis of nanoparticles involves conducting several trials to obtain the desired size. Mathematical modeling of the PBM process is a tool to tackle the issue of PBM synthesis. In this study, a conceptual model was proposed by integrating the kinematics of the PBM process along with the breakage mechanism of a material to determine particle size at different milling parameters and hence be able to select appropriate milling parameters for PBM synthesis. The conceptual model was tested for hydroxyapatite, zeolite and fly ash material. The conceptual model successfully simulated the size-reduction mechanism in PBM and predicted the particle size of the tested material with good accuracy. The most sensitive milling parameters were found to be the milling speed followed by the vial volume, milling time, and ball to powder ratio. The material properties input parameters were observed to be less sensitive than the milling parameters. The PBM model may be used as a prediction tool for determining the appropriate milling parameters needed in synthesizing any nanomaterial by knowing the material properties.

Copper is an essential element for the metabolism of plants and animals, and has wide applications in the agricultural and industrial sectors. On the other hand, copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) have become widely used for research and application, which increases the chances of its spread and potential environmental exposure to this element. Therefore, in this study, the bioremediation bioreactor for the removing of Cu-NPs based on a fungal strain (Aspergillus niger) was introduced. A. niger isolate MR3 with accession No. OP861660.1 after molecular identification was selected as a promising isolate for copper resistance and Cu-NPs bioremoval. The impact of biomass age, pH, and contact time was investigated in order to establish the ideal biosorption conditions. The results showed a high Cu-NPs removal via two-days-old A. niger biomass, where the bioremoval percentage reached 66.8 % at pH value 7 after a contact time of 10 min. Dead biomass of A. niger achieved the highest Cu-NPs removal rate, eliminating 68.2 % compared with both living and alginate beads-immobilized biomass. Thus, bioremoval experiments using dead biomass were performed in a bioreactor for sequential removal of Cu-NPs. The bioremoval capacity reached 97 % under optimized conditions from synthetic wastewater after a contacting time of 10 min. Thus, the present work considered the first report for bioremediation of Cu-NPs into bioreactor.

The Strobilanthes cordifolia plant, a member of the Acanthaceae family, has been extensively studied due to its wide range of biological properties. This particular research focused on the green synthesis of FeNPs/CuNPs and evaluated the effectiveness of the experiment through various characterization techniques, including UV, FTIR, XRD, and SEM with EDAX. The UV analysis provided valuable insights, showing that the synthesized nanoparticles had the highest absorption values at 462nm for FeNPs and 438nm for CuNPs. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of different functional groups, while XRD measurements validated their crystalline nature. SEM data revealed the diverse shapes of the nanoparticles, including rods and spherical shapes. Additionally, EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of Fe and Cu elements in the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of FeNPs and CuNPs against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli showed significant inhibition. Moreover, the nanoparticles demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, as evidenced by their effective inhibition in DPPH and ABTS assays. Their potential as anti-diabetic agents was also explored, with assessments of their inhibitory effects on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase enzymes. Additionally, the nanoparticles displayed inhibitory effects on anti-cholinergic enzymes such as AChE and BChE. Furthermore, comprehensive toxicological studies revealed a higher level of mosquito larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Among these, the FeNPs exhibited a larval mortality rate of 95% in Cx. Quinquefasciatus, while the CuNPs showed a rate of 93%. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that FeNPs/CuNPs possess favorable characteristics and significant potential for various biomedical applications.

Nanomedicines based on nanoparticles rely both on the potency of the drug as well as the efficiency of the delivery system, for which particle size plays a crucial role. For the intracellular delivery of small interference RNA (siRNA), lipid-polymer nanoparticle (LPN) hybrid systems constitute a safe and highly effective class of delivery systems. In the present study, we employ a microfluidics method for the manufacturing of spherical siRNA-loaded LPNs for pulmonary delivery with distinct size distributions with average diameters of approximately 70, 110, and 220 nm. We designed an optically clear, inexpensive thiol-ene polymeric microfluidic chip prototype that is compatible with standard ‘soft-lithography’ techniques, allows for replica molding, and is resistant to harsh solvents. By using SPECT/CT in vivo imaging, we show comparable pulmonary clearance patterns of all three differently sized LPN formulations following intratracheal administration. Also, negligible accumulation in the liver was observed.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia. Oxidative stress is involved in the progression of aging and Alzheimer's disease. It is known that lutein is a carotenoid having antioxidant properties. The present research explores Lutein loaded chitosan nanoparticles for Suppressing Oxidative Stress in the treatment of Alzheimer's. The developed nanoparticles are administered through the nose to target brain via nose-to-brain pathway. For optimization of formulation a systematic QbD approach was used. The developed nanoparticles further characterized for Physicochemical parameters, Morphology, In-vitro drug releases, Ex-vivo diffusion, In-vitro Cell viability, cellular uptake, In-vitro BBB Permeation, antioxidant properties, In-vivo biodistribution, and stability study. The developed nanoparticles' surface morphology suggested homogeneously dispersed spherical nanoparticles having < 200 nm size. The drug release study demonstrate the controlled release of lutein for more than 96 h while less than 50% lutein was released after 24 h in an ex-vivo diffusion study. The cell cytotoxicity assay confirms the nontoxicity of l-CNPs. The cellular uptake study shows enhanced internalization of l-CNPs through the caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway. The ROS generation confirmed the absence of any significant ROS generation nanoparticles. The antioxidant assay shows significant ROS scavenging activity of l-CNPs. In-vitro BBB permeation demonstrates the efficient passage of l-CNPs through BBB compared to pure lutein. This was further supported by bio-distribution demonstrating the deposition of nanoparticles in the brain through nasal administration. The acquired outcomes prove the possible activities of lutein-loaded l-CNPs for reducing oxidative stress in the brain for Alzheimer's treatment.

A novel approach to treating cancer has been revealed to be effective cancer vaccination. It has also been demonstrated that nucleic acid therapies such as mRNA and siRNA are very efficient in the treatment of cancer. However, the instability of mRNA makes a delivery system necessary to reach the target sites. Dendrimers have emerged as being of important interest in healthcare due to their ideal characteristic of having a very strong drug delivery capacity to become carriers. The dendrimer's center can be loaded with specific pharmaceutical active ingredients, or they can be bonded to the surface. RNA delivery systems that transport siRNA, mRNA, and other forms of RNA can be made using dendrimers. This review article focuses on several dendrimer-based RNA delivery systems, such as dendrimers modified with PEG, mannosylated dendrimers, dendrisomes, amphiphilic dendrimer vectors, magnetic nanoparticles modified with dendrimers, peptide dendrimers, and gold nanoparticles coated with dendrimers.