OpenNano最新文献

Developing a delivery system has become crucial in engineering cutting-edge next-generation theranostic approaches. Therefore, in the present research work, a customized Mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSiNPs) was designed by adapting the Stöber method with silane polymerization for Morin (MO) adsorption. The average size of MSiNPs was 50–130 nm as measured by TEM, while FE-SEM revealed a spherical surface shape. According to Raman and FTIR spectra, while the synthesis of MSiNPs, CTAB (a surfactant) was eliminated from MSiNPs, silane was functionalized, and with a loading efficiency of 10.28 ± 0.22%, MO was adsorbed. Molecular docking was used to perform in-silico studies to investigate the interaction of native MO with antidiabetic and antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, the antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of both MO adsorbed MSiNPs, and native MO were examined in vitro, with the former showing promise even at lower concentrations than the latter. The cell survival experiment on Mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 and HCT cells revealed that MO adsorbed MSiNPs were nontoxic up to 15 μg/ml. The acute toxicity of different concentrations of MO adsorbed MSiNPs was also conducted in an in vivo model zebrafish (Danio rerio), where the study was conducted for about 96 h and evaluated for histological significance. The findings described above revealed that the MSiNPs were electrochemically, structurally, and thermally stable and MO adsorbed MSiNPs were nontoxic and biocompatible, implying that it might be an effective drug delivery vehicle for MO in the future. Moreover, in coming times, this nano-delivery system with effective biodistribution of the adsorbed MO could be explored as an antidiabetic and anti-cancer agent.

COVID-19, which was first spread in China in 2019 and consequently spread worldwide, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2. Today, various carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene, graphene oxide, carbon dots, and carbon nanotubes have been explored for the specific detection and targeted inhibition/inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 due to their great surface chemical structures, easy to-functionalization, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. According to exclusive inherent properties, carbon-based nanomaterials are promising candidates for targeted antiviral drug delivery and the inhibitory effects against pathogenic viruses based on photothermal effects or reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation.  These high-stability nanomaterials exhibited unique physicochemical properties, providing efficient nanoplatforms for optical and electrochemical sensing and diagnostic applications with high sensitivity and selectivity. Up to now, these materials have been used for the fabrication of diagnostic kits, different types of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as anti-viral masks, vaccines, self-cleaning surfaces, and other subjects. This review article explores the most recent developments in carbon-based nanomaterials' diagnostic and therapeutic potential towards SARS-CoV-2 detection and inhibition, different mechanisms, challenges and benefits of the carbon-based nanomaterials.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell treatment is an emerging subject following its curative response in hematological metastasis. However, solid tumors present a number of obstructions which have been a bull's eye to steer the CARs toward another victory in solid tumor microenvironment (TME). To combat against solid tumors, the construction, transfection and delivery of CARs is obliged to nano-engineering for better results and success in clinical trials. Herein, in this minireview, we discuss some of the potential and novel applications of nanotechnology to engineer better performing CARs to target solid TME. Moreover, we highlight potential gaps and strategies to overcome for future advancements in nano immunoengineering.

Immunotherapy holds great promises to address an effective and durable therapeutic response in a wider range of cancer types. However, the understanding of the complex immune biology interactions within the Tumour Immune Microenvironment (TiME) is limited. This aspect, coupled with the unmet challenges pertaining to the development and testing of drug delivery modes and operations, has overall resulted in a large attrition rate with few anti-cancer therapeutics reaching the clinic. Also, a thorough understanding of the cellular features of the other components of the TiME in terms of the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the cell types, stoichiometries, functional states will further aid in expediting the drug discovery process. Better understanding of the evolving immunological players within the Tumour Microenvironment (TME), that dictate the process of evasion governed by the tumours, will present opportunities for targeted interventions, including those involving NP-based delivery strategies. Moreover, development of more physiologically relevant models requires the utilization of ex vivo patient-specific materials or traditional cell line-based mono and/or heterotypic culture models that can recapitulate the TiME. Such models can be used to test potential drug candidates, including NP (nanoparticle)-based drug delivery constructs for their targetability, deep tumor penetration as well as the pharmacological responses efficiently and expeditiously. NP-based drug delivery requires the passage of the NP-drug conjugate through various anatomical and pathological barriers, before it reaches its site of action. One of the determinants affecting biodistribution, transport, uptake and clearance involves the dynamic protein corona (PC) around the NP that confers a new “biological identity”. Hence, the PC should be modelled using systems that will recapitulate their in vivo formation, evolution and turnover, aside from the employment of analytical tools for their characterization. In summary, this review focuses on elucidation of TiME composition, advancements in in vitromodeling of TiME constitution, various treatment strategies and nanocarrier approaches to counter adverse TiME for enhancement of drug efficacy in order to improve clinical response.

Pharmaceuticals are generally designed to be nondegradable or slowly degradable to prevent chemical degradation as it is employed as therapeutics for human or animal. This results in a widespread risk when they enter, accumulate or persist in the environment. Pharmaceutical pollution is emerging as wide-reaching concern due to its ostensible consequences, by dissemination in the environment. This demands for inventing novel analytical routes to monitor and mitigate pharmaceutical pollutants. Therefore, this paper presents synthesis of Zinc molybdate nano particles embedded on functionalized carbon nanofibers to fabricate glassy carbon electrode towards sensitive detection of Sulfadiazine (SDZ). The synergistic effect produced in the composite had enabled it with improved charge transfer kinetics and benefited with more active surface area. The proposed ZnMoO₄/f-CNF sensor shows significant static characteristics such as wide linear response ranges (0.125 to1575.2 μM), low detection limit (0.0006 μM) and selectivity, and increased stability. Also, its practicability was analyzed by SDZ detection in real samples.

The non-cancerous cells and substances found in tumours, including the chemicals they create and release, are referred to as the tumour microenvironment. Carcinogenesis relies on the tumour microenvironment because it contains tumour cells that communicate with neighbouring cells via the circulatory and lymphatic systems. During all stages of carcinogenesis, non-malignant cells in the tumour microenvironment promote unchecked cell proliferation. Changes in the genetics and epigenetics of tumour cells and the rearrangement of TME components, which happen when these two things work together, affect the formation and growth of tumours. Tissue-specific exchanges between tumour cells and their surroundings are critical to understanding the underlying mechanism. With the tremendous advancements in nanomedicine, TME modulation has made significant strides lately. Drug distribution using nanotechnology has a number of benefits, including increased circulation time, cargo delivery to the appropriate location, enhanced bioavailability, reduced toxicity, etc. High interstitial pressure and dense stroma prevent the extravasation and uniform distribution of nanocarriers in TME, but leaky vasculature, acidic, and hypoxic circumstances of TME aid in the aggregation of customised nanoparticles. The goal of the review is to look into the idea of the tumour microenvironment by doing a critical analysis of past research. By briefly analysing stromal components, therapeutic opportunities, and limitations provided by TME for nanoparticulate drug delivery, this paper primarily analyses the potential of nanotherapeutics in targeting TME. Additionally, updated details on TME remodelling techniques for better drug delivery and precise targeting of particular stromal components are provided.

Surgical site infections (SSI) are amongst the most common medical infections, occurring in 2 to 4% of patients undergoing a surgical procedure. Smart surgical sutures can play an important role in preventing infection. For example, antimicrobial sutures detectable via clinical imaging modalities can support monitoring wounds post-surgery and enhance patient recovery. However, no commercial suture products possess these properties. Herein, contrasting iodine carbon nanoparticles (ICPs) are synthesized using a solvothermal approach. These ICPs were incorporated into polycaprolactone (PCL) via a coaxial extrusion technique inspired by the "core-shell" multilayered suture structure, which integrates multiple clinically favourable functions into one suture device. This system exhibits high imaging contrast capabilities for real-time imaging even after 22 days in-vitro, with strong antimicrobial properties and a reduction in biofilm formation. The multifunctional and biocompatible suture composite developed in this study shows strong antimicrobial properties and can act as an immobilized marker to monitor the surgical site during and after surgical procedures. Identifying suture integrity and location within the body through minimally invasive methods can alleviate patient discomfort and minimize the risk of infection.

A huge number of plant-derived essential oils (EOs) are reported to have lots of ethnomedicinal and biological properties with excellent antibacterial activities. Approximately three hundred EOs (ajowan, anise, basil, camphor, chamomile, clove, citronella, coriander, cumin, eucalyptus, lavender, lemon, orange, peppermint, thyme oils, etc.) are documented under economic class based on commercial and pharmaceutical values. However, most active crude EOs and their constituents like carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, thymol, 1,8-cineole, etc. are not found in mainstream drug development modules due to their low solubility, poor bioavailability, and rapid volatility profiles, which reduce their potency, half-life, and pharmacokinetics to achieve the ideal drug-ability profiles. To improve the mainstream use of EOs via nanotechnology, we first gathered more information on plant sources, extraction methods, antibacterial potency with mode of action, and the economic importance of EOs. Further, various nanotechnology platforms, such as nanocarriers, nanoemulsions, liposomes, and cyclodextrins with chemical structure conjugation concept with relevant examples were described. Technically, through optimization in particle size and morphology via a nanotechnology platform, EOs enhance the potency without losing any sensitive properties, easily penetrate and cross the bacterial cell membrane, protect from rapid volatility by coating biocompatible materials, improve the aqueous solubility, improve bioavailability, ensure sustainable release, etc. We hope that the detailed analyses of EOs and nanotechnology platforms will encourage academic and pharmaceutical researchers to use antibacterials by overcoming inadequate drug-ability profiles as potent agents in drugs, food, nutrition, beverages, packaging, and coating materials.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region (SNpc) of the brain. Although, FDA-approved therapeutic agents are available for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, the permeability of available therapeutic agents can be challenged by the presence of a Blood-Brain Barrier. Thus, the bioavailability of drugs in the brain is compromised. Moreover, the pooling of drugs in the blood may produce side effects due to the distribution of drugs to peripheral organs rather than the brain. Interestingly, nanotechnology provided solutions to the problem associated with antiparkinson's therapy i.e., lack of site-specific delivery. Nanocarriers with unique physicochemical characteristics can traverse the Blood–Brain Barrier via different mechanisms. Recently, several nanotechnology-based exciting strategies including the functionalization of therapeutics carrying nanocarriers with suitable ligand (s) may help for the site-specific delivery and can improve distribution to the brain. In this review, we try to present the applicability of different nanocarriers in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.