Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239111
Norbert Sailer , Christoph Steffan , Jan Philipp Schmidt
Based on a meta–analysis of 68 publications comprising 83 cells, extended by our own measurements, we propose the impedance phase, evaluated at frequencies between 100 Hz and 1 kHz, as an optimal estimator for internal cell temperature. Our findings indicate mean temperature sensitivities of -0.35 ° K-1 for temperatures below 23 °C and -0.17 ° K-1 for temperatures above 23 °C. Notably, these sensitivities remain constant regardless of the cell’s capacity and chemistry. To achieve a temperature uncertainty of less than for high-energy cells above 23 °C, an Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurement system must maintain an uncertainty smaller than 4 µΩ for both the real and imaginary components of the impedance, based on the mean sensitivities. In addition to the electrochemical properties of the cells, system characteristics of the application must also be considered for online temperature estimation. Our proposed noise model for traction applications in general, and measurement results for an Electric Vehicle (EV) specifically, demonstrate that disturbances with significant power may disturb online EIS measurements up to 3 kHz.
{"title":"Practical considerations and limitations of online EIS-based battery internal temperature estimation in traction applications","authors":"Norbert Sailer , Christoph Steffan , Jan Philipp Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on a meta–analysis of 68 publications comprising 83 cells, extended by our own measurements, we propose the impedance phase, evaluated at frequencies between 100<!--> <!-->Hz and 1<!--> <!-->kHz, as an optimal estimator for internal cell temperature. Our findings indicate mean temperature sensitivities of -0.35<!--> <!-->°<!--> <!-->K<sup>-1</sup> for temperatures below 23<!--> <!-->°C and -0.17<!--> <!-->°<!--> <!-->K<sup>-1</sup> for temperatures above 23<!--> <!-->°C. Notably, these sensitivities remain constant regardless of the cell’s capacity and chemistry. To achieve a temperature uncertainty of less than <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace></mspace><mstyle><mi>K</mi></mstyle></mrow></math></span> for high-energy cells above 23<!--> <!-->°C, an Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurement system must maintain an uncertainty smaller than 4<!--> <!-->µΩ for both the real and imaginary components of the impedance, based on the mean sensitivities. In addition to the electrochemical properties of the cells, system characteristics of the application must also be considered for online temperature estimation. Our proposed noise model for traction applications in general, and measurement results for an Electric Vehicle (EV) specifically, demonstrate that disturbances with significant power may disturb online EIS measurements up to 3<!--> <!-->kHz.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"667 ","pages":"Article 239111"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239324
Yi Sun , Yongchun Lu , Xiaoting Huang , Yang He , Xiaoyan Zhang , Tao Wang , Hongbin Zhao
Voltage reversal caused by hydrogen starvation during the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) significantly compromises the PEMFCs durability by accelerating carbon oxidation. In this work, three distinct membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) were designed by altering the configuration of the anode catalyst layer (ACL) containing both bifunctional PtIr/C and corrosion-resistant Pt/GC. The reversal tests reveal that MEA-3, with ACL configured with Pt/GC near the proton exchange membrane (PEM) and PtIr/C near the gas diffusion layer (GDL), achieves the longest reversal time of 511.27 min. The polarization results show that MEA-3 presents a lowest voltage drop of 15 mV at a current density of 2.0 A cm−2, significantly lower than that of MEA-1 (91 mV) and MEA-2 (37 mV), after the reversal tests with the same reversal time. The Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results before and after reversal testing indicate that no obvious carbon corrosion and Pt detachment are observed for MEA-3. The results confirm that MEA-3 with specifically designed ACL configuration demonstrates enhanced durability under voltage reversal conditions while maintaining excellent electrochemical performance. This work highlights the optimization of ACL configuration as a promising approach for developing durable PEMFC catalysts under cell reversal conditions.
质子交换膜燃料电池（pemfc）在运行过程中由于氢缺乏引起的电压反转会加速碳氧化，从而严重影响pemfc的耐用性。在这项工作中，通过改变含有双功能PtIr/C和耐腐蚀Pt/GC的阳极催化剂层（ACL）的配置，设计了三种不同的膜电极组件（MEAs）。逆转实验表明，在质子交换膜（PEM）附近配置Pt/GC，在气体扩散层（GDL）附近配置PtIr/C时，MEA-3的逆转时间最长，为511.27 min。极化结果表明，在相同反相时间下，在2.0 a cm−2电流密度下，MEA-3的电压降最低，为15 mV，显著低于MEA-1 （91 mV）和MEA-2 （37 mV）。循环伏安法（CV）和透射电镜（TEM）结果表明，MEA-3没有明显的碳腐蚀和Pt剥离现象。结果证实，经过特殊设计的ACL结构的MEA-3在电压反转条件下具有更强的耐久性，同时保持了优异的电化学性能。这项工作强调了ACL配置的优化是在电池逆转条件下开发耐用PEMFC催化剂的有前途的方法。
{"title":"Optimizing anode catalyst layer configuration for proton exchange membrane fuel cells with improved reversal tolerant performance","authors":"Yi Sun , Yongchun Lu , Xiaoting Huang , Yang He , Xiaoyan Zhang , Tao Wang , Hongbin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Voltage reversal caused by hydrogen starvation during the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) significantly compromises the PEMFCs durability by accelerating carbon oxidation. In this work, three distinct membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) were designed by altering the configuration of the anode catalyst layer (ACL) containing both bifunctional PtIr/C and corrosion-resistant Pt/GC. The reversal tests reveal that MEA-3, with ACL configured with Pt/GC near the proton exchange membrane (PEM) and PtIr/C near the gas diffusion layer (GDL), achieves the longest reversal time of 511.27 min. The polarization results show that MEA-3 presents a lowest voltage drop of 15 mV at a current density of 2.0 A cm<sup>−2</sup>, significantly lower than that of MEA-1 (91 mV) and MEA-2 (37 mV), after the reversal tests with the same reversal time. The Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results before and after reversal testing indicate that no obvious carbon corrosion and Pt detachment are observed for MEA-3. The results confirm that MEA-3 with specifically designed ACL configuration demonstrates enhanced durability under voltage reversal conditions while maintaining excellent electrochemical performance. This work highlights the optimization of ACL configuration as a promising approach for developing durable PEMFC catalysts under cell reversal conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"667 ","pages":"Article 239324"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239259
Priyadarshini Venkatachalam , Nagaraj Murugan , Thangarasu Sadhasivam , Min Kang , Yu Rim Choi , Seung Hwi Youn , Seon Yeong Noh , Tae Hwan Oh , Yoong Ahm Kim
Harnessing the “natural abundance of bio resource waste materials as value added products” has been an essential strategy in contemporary technology for creating effective materials for high performance energy and environmental products. This review emphasizes the notable progress in activated carbon materials derived from seaweed, concentrating on their function as active materials and their effectiveness in electrochemical energy conversion devices, particularly batteries and supercapacitors. This comprehensive review showcases the latest advancements and mechanisms/activities of seaweed derived carbon according to various factors such as structural integrity, porosity spanning a wide range of pore sizes including micropores (<2 nm), mesopores (2–50 nm), and macropores (>50 nm), reactive paths, number of active sites, electrical conductivity, synergy with high critical nutrients (N, P, and K), chemical and electrochemical stability, heteroatom/metal atom doping, surface functionalization, and homogeneity/heterogeneity. Finally, we discuss improving understanding of the potential challenges and summarize future hypothetical solutions for overcoming difficulties of seaweed derived activated carbon in each application. Researchers interested in tackling challenges in such disciplines would find this work highly pertinent.
{"title":"Recent advances in carbon materials from marine biomass: Toward sustainable energy storage solutions","authors":"Priyadarshini Venkatachalam , Nagaraj Murugan , Thangarasu Sadhasivam , Min Kang , Yu Rim Choi , Seung Hwi Youn , Seon Yeong Noh , Tae Hwan Oh , Yoong Ahm Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Harnessing the “natural abundance of bio resource waste materials as value added products” has been an essential strategy in contemporary technology for creating effective materials for high performance energy and environmental products. This review emphasizes the notable progress in activated carbon materials derived from seaweed, concentrating on their function as active materials and their effectiveness in electrochemical energy conversion devices, particularly batteries and supercapacitors. This comprehensive review showcases the latest advancements and mechanisms/activities of seaweed derived carbon according to various factors such as structural integrity, porosity spanning a wide range of pore sizes including micropores (<2 nm), mesopores (2–50 nm), and macropores (>50 nm), reactive paths, number of active sites, electrical conductivity, synergy with high critical nutrients (N, P, and K), chemical and electrochemical stability, heteroatom/metal atom doping, surface functionalization, and homogeneity/heterogeneity. Finally, we discuss improving understanding of the potential challenges and summarize future hypothetical solutions for overcoming difficulties of seaweed derived activated carbon in each application. Researchers interested in tackling challenges in such disciplines would find this work highly pertinent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"667 ","pages":"Article 239259"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239312
Xin Liu , Tingting Cui , Yangming Yu , Yizhao Chen , Jingxiang Meng , Hao Wang , Songyi Liao , Yonggang Min
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) represent a promising alternative for large-scale energy storage, yet irreversible oxygen loss under high voltage degrades its cycling stability. Herein, we propose a La3+ doping strategy to significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of P2-type Na0.67Mn0.67Ni0.33O2 cathode. Through an integrated approach combining density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental validation, we elucidate that La3+ doping elevates the oxygen vacancy formation energy from 3.16 eV to 3.77 eV, effectively suppressing oxygen release and mitigating structural degradation during high-voltage cycling. Moreover, La3+ incorporation reduces the Na-ion migration barrier from 1.13 eV to 0.71 eV and expands the interlayer spacing, facilitating improved ion diffusion kinetics. As a result, the La-doped cathode exhibits a remarkable capacity retention of 77.1 % after 50 cycles at 0.1C, vastly outperforming the pristine material (48.5 %). This work provides profound insights into the role of rare-earth doping in stabilizing anionic redox chemistry and offers a practical avenue for developing high-performance SIBs cathodes.
{"title":"Synergistic stabilization via La3+ doping in Na0.67Mn0.67Ni0.33O2 cathodes for sodium-ion batteries: Unveiling mechanistic insights from density functional theory and experimental study","authors":"Xin Liu , Tingting Cui , Yangming Yu , Yizhao Chen , Jingxiang Meng , Hao Wang , Songyi Liao , Yonggang Min","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) represent a promising alternative for large-scale energy storage, yet irreversible oxygen loss under high voltage degrades its cycling stability. Herein, we propose a La<sup>3+</sup> doping strategy to significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of P2-type Na<sub>0.67</sub>Mn<sub>0.67</sub>Ni<sub>0.33</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode. Through an integrated approach combining density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental validation, we elucidate that La<sup>3+</sup> doping elevates the oxygen vacancy formation energy from 3.16 eV to 3.77 eV, effectively suppressing oxygen release and mitigating structural degradation during high-voltage cycling. Moreover, La<sup>3+</sup> incorporation reduces the Na-ion migration barrier from 1.13 eV to 0.71 eV and expands the interlayer spacing, facilitating improved ion diffusion kinetics. As a result, the La-doped cathode exhibits a remarkable capacity retention of 77.1 % after 50 cycles at 0.1C, vastly outperforming the pristine material (48.5 %). This work provides profound insights into the role of rare-earth doping in stabilizing anionic redox chemistry and offers a practical avenue for developing high-performance SIBs cathodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"667 ","pages":"Article 239312"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LiMnxFe1-xPO4 are considered highly promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to its high operating voltage, high energy density, excellent thermal stability, and environmental friendliness. To address the intrinsic limitations of LiMnxFe1-xPO4 cathode materials, including poor electronic conductivity and limited cycling stability, a Co and Ti co-doped LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 material with a gradient co-doping structure (denoted as LMFP-Co@Ti) was successfully synthesized via a two-step carbothermal reduction process. The Ti-rich outer layer effectively suppresses Mn dissolution and mitigates Jahn-Teller distortions, while the Co-doped inner layer enhances electronic conductivity and Li+ diffusion kinetics, achieving an optimized balance between electrochemical activity and structural integrity. Electrochemical evaluations demonstrate that the LMFP-Co@Ti electrode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 137.67 mAh g−1 at 1C and retains 80.5 % of its capacity after 500 cycles, markedly outperforming pristine LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 (LMFP) and the uniformly co-doped a uniformly co-doped sample LiMn0.6Fe0.36Co0.01Ti0.03PO4/C (LMFP-CoTi). Even under high-rate conditions (10C), the LMFP-Co@Ti maintains an impressive discharge capacity of 100.94 mAh g−1, confirming its superior rate capability and long-term cycling stability. This work provides new insights into the rational design of dual-doped olivine-type cathodes, demonstrating that the gradient structure can effectively balance high-rate performance and long-term structural stability for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
LiMnxFe1-xPO4具有工作电压高、能量密度高、热稳定性好、环境友好等优点，被认为是下一代锂离子电池极具发展前景的正极材料。为解决LiMnxFe1-xPO4正极材料导电性差、循环稳定性受限等固有缺陷，采用两步碳热还原法成功合成了具有梯度共掺杂结构的Co和Ti共掺杂LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4材料（表示为LMFP-Co@Ti）。富钛外层有效抑制Mn溶解并减轻Jahn-Teller扭曲，而共掺杂内层增强了电子导电性和Li+扩散动力学，实现了电化学活性和结构完整性之间的优化平衡。电化学评价表明，LMFP-Co@Ti电极在1C下的初始放电容量为137.67 mAh g−1，在500次循环后仍保持80.5%的容量，明显优于原始的LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 （LMFP）和均匀共掺杂样品LiMn0.6Fe0.36Co0.01Ti0.03PO4/C （LMFP- coti）。即使在高倍率条件下（10C）， LMFP-Co@Ti也保持了令人印象深刻的100.94 mAh g- 1的放电容量，证实了其优越的倍率能力和长期循环稳定性。这项工作为双掺杂橄榄石型阴极的合理设计提供了新的见解，证明了梯度结构可以有效地平衡下一代锂离子电池的高倍率性能和长期结构稳定性。
{"title":"Enhanced electrochemical performance of LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/C via Co and Ti dual-doping with gradient structural design","authors":"Xueyin Wang, Chunyan Yu, Yujing Li, Jiahui Xu, Yanjun Zhong, Zhenguo Wu, Xinlong Wang, Benhe Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>LiMn<sub><em>x</em></sub>Fe<sub>1-<em>x</em></sub>PO<sub>4</sub> are considered highly promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to its high operating voltage, high energy density, excellent thermal stability, and environmental friendliness. To address the intrinsic limitations of LiMn<sub><em>x</em></sub>Fe<sub>1-<em>x</em></sub>PO<sub>4</sub> cathode materials, including poor electronic conductivity and limited cycling stability, a Co and Ti co-doped LiMn<sub>0.6</sub>Fe<sub>0.4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> material with a gradient co-doping structure (denoted as LMFP-Co@Ti) was successfully synthesized via a two-step carbothermal reduction process. The Ti-rich outer layer effectively suppresses Mn dissolution and mitigates Jahn-Teller distortions, while the Co-doped inner layer enhances electronic conductivity and Li<sup>+</sup> diffusion kinetics, achieving an optimized balance between electrochemical activity and structural integrity. Electrochemical evaluations demonstrate that the LMFP-Co@Ti electrode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 137.67 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 1C and retains 80.5 % of its capacity after 500 cycles, markedly outperforming pristine LiMn<sub>0.6</sub>Fe<sub>0.4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (LMFP) and the uniformly co-doped a uniformly co-doped sample LiMn<sub>0.6</sub>Fe<sub>0.36</sub>Co<sub>0.01</sub>Ti<sub>0.03</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>/C (LMFP-CoTi). Even under high-rate conditions (10C), the LMFP-Co@Ti maintains an impressive discharge capacity of 100.94 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>, confirming its superior rate capability and long-term cycling stability. This work provides new insights into the rational design of dual-doped olivine-type cathodes, demonstrating that the gradient structure can effectively balance high-rate performance and long-term structural stability for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"667 ","pages":"Article 239265"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239284
Xiaoran Ming , Guilong Yan , Peijian Fu , Shuaiming Yu , Xuezhong Zhang , Han Li , Jianming Chen , Esfandiar Pakdel , Li Wang , Yuanpeng Wu
Phase change materials (PCMs) have garnered extensive attention in fields such as textiles, aerospace, and electronic devices due to their high energy density, constant temperature during energy storage/release, and environmental friendliness. However, the poor flexibility and leakage issues of PCMs during use have limited their applications. This study adopts a two-step method to fabricate phase change nanofibrous membranes. In the first step, a solid-solid phase-change polyurethane (PCPU) is chemically synthesized, achieving a melting enthalpy of 87.26 J g−1, negligible mass loss below 200 °C, and excellent cyclic stability. In the second step, phase change nanofibrous membranes (PCPU-TPU) are prepared via electrospinning, exhibiting superior flexibility, breathability, leakage resistance, and hydrophilicity. Notably, PCPU-TPU does not fracture after folding, stretching, or twisting. Finally, PCPU-TPU is applied as a fabric covering on the human body for thermal management testing. After high-intensity exercise, PCPU-TPU demonstrates a significantly lower surface temperature compared to general cotton fabric (a temperature difference of up to 3.1 °C). Thermal management tests confirm PCPU-TPU's excellent personal thermal management performance, effectively reducing human surface temperature under hot conditions. The PCPU-TPU developed in this study exhibits outstanding flexibility, breathability, hydrophilicity, and personal thermal management capabilities, demonstrating significant potential for applications in flexible wearable devices.
{"title":"Wearable phase change nanofibrous membranes for personal thermal management","authors":"Xiaoran Ming , Guilong Yan , Peijian Fu , Shuaiming Yu , Xuezhong Zhang , Han Li , Jianming Chen , Esfandiar Pakdel , Li Wang , Yuanpeng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change materials (PCMs) have garnered extensive attention in fields such as textiles, aerospace, and electronic devices due to their high energy density, constant temperature during energy storage/release, and environmental friendliness. However, the poor flexibility and leakage issues of PCMs during use have limited their applications. This study adopts a two-step method to fabricate phase change nanofibrous membranes. In the first step, a solid-solid phase-change polyurethane (PCPU) is chemically synthesized, achieving a melting enthalpy of 87.26 J g<sup>−1</sup>, negligible mass loss below 200 °C, and excellent cyclic stability. In the second step, phase change nanofibrous membranes (PCPU-TPU) are prepared via electrospinning, exhibiting superior flexibility, breathability, leakage resistance, and hydrophilicity. Notably, PCPU-TPU does not fracture after folding, stretching, or twisting. Finally, PCPU-TPU is applied as a fabric covering on the human body for thermal management testing. After high-intensity exercise, PCPU-TPU demonstrates a significantly lower surface temperature compared to general cotton fabric (a temperature difference of up to 3.1 °C). Thermal management tests confirm PCPU-TPU's excellent personal thermal management performance, effectively reducing human surface temperature under hot conditions. The PCPU-TPU developed in this study exhibits outstanding flexibility, breathability, hydrophilicity, and personal thermal management capabilities, demonstrating significant potential for applications in flexible wearable devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"667 ","pages":"Article 239284"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lanthanide-doped perovskite oxide offers significant benefit for photoconversion by facilitating effective conversion of high-energy photons into multiple low-energy photons and vice versa. In this work, a novel down-converting nanocomposite, contains Terbium (Tb3+)-doped Strontium Titanate (SrTiO3) and TiO2, is newly employed as electron transport layer (ETL) in Carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cell (C-PSC). The structure, phase purity, morphology and optical properties of SrTiO3 host with varying concentrations of Tb3+ are investigated through suitable characterization techniques. The luminescent behavior of the lanthanide-based nanophosphors is studied through Photoluminescence analysis. It infers that Tb3+ aids in maximum down-conversion than Europium (Eu3+) when doped into SrTiO3. The optimized Tb3+-doped SrTiO3 (Tb-STO) is further mixed with TiO2 at different concentrations for further investigation. The device with 40 % Tb-STO achieves the highest efficiency of 12.1 % with superior current density of 23.06 mA/cm2 and fill factor of 55 %. This champion device is highly stable under ambient conditions, retaining 87 % of its initial efficiency after 40 days. Additionally, it preserves 41 % of its initial efficiency after prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation for 100 h. Therefore, Tb-STO-loaded TiO2 ETL enhances the operational stability of C-PSCs by shielding the UV-induced degradations and converting UV losses into usable power in perovskite solar cells.
{"title":"Reclaiming UV losses as usable power in perovskite solar cells via lanthanide-doped strontium titanate nanophosphor","authors":"Gayathre Lakshmi M. Anandan , Mahalakshmi Mani , Acchutharaman Kunka Ravindran , Senthil Pandian Muthu","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lanthanide-doped perovskite oxide offers significant benefit for photoconversion by facilitating effective conversion of high-energy photons into multiple low-energy photons and vice versa. In this work, a novel down-converting nanocomposite, contains Terbium (Tb<sup>3+</sup>)-doped Strontium Titanate (SrTiO<sub>3</sub>) and TiO<sub>2</sub>, is newly employed as electron transport layer (ETL) in Carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cell (C-PSC). The structure, phase purity, morphology and optical properties of SrTiO<sub>3</sub> host with varying concentrations of Tb<sup>3+</sup> are investigated through suitable characterization techniques. The luminescent behavior of the lanthanide-based nanophosphors is studied through Photoluminescence analysis. It infers that Tb<sup>3+</sup> aids in maximum down-conversion than Europium (Eu<sup>3+</sup>) when doped into SrTiO<sub>3</sub>. The optimized Tb<sup>3+</sup>-doped SrTiO<sub>3</sub> (Tb-STO) is further mixed with TiO<sub>2</sub> at different concentrations for further investigation. The device with 40 % Tb-STO achieves the highest efficiency of 12.1 % with superior current density of 23.06 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and fill factor of 55 %. This champion device is highly stable under ambient conditions, retaining 87 % of its initial efficiency after 40 days. Additionally, it preserves 41 % of its initial efficiency after prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation for 100 h. Therefore, Tb-STO-loaded TiO<sub>2</sub> ETL enhances the operational stability of C-PSCs by shielding the UV-induced degradations and converting UV losses into usable power in perovskite solar cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"667 ","pages":"Article 239288"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239304
Qiuxia Feng , Xinjing Zhang , Qiao Zhao , Zhongwei Cao , Hongbo Li , Wei Liu , Xuefeng Zhu , Weishen Yang
Yttrium-doped BaZrO3 (BZY) stands out as promising electrolyte for next-generation solid oxide fuel cells due to its exceptional chemical stability and high theoretical bulk conductivity. However, conventional synthesis routes (e.g., solid-state reaction and combustion) produce compositionally heterogeneous BZY and require crystallization above 1000 °C, leading to consistent impurity segregation in the resulting electrolytes. Herein, we develop a liquid-phase molten salt reaction synthesis (MRS) strategy for the controllable growth of BZY crystals at 600−700 °C. Ba(NO3)2 functions as the molten salt medium and the barium source concurrently, providing a highly reactive and homogeneous liquid-phase environment that facilitates the nucleation and growth of BZY. The effects of molten salt ratio and temperature on crystal size and phase purity are systematically examined. Compared with combustion-derived powder, BZY-MRS exhibits a substantially reduced lattice distortion rate. This reduction effectively suppresses the fast diffusion of Ba and Y elements along defect pathways during sintering, ultimately contributing to the formation of high-quality, segregation-free electrolyte membranes. The BZY-MRS cell demonstrates a 139 % enhancement in performance at 700 °C compared to the CB sample. This study therefore establishes a strategy to effectively suppress elemental segregation during proton-conducting electrolyte sintering by minimizing crystalline defects in the precursor powder.
{"title":"Molten salt reaction synthesis of yttrium-doped barium zirconate for proton-conducting fuel cells","authors":"Qiuxia Feng , Xinjing Zhang , Qiao Zhao , Zhongwei Cao , Hongbo Li , Wei Liu , Xuefeng Zhu , Weishen Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Yttrium-doped BaZrO<sub>3</sub> (BZY) stands out as promising electrolyte for next-generation solid oxide fuel cells due to its exceptional chemical stability and high theoretical bulk conductivity. However, conventional synthesis routes (e.g., solid-state reaction and combustion) produce compositionally heterogeneous BZY and require crystallization above 1000 °C, leading to consistent impurity segregation in the resulting electrolytes. Herein, we develop a liquid-phase molten salt reaction synthesis (MRS) strategy for the controllable growth of BZY crystals at 600−700 °C. Ba(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> functions as the molten salt medium and the barium source concurrently, providing a highly reactive and homogeneous liquid-phase environment that facilitates the nucleation and growth of BZY. The effects of molten salt ratio and temperature on crystal size and phase purity are systematically examined. Compared with combustion-derived powder, BZY-MRS exhibits a substantially reduced lattice distortion rate. This reduction effectively suppresses the fast diffusion of Ba and Y elements along defect pathways during sintering, ultimately contributing to the formation of high-quality, segregation-free electrolyte membranes. The BZY-MRS cell demonstrates a 139 % enhancement in performance at 700 °C compared to the CB sample. This study therefore establishes a strategy to effectively suppress elemental segregation during proton-conducting electrolyte sintering by minimizing crystalline defects in the precursor powder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"667 ","pages":"Article 239304"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239277
Ali Algaddafi , Siham Hasan , Mustafa A. Almaliki
This study presents an experimentally validated, three-dimensional, non-isothermal Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework for a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell with a serpentine cathode flow field, validated across multiple operating conditions. The model integrates charge transport, humidity-dependent membrane conductivity, species conservation, and electrochemical kinetics. Validation against experimental data across multiple operating conditions confirms accurate prediction of polarization behavior, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.02 V and maximum deviation below 5 %. Parametric studies reveal that operation at 90 °C and 90 % relative humidity (RH) maximizes performance, whereas low RH (20 %) induces significant ohmic and concentration losses. Optimising RH from 20 % to 90 % at 70 °C improves peak power density by approximately 178 %. Increasing temperature from 70 °C to 90 °C at high humidity provides a 27.8 % gain, with further improvement to 38.9 % at 100 °C, albeit with signs of membrane dehydration. The model results indicate that synergistic optimization of water management and flow-field design is crucial for performance enhancement, providing a validated computational approach for performance analysis under varied operating conditions.
{"title":"A validated multiphysics CFD framework for performance optimization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Unraveling the interplay of hydration, temperature, and flow-field design","authors":"Ali Algaddafi , Siham Hasan , Mustafa A. Almaliki","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an experimentally validated, three-dimensional, non-isothermal Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework for a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell with a serpentine cathode flow field, validated across multiple operating conditions. The model integrates charge transport, humidity-dependent membrane conductivity, species conservation, and electrochemical kinetics. Validation against experimental data across multiple operating conditions confirms accurate prediction of polarization behavior, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.02 V and maximum deviation below 5 %. Parametric studies reveal that operation at 90 °C and 90 % relative humidity (RH) maximizes performance, whereas low RH (20 %) induces significant ohmic and concentration losses. Optimising RH from 20 % to 90 % at 70 °C improves peak power density by approximately 178 %. Increasing temperature from 70 °C to 90 °C at high humidity provides a 27.8 % gain, with further improvement to 38.9 % at 100 °C, albeit with signs of membrane dehydration. The model results indicate that synergistic optimization of water management and flow-field design is crucial for performance enhancement, providing a validated computational approach for performance analysis under varied operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"667 ","pages":"Article 239277"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239255
I. Chakkour, I. Dani, O. El Bounagui, N. Tahiri
Developing lightweight, high-capacity hydrogen storage materials is essential for advancing clean energy technologies. Using density functional theory (DFT), ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), and phonon calculations, the structural, mechanical, thermal, and thermodynamic properties of pristine, strained, and vacancy-engineered configurations of the LiBeH3 perovskite compound are investigated. LiBeH3 crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m phase and exhibits an indirect band gap of 1.29 eV. Elastic constants confirm mechanical stability, though the compound is intrinsically brittle with notable anisotropy. AIMD simulations at hydrogen-release temperatures demonstrate excellent thermal integrity, while phonon spectra lacking imaginary modes verify dynamical stability. Strong Be–H covalent interactions dominate high-frequency vibrations, reinforcing lattice robustness. Hydrogen storage characteristics including gravimetric and volumetric capacities, cohesive energies, formation enthalpies, and desorption temperatures were systematically evaluated. All systems display negative formation enthalpies and high cohesive energies, indicating thermodynamic stability and experimental feasibility. Vacancy and strain engineering enhance hydrogen release, with the 16.66 % vacancy-doped structure offering the best performance: a gravimetric capacity of 17.30 wt% and a reduced desorption temperature of 287.50 K. Dehydrogenation induces symmetry changes, with intermediate phases adopting tetragonal structures and fully dehydrogenated LiBe returning to cubic symmetry. These results identify LiBeH3 as a stable, tunable, and highly promising candidate for solid-state hydrogen storage applications.
{"title":"LiBeH3 perovskite as a promising hydrogen storage material","authors":"I. Chakkour, I. Dani, O. El Bounagui, N. Tahiri","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing lightweight, high-capacity hydrogen storage materials is essential for advancing clean energy technologies. Using density functional theory (DFT), ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), and phonon calculations, the structural, mechanical, thermal, and thermodynamic properties of pristine, strained, and vacancy-engineered configurations of the LiBeH<sub>3</sub> perovskite compound are investigated. LiBeH<sub>3</sub> crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m phase and exhibits an indirect band gap of 1.29 eV. Elastic constants confirm mechanical stability, though the compound is intrinsically brittle with notable anisotropy. AIMD simulations at hydrogen-release temperatures demonstrate excellent thermal integrity, while phonon spectra lacking imaginary modes verify dynamical stability. Strong Be–H covalent interactions dominate high-frequency vibrations, reinforcing lattice robustness. Hydrogen storage characteristics including gravimetric and volumetric capacities, cohesive energies, formation enthalpies, and desorption temperatures were systematically evaluated. All systems display negative formation enthalpies and high cohesive energies, indicating thermodynamic stability and experimental feasibility. Vacancy and strain engineering enhance hydrogen release, with the 16.66 % vacancy-doped structure offering the best performance: a gravimetric capacity of 17.30 wt% and a reduced desorption temperature of 287.50 K. Dehydrogenation induces symmetry changes, with intermediate phases adopting tetragonal structures and fully dehydrogenated LiBe returning to cubic symmetry. These results identify LiBeH<sub>3</sub> as a stable, tunable, and highly promising candidate for solid-state hydrogen storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"667 ","pages":"Article 239255"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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