Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239452
Jonathan N. Coleman
We present an analytic method to disentangle capacitive and diffusive rate limitations in battery electrodes using only standard capacity-rate data. Experimental capacity versus charge/discharge rate curves are fitted to extract the low-rate capacity, characteristic time τ and rate exponent n. We propose that n reflects the relative weights of capacitive and diffusive limitations, enabling the separation of τ into capacitive and diffusive timescales, τC and τD, for systems with 0.5 ≤ n ≤ 1. Applying the method to six literature datasets spanning common Li-ion storing materials over a range of electrode thicknesses, we find that τC and τD exhibit the thickness scaling expected from simplified transport models. The separated timescales further allow direct estimation of in-pore electrolyte conductivity and diffusion coefficients, giving realistic values without additional experiments. This approach offers a practical tool for diagnosing rate-limiting mechanisms and guiding design of faster-charging, higher-power electrodes.
{"title":"Separating capacitive and diffusive timescales in battery electrodes allows the extraction of in-pore electrolyte conductivity and diffusion coefficients from experimental rate performance data","authors":"Jonathan N. Coleman","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present an analytic method to disentangle capacitive and diffusive rate limitations in battery electrodes using only standard capacity-rate data. Experimental capacity versus charge/discharge rate curves are fitted to extract the low-rate capacity, characteristic time <em>τ</em> and rate exponent <em>n</em>. We propose that <em>n</em> reflects the relative weights of capacitive and diffusive limitations, enabling the separation of <em>τ</em> into capacitive and diffusive timescales, <em>τ</em><sub>C</sub> and <em>τ</em><sub>D</sub>, for systems with 0.5 ≤ <em>n</em> ≤ 1. Applying the method to six literature datasets spanning common Li-ion storing materials over a range of electrode thicknesses, we find that <em>τ</em><sub>C</sub> and <em>τ</em><sub>D</sub> exhibit the thickness scaling expected from simplified transport models. The separated timescales further allow direct estimation of in-pore electrolyte conductivity and diffusion coefficients, giving realistic values without additional experiments. This approach offers a practical tool for diagnosing rate-limiting mechanisms and guiding design of faster-charging, higher-power electrodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239452"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239440
Sumeyye Bahceci Sertkol , Anton A. Momchilov , Burak Esat , Murat Sertkol
Aqueous organic-inorganic hybrid systems offer a safe and sustainable platform for high-power energy storage, yet mitigating redox instability in carbon-supported organic electrodes remains challenging. This study reports a full-cell pairing a reduced graphene oxide (RGO) electrode, covalently functionalized with anthraquinone (AQ) units, with a Ni(OH)2 positive electrode in alkaline electrolyte. The nitrene-grafted RGO-methyl AQ material immobilizes AQ units on a conductive carbon framework, mitigating dissolution and enabling effective electron transfer.
Electrochemical analysis reveals a hybrid charge-storage mechanism combining reversible AQ redox with capacitive buffering from RGO. The RGO–methyl AQ‖Ni(OH)2/NiOOH full-cell delivers an average operating voltage of 0.89 V and a specific capacity of 139.6 mAh g−1 (anode mass) at 0.09C. It retains 84 % of its capacity (51 mAh g−1) after 101 cycles at 12.7C and remains operational at 33C. The anode-based energy density decreases from 61 Wh kg−1 at 2C to 34 Wh kg−1 at 33C. When projected to a practical device assuming a 25–40 % active-mass fraction, the estimated power density (281–449 W kg−1) lies within the lower range of commercial high-power NiMH systems.
These results identify covalently grafted AQ-RGO as a promising electroactive anode candidate for sustainable, critical-metal-free NiMH-type chemistries, while explicitly highlighting performance limits associated with interfacial instability.
水相有机-无机混合系统为大功率储能提供了一个安全、可持续的平台，但减轻碳负载有机电极的氧化还原不稳定性仍然具有挑战性。本研究报道了在碱性电解质中还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）电极与Ni(OH)2正极的全电池配对，RGO电极与蒽醌（AQ）单元共价功能化。硝基接枝的rgo -甲基AQ材料将AQ单元固定在导电碳框架上，减轻了溶解并实现了有效的电子转移。电化学分析揭示了一种结合可逆AQ氧化还原和RGO电容缓冲的混合电荷存储机制。RGO-methyl AQ‖Ni(OH)2/NiOOH全电池在0.09℃时的平均工作电压为0.89 V，比容量为139.6 mAh g−1（阳极质量）。在12.7℃下循环101次后，它仍能保持84%的容量（51毫安时g−1），并在33℃下保持工作。阳极基能量密度从2C时的61 Wh kg - 1下降到33C时的34 Wh kg - 1。在实际设备中，假设有25 - 40%的有效质量分数，估计的功率密度（281 - 449w kg−1）处于商用大功率NiMH系统的较低范围内。这些结果表明，共价接枝的AQ-RGO是一种有前途的电活性阳极，可用于可持续的、无临界金属的nimh型化学反应，同时明确强调了与界面不稳定性相关的性能限制。
{"title":"Anthraquinone-functionalized reduced graphene oxide as a negative electrode for aqueous Ni(OH)2/NiOOH hybrid cells","authors":"Sumeyye Bahceci Sertkol , Anton A. Momchilov , Burak Esat , Murat Sertkol","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aqueous organic-inorganic hybrid systems offer a safe and sustainable platform for high-power energy storage, yet mitigating redox instability in carbon-supported organic electrodes remains challenging. This study reports a full-cell pairing a reduced graphene oxide (RGO) electrode, covalently functionalized with anthraquinone (AQ) units, with a Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub> positive electrode in alkaline electrolyte. The nitrene-grafted RGO-methyl AQ material immobilizes AQ units on a conductive carbon framework, mitigating dissolution and enabling effective electron transfer.</div><div>Electrochemical analysis reveals a hybrid charge-storage mechanism combining reversible AQ redox with capacitive buffering from RGO. The RGO–methyl AQ‖Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>/NiOOH full-cell delivers an average operating voltage of 0.89 V and a specific capacity of 139.6 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> (anode mass) at 0.09C. It retains 84 % of its capacity (51 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>) after 101 cycles at 12.7C and remains operational at 33C. The anode-based energy density decreases from 61 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at 2C to 34 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at 33C. When projected to a practical device assuming a 25–40 % active-mass fraction, the estimated power density (281–449 W kg<sup>−1</sup>) lies within the lower range of commercial high-power NiMH systems.</div><div>These results identify covalently grafted AQ-RGO as a promising electroactive anode candidate for sustainable, critical-metal-free NiMH-type chemistries, while explicitly highlighting performance limits associated with interfacial instability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239440"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239362
Shashi Rastogi, Parth Sohaliya, Chirodeep Bakli
In recent years, the development of high-performance thermal management systems for lithium-ion batteries has become a critical priority for the electric vehicle (EV) industry. An effectively designed battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential to maintaining the battery temperature within the optimal operational range. Many BTMS studies use either computationally heavy electrochemical-thermal models or empirical correlations with limited operating range. This work offers a computational analysis of an 18-cell air-cooled battery pack using an analytical model that estimates heat generation from temperature-discharge data across different C-rates. The model is integrated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to analyse the influence of airflow velocity, geometric design modifications, and coolant mass flow rate on thermal performance. Tailored configurations and velocities improve thermal stability significantly, maintaining battery operation within optimal 25°C-40 °C range across diverse discharge conditions. The three-inlet and three-outlet configuration (Case 9) achieves a 3.44 % reduction in cell temperature while sustaining a performance index greater than 1, in contrast to the other configurations. A thermodynamic analysis evaluates system irreversibility, offering a full assessment of the battery pack's thermal performance. Combining heat-generation modeling with BTMS optimization, the study provides strategies to improve lithium-ion battery durability and safety.
{"title":"Optimizing air-cooled battery thermal management through analytical heat generation modelling and numerical investigation of cooling performance","authors":"Shashi Rastogi, Parth Sohaliya, Chirodeep Bakli","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the development of high-performance thermal management systems for lithium-ion batteries has become a critical priority for the electric vehicle (EV) industry. An effectively designed battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential to maintaining the battery temperature within the optimal operational range. Many BTMS studies use either computationally heavy electrochemical-thermal models or empirical correlations with limited operating range. This work offers a computational analysis of an 18-cell air-cooled battery pack using an analytical model that estimates heat generation from temperature-discharge data across different C-rates. The model is integrated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to analyse the influence of airflow velocity, geometric design modifications, and coolant mass flow rate on thermal performance. Tailored configurations and velocities improve thermal stability significantly, maintaining battery operation within optimal 25°C-40 °C range across diverse discharge conditions. The three-inlet and three-outlet configuration (Case 9) achieves a 3.44 % reduction in cell temperature while sustaining a performance index greater than 1, in contrast to the other configurations. A thermodynamic analysis evaluates system irreversibility, offering a full assessment of the battery pack's thermal performance. Combining heat-generation modeling with BTMS optimization, the study provides strategies to improve lithium-ion battery durability and safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239362"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239431
Li-Qian Cheng , Yi Gong , Jiangyun Ding , Jingye Pan , Kai Chen , Xuxia Hao , Yu Dai , Min Jiang , Xinyuan Xie , Fan Yang , Ruiping Liu
High-manganese-to-iron-ratio lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP) is a promising candidate for next-generation electric vehicle cathodes due to its high energy density, low cost, and safety. However, its poor cycling reversibility, especially at elevated temperatures, has limited its practical application, which is mainly due to the Jahn-Teller effect and Mn-ion dissolution. Ion doping is a commonly used modification method. Herein, in this work, a novel V/F co-doping and Mn2+ capture membrane coated with CNT-doped hydroxyapatite (HAP-C) were employed to modify LMFP. The V/F co-doped LMFP showed enhanced structure stability during cycling tests compared to LMFP, and the capacity retention rate increased to 89.5 % after 300 cycles at 1C/1C. Meanwhile, the Mn2+-capturing separator further protected the anode stability by preventing the deposition of dissolved manganese ions. Due to these combined properties, the doped cathode battery using the HAP-C modified separator exhibited less manganese deposition on the anode. After 300 cycles at 1C/1C, 25 °C, the capacity retention rate further improved to 96.7 %, and after 300 cycles at 0.5C/0.5C, 45 °C, the capacity retention rate increased to 84.0 %, demonstrating outstanding cycling stability. This comprehensive strategy provides a basis for developing high-energy-density and long-cycle-life lithium-ion battery.
{"title":"Synergistic V/F Co-doping and Mn2+-Trapping separator for long-life LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4 cathodes","authors":"Li-Qian Cheng , Yi Gong , Jiangyun Ding , Jingye Pan , Kai Chen , Xuxia Hao , Yu Dai , Min Jiang , Xinyuan Xie , Fan Yang , Ruiping Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-manganese-to-iron-ratio lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP) is a promising candidate for next-generation electric vehicle cathodes due to its high energy density, low cost, and safety. However, its poor cycling reversibility, especially at elevated temperatures, has limited its practical application, which is mainly due to the Jahn-Teller effect and Mn-ion dissolution. Ion doping is a commonly used modification method. Herein, in this work, a novel V/F co-doping and Mn<sup>2+</sup> capture membrane coated with CNT-doped hydroxyapatite (HAP-C) were employed to modify LMFP. The V/F co-doped LMFP showed enhanced structure stability during cycling tests compared to LMFP, and the capacity retention rate increased to 89.5 % after 300 cycles at 1C/1C. Meanwhile, the Mn<sup>2+</sup>-capturing separator further protected the anode stability by preventing the deposition of dissolved manganese ions. Due to these combined properties, the doped cathode battery using the HAP-C modified separator exhibited less manganese deposition on the anode. After 300 cycles at 1C/1C, 25 °C, the capacity retention rate further improved to 96.7 %, and after 300 cycles at 0.5C/0.5C, 45 °C, the capacity retention rate increased to 84.0 %, demonstrating outstanding cycling stability. This comprehensive strategy provides a basis for developing high-energy-density and long-cycle-life lithium-ion battery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239431"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238995
Guoqing Sun, Yafei Liu, Xuewen Liu
{"title":"Retraction notice to: “A method for estimating lithium-ion battery state of health based on physics-informed machine learning” [J. Power Sour. 627 (2025) 235767]","authors":"Guoqing Sun, Yafei Liu, Xuewen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.238995","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 238995"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239391
Timon Novalin , Dong Pan , Nikola Nikolić , Björn Eriksson , Juan Pedro Pérez-Trujillo , Carina Lagergren , Göran Lindbergh , Patric Jannasch , Rakel Wreland Lindström
The electrode's composition and structure, affecting ion-conduction and water uptake and transport, is crucial for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. This study investigates the role of particles versus dispersed ionomer based on poly(arylene piperidinium) (PAP) for AEMFC. Mixed ionomer electrodes, consisting of linear PAP ionomers and crosslinked particles, are synthesized and evaluated in AEMFC single cells through electrochemical characterizations. The addition of insoluble particles corresponding to 5 % of total electrode weight leads to an increase in peak power density of ∼60 % in comparison to when employing electrodes based purely on the linear ionomers such as poly(terphenyl piperidinium) and poly(terphenyl piperidinium-co-trifluoroacetophenone), respectively. A deconvolution of cell resistance contributions based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data, combined with a distribution of relaxation times analysis (DRT), shows a significant decrease in effective cathode charge transfer resistance. This is attributed to particles serving as bridges between the membrane and the reaction sites, leading to increased ionic conductivity and active site utilization via shortening the distance of water and ion transport through the ionomer phase. In an expansion of the study, PAP particles were added to an electrode sample based on commercial Aemion + ™. A smaller peak power density increase of 27 % was observed, emphasizing the importance of matching the chemical structures of the particles, membrane, and linear ionomer.
{"title":"Impact of crosslinked poly(arylene piperidinium) particles in electrode structures on the performance of anion exchange membrane fuel cells","authors":"Timon Novalin , Dong Pan , Nikola Nikolić , Björn Eriksson , Juan Pedro Pérez-Trujillo , Carina Lagergren , Göran Lindbergh , Patric Jannasch , Rakel Wreland Lindström","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrode's composition and structure, affecting ion-conduction and water uptake and transport, is crucial for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. This study investigates the role of particles versus dispersed ionomer based on poly(arylene piperidinium) (PAP) for AEMFC. Mixed ionomer electrodes, consisting of linear PAP ionomers and crosslinked particles, are synthesized and evaluated in AEMFC single cells through electrochemical characterizations. The addition of insoluble particles corresponding to 5 % of total electrode weight leads to an increase in peak power density of ∼60 % in comparison to when employing electrodes based purely on the linear ionomers such as poly(terphenyl piperidinium) and poly(terphenyl piperidinium-<em>co</em>-trifluoroacetophenone), respectively. A deconvolution of cell resistance contributions based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data, combined with a distribution of relaxation times analysis (DRT), shows a significant decrease in effective cathode charge transfer resistance. This is attributed to particles serving as bridges between the membrane and the reaction sites, leading to increased ionic conductivity and active site utilization via shortening the distance of water and ion transport through the ionomer phase. In an expansion of the study, PAP particles were added to an electrode sample based on commercial Aemion + ™. A smaller peak power density increase of 27 % was observed, emphasizing the importance of matching the chemical structures of the particles, membrane, and linear ionomer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239391"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239421
Elif Gözen, Emre Özgül
Stringent EU CO2 regulations are accelerating hydrogen technologies for transportation. This article introduces the design of a thermal management system (TMS) for a fuel cell (FC) powered long-distance coach. The study optimizes the powertrain and thermal control strategies to improve efficiency, waste heat recovery (WHR), and driving range. An integral aspect of this research involves a comprehensive investigation of the thermal regulation requirements. These include several crucial topics: efficient cooling of a fuel-cell stack within temperature limits for operational purposes, cooling of the powertrain components and auxiliary systems to ensure a reliable and long lifetime operating condition. Another objective is the development of a virtual product development methodology that ensures optimal temperature regulation of the FC, encompassing both stack cooling and cabin heating circuits, with the goal of extending FC lifetime and improving overall performance. Results indicate that fuel-cell waste heat recovery improves energy efficiency by 19.7 % for coaches in the Vecto Coach Cycle.
{"title":"Thermal management system design for the fuel cell long distance coach","authors":"Elif Gözen, Emre Özgül","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stringent EU CO<sub>2</sub> regulations are accelerating hydrogen technologies for transportation. This article introduces the design of a thermal management system (TMS) for a fuel cell (FC) powered long-distance coach. The study optimizes the powertrain and thermal control strategies to improve efficiency, waste heat recovery (WHR), and driving range. An integral aspect of this research involves a comprehensive investigation of the thermal regulation requirements. These include several crucial topics: efficient cooling of a fuel-cell stack within temperature limits for operational purposes, cooling of the powertrain components and auxiliary systems to ensure a reliable and long lifetime operating condition. Another objective is the development of a virtual product development methodology that ensures optimal temperature regulation of the FC, encompassing both stack cooling and cabin heating circuits, with the goal of extending FC lifetime and improving overall performance. Results indicate that fuel-cell waste heat recovery improves energy efficiency by 19.7 % for coaches in the Vecto Coach Cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239421"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239429
Vinodhini S.P , Jasmine Christina X , Anitha G , Joseph Raj Xavier
The increasing demand for efficient, sustainable, and multifunctional energy storage systems has intensified research on advanced supercapacitors, particularly those based on conducting polymer electrodes. Polypyrrole (PPy) has attracted considerable attention owing to its high electrical conductivity, facile synthesis, and strong pseudocapacitive behavior; however, its practical application is limited by poor cycling stability, volumetric expansion, and mechanical degradation. This review provides a comprehensive and mechanism-oriented assessment of recent advances in PPy-based nanocomposites for next-generation supercapacitors. Unlike earlier reviews, this work explicitly correlates material design strategies with charge transport mechanisms, ion diffusion pathways, and interfacial and structural stability. Recent progress in synthesis approaches—including in situ polymerization, electrochemical deposition, template-assisted routes, and green scalable fabrication—is critically evaluated. Hybridization strategies involving carbon nanostructures, metal oxides and sulfides, two-dimensional materials, and polymer blends are systematically analyzed in relation to electrochemical performance and durability. In addition, this review integrates material-level insights with device-level considerations, covering symmetric, asymmetric, solid-state, and flexible supercapacitor configurations. Emerging directions, such as AI-assisted materials design, additive manufacturing, photovoltaic–supercapacitor integration, and sustainable bio-derived PPy systems, are also discussed. Overall, this review offers design guidelines for developing high-performance, durable, and scalable PPy-based supercapacitors.
{"title":"Polypyrrole nanocomposites for next-generation supercapacitors: A comprehensive review of design strategies, challenges, and future directions","authors":"Vinodhini S.P , Jasmine Christina X , Anitha G , Joseph Raj Xavier","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for efficient, sustainable, and multifunctional energy storage systems has intensified research on advanced supercapacitors, particularly those based on conducting polymer electrodes. Polypyrrole (PPy) has attracted considerable attention owing to its high electrical conductivity, facile synthesis, and strong pseudocapacitive behavior; however, its practical application is limited by poor cycling stability, volumetric expansion, and mechanical degradation. This review provides a comprehensive and mechanism-oriented assessment of recent advances in PPy-based nanocomposites for next-generation supercapacitors. Unlike earlier reviews, this work explicitly correlates material design strategies with charge transport mechanisms, ion diffusion pathways, and interfacial and structural stability. Recent progress in synthesis approaches—including in situ polymerization, electrochemical deposition, template-assisted routes, and green scalable fabrication—is critically evaluated. Hybridization strategies involving carbon nanostructures, metal oxides and sulfides, two-dimensional materials, and polymer blends are systematically analyzed in relation to electrochemical performance and durability. In addition, this review integrates material-level insights with device-level considerations, covering symmetric, asymmetric, solid-state, and flexible supercapacitor configurations. Emerging directions, such as AI-assisted materials design, additive manufacturing, photovoltaic–supercapacitor integration, and sustainable bio-derived PPy systems, are also discussed. Overall, this review offers design guidelines for developing high-performance, durable, and scalable PPy-based supercapacitors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239429"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) with high-capacity silicon (Si) anodes offer high energy density and intrinsic safety, yet large Si volume changes during cycling require high stack pressure to maintain stable solid–solid interfaces, which remains a major barrier to practical application. Here, we elucidate how pore structures and surface oxide layers of porous Si enable stable operation under reduced pressure. Porous Si with tailored porosity and oxide thickness (meso-pSi, macro-pSi) were synthesized via magnesiothermic reduction and high-concentration HCl etching, and compared with bulk Si and HF-etched oxide-free porous Si. Meso-pSi provided sufficient internal buffer space, while thin oxide layers on pore walls suppressed LixSi coalescence, allowing reversible pore contraction and expansion. In contrast, macro-pSi initially mitigated stress through pore contraction but underwent plastic deformation, forming interconnected Si networks that prevented Si isolation. Oxide layers on both porous Si types also protected LixSi from chemical degradation, preventing the accumulation of insulating byproducts. These combined mechanical and chemical stabilizations yielded improved cycling stability and lower internal resistance under reduced stack pressures. This study highlights the critical role of pore structure and surface chemistry in stabilizing Si anodes, providing design guidelines for high-performance ASSBs with enhanced energy density and reliability.
{"title":"Structural design strategies for porous silicon anodes to reduce stack pressure in all-solid-state batteries","authors":"Mari Yamamoto , Sakiko Hino , Atsutaka Kato , Shinya Kato , Masanari Takahashi","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) with high-capacity silicon (Si) anodes offer high energy density and intrinsic safety, yet large Si volume changes during cycling require high stack pressure to maintain stable solid–solid interfaces, which remains a major barrier to practical application. Here, we elucidate how pore structures and surface oxide layers of porous Si enable stable operation under reduced pressure. Porous Si with tailored porosity and oxide thickness (meso-pSi, macro-pSi) were synthesized via magnesiothermic reduction and high-concentration HCl etching, and compared with bulk Si and HF-etched oxide-free porous Si. Meso-pSi provided sufficient internal buffer space, while thin oxide layers on pore walls suppressed Li<sub>x</sub>Si coalescence, allowing reversible pore contraction and expansion. In contrast, macro-pSi initially mitigated stress through pore contraction but underwent plastic deformation, forming interconnected Si networks that prevented Si isolation. Oxide layers on both porous Si types also protected Li<sub>x</sub>Si from chemical degradation, preventing the accumulation of insulating byproducts. These combined mechanical and chemical stabilizations yielded improved cycling stability and lower internal resistance under reduced stack pressures. This study highlights the critical role of pore structure and surface chemistry in stabilizing Si anodes, providing design guidelines for high-performance ASSBs with enhanced energy density and reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239427"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The adsorption of ionomers on Pt/C surfaces in the catalyst ink is a decisive factor for the structure and activity of the triple-phase boundaries (TPB) in the catalyst layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This work systematically investigates the adsorption behavior of ionomers on highly graphitized XC-72 carbon and high-specific-surface-area EC300 carbon in ethanol (ET) and isopropanol (IPA) solvents. The results reveal an entropy-driven adsorption mechanism on carbon surfaces, with higher graphitization degrees yielding greater adsorption capacity per unit area. While ET solvent generally enhances ionomer adsorption, elevated I/C ratios induce significant fluctuations due to solvent-mediated aggregation phenomena. Furthermore, solvent properties critically influence aggregate morphology: IPA's lower surface tension improves wetting, but its reduced dielectric constant promotes ionomer bridging and the formation of larger aggregates, whereas ET's higher dielectric constant enhances electrostatic stabilization. For Pt/C systems, an entropy-enthalpy synergistic adsorption mechanism is identified, where side-chain preferential adsorption onto Pt nanoparticles and shear-dependent backbone anchoring result in zeta potential reversal; this is explained by initial H+ adsorption followed by stable ionomer layer formation. Optimizing the dispersion conditions suppresses detrimental agglomeration, enabling the fabrication of homogeneous TPBs that significantly improve MEA performance through enhanced electrochemical surface area and reduced resistances.
{"title":"Uniform construction of fuel cell electrodes at the hundred-nanometer scale via entropy–enthalpy synergy and shear forces","authors":"Daozeng Yang, Zikuan Zhang, Jue Wang, Weibo Zheng, Daijun Yang, Pingwen Ming, Bing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adsorption of ionomers on Pt/C surfaces in the catalyst ink is a decisive factor for the structure and activity of the triple-phase boundaries (TPB) in the catalyst layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This work systematically investigates the adsorption behavior of ionomers on highly graphitized XC-72 carbon and high-specific-surface-area EC300 carbon in ethanol (ET) and isopropanol (IPA) solvents. The results reveal an entropy-driven adsorption mechanism on carbon surfaces, with higher graphitization degrees yielding greater adsorption capacity per unit area. While ET solvent generally enhances ionomer adsorption, elevated I/C ratios induce significant fluctuations due to solvent-mediated aggregation phenomena. Furthermore, solvent properties critically influence aggregate morphology: IPA's lower surface tension improves wetting, but its reduced dielectric constant promotes ionomer bridging and the formation of larger aggregates, whereas ET's higher dielectric constant enhances electrostatic stabilization. For Pt/C systems, an entropy-enthalpy synergistic adsorption mechanism is identified, where side-chain preferential adsorption onto Pt nanoparticles and shear-dependent backbone anchoring result in zeta potential reversal; this is explained by initial H<sup>+</sup> adsorption followed by stable ionomer layer formation. Optimizing the dispersion conditions suppresses detrimental agglomeration, enabling the fabrication of homogeneous TPBs that significantly improve MEA performance through enhanced electrochemical surface area and reduced resistances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239423"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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