Pub Date : 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236785
Peichao Li, Shaoxiao Ju, Shixing Bai, Han Zhao, Hengyun Zhang
Expansion of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) impacts performance and safety. Therefore, accurately estimating the state of swelling displacement (SoD) and state of charge (SoC) is crucial for battery health management. However, SoC estimation methods often ignore the impact of expansion on battery performance, leading to estimation errors. To address this issue, this paper proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN)-long short-term memory (LSTM) estimation framework embedded with physical information. First, at the physical level, the relationship between displacement and charge state is analyzed using an electrochemical-mechanical coupling model, which provides certain prior physical knowledge for subsequent estimation. At the mathematical level, Pearson correlation analysis is used to quantify the correlation between displacement and SoC. Next, a CNN-LSTM framework is employed to estimate the displacement and use it as key physical information for SoC estimation. Finally, the proposed method is validated using test data under various operating conditions. The results show that the accuracy of SoC estimation is significantly improved with including displacement, with the mean absolute error (MAE) reduced by about 16.07 % compared to when displacement is not included. The proposed method depicts good prediction accuracy and computational efficiency under different charge-discharge rates, validating the effectiveness of displacement as key physical information.
{"title":"State of charge estimation for lithium-ion batteries based on physics-embedded neural network","authors":"Peichao Li, Shaoxiao Ju, Shixing Bai, Han Zhao, Hengyun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Expansion of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) impacts performance and safety. Therefore, accurately estimating the state of swelling displacement (SoD) and state of charge (SoC) is crucial for battery health management. However, SoC estimation methods often ignore the impact of expansion on battery performance, leading to estimation errors. To address this issue, this paper proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN)-long short-term memory (LSTM) estimation framework embedded with physical information. First, at the physical level, the relationship between displacement and charge state is analyzed using an electrochemical-mechanical coupling model, which provides certain prior physical knowledge for subsequent estimation. At the mathematical level, Pearson correlation analysis is used to quantify the correlation between displacement and SoC. Next, a CNN-LSTM framework is employed to estimate the displacement and use it as key physical information for SoC estimation. Finally, the proposed method is validated using test data under various operating conditions. The results show that the accuracy of SoC estimation is significantly improved with including displacement, with the mean absolute error (MAE) reduced by about 16.07 % compared to when displacement is not included. The proposed method depicts good prediction accuracy and computational efficiency under different charge-discharge rates, validating the effectiveness of displacement as key physical information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"640 ","pages":"Article 236785"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236525
K.S. Nivedhitha , T. Beena , R. Venkatesh , N.R. Banapurmath , K. Ramesh , Ashok M. Sajjan , N.H. Ayachit , Bipin S. Chikkatti , M.A. Umarfarooq , K. Subramanian , Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar , Sagar Shelare , Shubham Sharma , Ehab El Sayed Massoud
This study focuses on the preparation of Mg-Ni-Ti ternary alloys substituted with varying weight ratios of carbon fiber, synthesized using mechanical alloying for hydrogen storage applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the presence of carbon in the ternary alloy at 2θ = 71° along with the ternary alloy characteristic peaks. The substitution of carbon fiber increases the dislocation density from 5.3x10−3 nm−2 to 7.845x10−3 nm−2 and significantly enhances the strain within the samples. Selected area diffraction (SAED) confirms the formation of alloys as well presence of carbon. High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy shows carbon encapsulated in metal alloy particles, which helps as a barrier to resist the corrosion of metal alloy. Carbon fiber substitution lowers the activation energy of Mg-Ti-Ni from 79.96 kJ/mol to 65.54 kJ/mol, as estimated by Kissinger's analysis. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) analysis for the alloy substituted with carbon fiber has unveiled a more substantial reduction peak than the oxidation peak, attributed to the hydrophobic nature of carbon fiber. The oxidation property of carbon fiber also reduces the corrosion rate from 0.146 mgpy to 0.083 mgpy. Hydrogen absorption/desorption studies for carbon fiber substituted ternary alloy have indicated that the ternary alloy with 5 wt% carbon fiber substitution has achieved a maximum higher discharge capacity of 1020 mAhg−1.
{"title":"Enhancing tunneling, microstructural morphology, and electrochemical performance of carbon fiber substituted ternary alloys (Mg-Ni-Ti) synthesized via mechanical alloying for hydrogen storage applications: Activation energy reduction and hydrophobic benefits","authors":"K.S. Nivedhitha , T. Beena , R. Venkatesh , N.R. Banapurmath , K. Ramesh , Ashok M. Sajjan , N.H. Ayachit , Bipin S. Chikkatti , M.A. Umarfarooq , K. Subramanian , Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar , Sagar Shelare , Shubham Sharma , Ehab El Sayed Massoud","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the preparation of Mg-Ni-Ti ternary alloys substituted with varying weight ratios of carbon fiber, synthesized using mechanical alloying for hydrogen storage applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the presence of carbon in the ternary alloy at 2θ = 71° along with the ternary alloy characteristic peaks. The substitution of carbon fiber increases the dislocation density from 5.3x10<sup>−3</sup> nm<sup>−2</sup> to 7.845x10<sup>−3</sup> nm<sup>−2</sup> and significantly enhances the strain within the samples. Selected area diffraction (SAED) confirms the formation of alloys as well presence of carbon. High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy shows carbon encapsulated in metal alloy particles, which helps as a barrier to resist the corrosion of metal alloy. Carbon fiber substitution lowers the activation energy of Mg-Ti-Ni from 79.96 kJ/mol to 65.54 kJ/mol, as estimated by Kissinger's analysis. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) analysis for the alloy substituted with carbon fiber has unveiled a more substantial reduction peak than the oxidation peak, attributed to the hydrophobic nature of carbon fiber. The oxidation property of carbon fiber also reduces the corrosion rate from 0.146 mgpy to 0.083 mgpy. Hydrogen absorption/desorption studies for carbon fiber substituted ternary alloy have indicated that the ternary alloy with 5 wt% carbon fiber substitution has achieved a maximum higher discharge capacity of 1020 mAhg<sup>−1</sup>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"640 ","pages":"Article 236525"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O3-NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NFM) becomes one of the primary cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to its low cost, high capacity, and easy preparation. However, its slow diffusion kinetics and severe lattice distortion at high voltage significantly affect its electrochemical performance. In this study, Nb doping is applied to NFM using the sol-gel method to enhance its electrochemical properties. Both the theoretical calculations and experimental results indicate that Nb doping not only reduces the migration energy barrier for Na ions but also stabilizes the crystal structure. The Nb-doped NFM material retains 83.7 % of its initial capacity after 100 cycles at a voltage range of 2–4.2V and a 1C current density. When the current density increases from 0.1C to 10C, the capacity retention rate reaches 48.25 %, significantly higher than the 27.76 % retention rate of the undoped sample. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of Nb doping for improving the high-voltage stability of O3-type materials and hold valuable implications for further optimization of cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries.
{"title":"Nb-doped NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 and its high-voltage performance as sodium-ion battery cathode","authors":"Liwei Dong , Wei Wu , Zhenming Xu , Yaohua Xiang , Zhongzhu Liu , Yuqiao Jiang , Zhenhui Liu , Robson Monteiro , Luanna Parreira , Hui Dou , Mingbo Zheng , Yongyao Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>O3-NaNi<sub>1/3</sub>Fe<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>1/3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (NFM) becomes one of the primary cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to its low cost, high capacity, and easy preparation. However, its slow diffusion kinetics and severe lattice distortion at high voltage significantly affect its electrochemical performance. In this study, Nb doping is applied to NFM using the sol-gel method to enhance its electrochemical properties. Both the theoretical calculations and experimental results indicate that Nb doping not only reduces the migration energy barrier for Na ions but also stabilizes the crystal structure. The Nb-doped NFM material retains 83.7 % of its initial capacity after 100 cycles at a voltage range of 2–4.2V and a 1C current density. When the current density increases from 0.1C to 10C, the capacity retention rate reaches 48.25 %, significantly higher than the 27.76 % retention rate of the undoped sample. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of Nb doping for improving the high-voltage stability of O3-type materials and hold valuable implications for further optimization of cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"640 ","pages":"Article 236701"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dry processing (DP) is an advanced manufacturing technique for lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes. Unlike conventional wet-process-based manufacturing that involves dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder in n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent for slurry-casting, DP involves fibrillation of polymer binders. This method offers environmental and cost benefits by eliminating the need for expensive and environmentally hazardous organic solvents. However, DP-produced electrode films often lack mechanical stability due to the absence of a current collector substrate during electrode material layer fabrication. This reduced mechanical instability results in difficulty during fabricating of thin electrodes (≈5 mAh/cm2). To address this issue, long (>8 mm) carbon fiber (CF) has been incorporated to reinforce the mechanical strength of the electrode films. The study demonstrates that the inclusion of long carbon fiber boosts the mechanical, electrical, thermal, and electrochemical performance of DP electrodes.
{"title":"Long carbon fibers boost performance of dry processed Li-ion battery electrodes","authors":"Junbin Choi , Georgios Polyzos , H.E. Humphrey , Michael Toomey , Nihal Kanbargi , Amit Naskar , Ilias Belharouak , Jaswinder Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dry processing (DP) is an advanced manufacturing technique for lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes. Unlike conventional wet-process-based manufacturing that involves dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder in n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent for slurry-casting, DP involves fibrillation of polymer binders. This method offers environmental and cost benefits by eliminating the need for expensive and environmentally hazardous organic solvents. However, DP-produced electrode films often lack mechanical stability due to the absence of a current collector substrate during electrode material layer fabrication. This reduced mechanical instability results in difficulty during fabricating of thin electrodes (≈5 mAh/cm<sup>2</sup>). To address this issue, long (>8 mm) carbon fiber (CF) has been incorporated to reinforce the mechanical strength of the electrode films. The study demonstrates that the inclusion of long carbon fiber boosts the mechanical, electrical, thermal, and electrochemical performance of DP electrodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"640 ","pages":"Article 236603"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236717
Tongxing Lei , Guolin Cao , Xiuling Shi , Bin Cao , Zhiyu Ding , Yu Bai , Junwei Wu , Kaikai Li , Tongyi Zhang
The commercial development of lithium-rich manganese-based cathode materials is limited by severe capacity decay, voltage attenuation and poor rate capability. Herein, a multifunctional surface engineering is successfully applied to improve Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 materials by a facile method of solution pretreatment followed by high-temperature thermal treatment. Gradient fluorine doping on the near-surface region is demonstrated to induce the higher ratio of Mn3+/Mn4+, the increasing amounts of oxygen vacancies and the decreasing Li+ diffusion energy barrier. Fast-ion-conductivity spinel phase of LiMn2O4 is spontaneously formed on the subsurface and the outmost coating layer that consists of Li3PO4 and LiF is constructed on the surface. The formed heterogeneous layers could not only facilitate Li + rapid transport but also effectively stabilize the surficial structure. The optimal sample is demonstrated to exhibit superior cycling stability and rate capability. The capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 C is improved from 67.7 % to 91.0 % and the specific capacity at 8 C is increased from 81.9 to 140.8 mAh/g. The voltage attenuation is significantly mitigated, decreasing from 2.02 to 1.05 mV per cycle. The encouraging results may promote the practical application of lithium-rich manganese-based cathode materials in high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries.
{"title":"Enhancing the performance of Li-rich oxide cathodes through multifunctional surface engineering","authors":"Tongxing Lei , Guolin Cao , Xiuling Shi , Bin Cao , Zhiyu Ding , Yu Bai , Junwei Wu , Kaikai Li , Tongyi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The commercial development of lithium-rich manganese-based cathode materials is limited by severe capacity decay, voltage attenuation and poor rate capability. Herein, a multifunctional surface engineering is successfully applied to improve Li<sub>1.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.54</sub>Co<sub>0.13</sub>Ni<sub>0.13</sub>O<sub>2</sub> materials by a facile method of solution pretreatment followed by high-temperature thermal treatment. Gradient fluorine doping on the near-surface region is demonstrated to induce the higher ratio of Mn<sup>3+</sup>/Mn<sup>4+</sup>, the increasing amounts of oxygen vacancies and the decreasing Li<sup>+</sup> diffusion energy barrier. Fast-ion-conductivity spinel phase of LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> is spontaneously formed on the subsurface and the outmost coating layer that consists of Li<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> and LiF is constructed on the surface. The formed heterogeneous layers could not only facilitate Li <sup>+</sup> rapid transport but also effectively stabilize the surficial structure. The optimal sample is demonstrated to exhibit superior cycling stability and rate capability. The capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 C is improved from 67.7 % to 91.0 % and the specific capacity at 8 C is increased from 81.9 to 140.8 mAh/g. The voltage attenuation is significantly mitigated, decreasing from 2.02 to 1.05 mV per cycle. The encouraging results may promote the practical application of lithium-rich manganese-based cathode materials in high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"640 ","pages":"Article 236717"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236775
Saron Park , Muhammad Pramaditya Garry Hanantyo , Junghyun Park , Hajin Lee , Jun-Young Park , Sun-Ju Song
Reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) represent an innovative and sustainable energy solution by integrating the functionalities of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). This dual capability allows RSOCs to efficiently convert various fuel sources into electricity and store energy via chemical production. Despite their potential, the relatively high manufacturing costs of RSOCs pose a significant barrier to widespread commercialization. This study presents an optimized multilayer co-casting method for fabricating RSOCs, offering a simplified and potentially more cost-effective manufacturing approach. Optimization involved adjusting slurry parameters via the fabrication and microstructural comparison of multiple half-cells. This optimized co-casting method yielded a thin YSZ electrolyte layer (∼3 μm), significantly thinner than the conventional thickness achieved via conventional tape-casting processes. Performance evaluations of anode-supported RSOCs demonstrated substantial improvements, with peak power density (PPD) enhancements of up to 24 % in fuel cell mode—rising from 2.03 W cm−2 at 800 °C for conventionally coated cells to 2.52 W cm−2 for co-casted cells. In electrolysis cell mode, current density improved nearly threefold, increasing from 0.81 A cm−2 at 1.3 V for conventionally coated cells to 2.48 A cm−2 for co-casted cells. Furthermore, investigations into the impact of functional layer thickness revealed that cells with a 17-μm anode functional layer achieved the highest PPD of 2.9 W cm−2 at 800 °C in fuel cell mode. In comparison, those with an 11-μm layer excelled in the electrolysis mode, reaching a current density of 2.48 A cm−2 at 1.3 V.
可逆式固体氧化物电池（RSOC）集成了固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）和固体氧化物电解电池（SOEC）的功能，是一种创新的可持续能源解决方案。这种双重功能使 RSOC 能够有效地将各种燃料转化为电能，并通过化学生产储存能量。尽管 RSOC 潜力巨大，但其相对较高的制造成本是其广泛商业化的一大障碍。本研究提出了一种用于制造 RSOC 的优化多层共铸方法，提供了一种简化且可能更具成本效益的制造方法。优化包括通过多个半电池的制造和微观结构比较来调整浆料参数。这种优化的共铸方法产生了很薄的 YSZ 电解质层（∼3 μm），大大薄于传统的胶带铸造工艺。阳极支持的 RSOC 的性能评估表明其性能有了大幅提高，在燃料电池模式下，峰值功率密度（PPD）提高了 24%，从传统涂层电池在 800 °C 时的 2.03 W cm-2 提高到共铸电池的 2.52 W cm-2。在电解池模式下，电流密度提高了近三倍，从传统涂层电池在 1.3 V 时的 0.81 A cm-2 提高到共铸电池的 2.48 A cm-2。此外，对功能层厚度影响的研究表明，在燃料电池模式下，阳极功能层为 17μm 的电池在 800 °C 时的功率密度最高，达到 2.9 W cm-2。相比之下，那些具有 11 微米功能层的电池在电解模式下表现出色，在 1.3 V 电压下电流密度达到 2.48 A cm-2。
{"title":"Multilayer Co-casting method for enhanced performance anode-supported reversible solid oxide cells: Fabrication and effect of anode functional layer thickness on electrochemical performance","authors":"Saron Park , Muhammad Pramaditya Garry Hanantyo , Junghyun Park , Hajin Lee , Jun-Young Park , Sun-Ju Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) represent an innovative and sustainable energy solution by integrating the functionalities of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). This dual capability allows RSOCs to efficiently convert various fuel sources into electricity and store energy via chemical production. Despite their potential, the relatively high manufacturing costs of RSOCs pose a significant barrier to widespread commercialization. This study presents an optimized multilayer co-casting method for fabricating RSOCs, offering a simplified and potentially more cost-effective manufacturing approach. Optimization involved adjusting slurry parameters via the fabrication and microstructural comparison of multiple half-cells. This optimized co-casting method yielded a thin YSZ electrolyte layer (∼3 μm), significantly thinner than the conventional thickness achieved via conventional tape-casting processes. Performance evaluations of anode-supported RSOCs demonstrated substantial improvements, with peak power density (PPD) enhancements of up to 24 % in fuel cell mode—rising from 2.03 W cm<sup>−2</sup> at 800 °C for conventionally coated cells to 2.52 W cm<sup>−2</sup> for co-casted cells. In electrolysis cell mode, current density improved nearly threefold, increasing from 0.81 A cm<sup>−2</sup> at 1.3 V for conventionally coated cells to 2.48 A cm<sup>−2</sup> for co-casted cells. Furthermore, investigations into the impact of functional layer thickness revealed that cells with a 17-μm anode functional layer achieved the highest PPD of 2.9 W cm<sup>−2</sup> at 800 °C in fuel cell mode. In comparison, those with an 11-μm layer excelled in the electrolysis mode, reaching a current density of 2.48 A cm<sup>−2</sup> at 1.3 V.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"640 ","pages":"Article 236775"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236767
Zujin Bai , Xianghong Li , Jun Deng , Chi-Min Shu , Yanni Zhang , Pei Zhang , Seeram Ramakrishna
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used, but safety issues frequently occur, hindering further development. With rapid technological development the continuous improvement of battery energy density makes the safety problem of LIB increasingly prominent. Therefore, we urgently need to develop a new type of fire extinguishing agent with rapid fire extinguishing and efficient cooling functions to effectively suppress the occurrence and spread of LIB fires. As a result, an advanced LIB fire extinguishing technology is proposed, which is crucial for battery safety and fire risk prevention. Therefore, it is necessary to classify, compare the performance, and analyze the mechanisms of various LIB fire prevention technologies that have been developed so that users can more conveniently choose appropriate types of technologies. Firstly, the thermal runaway (TR) mechanism, process characteristics, and five reaction types of LIB are summarized. Secondly, the extinguishing mechanisms, effects, advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of 11 commercial extinguishing agents, categorised as solid, liquid, and gas are reviewed. In addition, the mechanism, effect and problems of seven new types of fire prevention materials developed during the past two decades are also summarized. Finally, the paper proposes the development direction of LIB's TR suppression fire extinguishing technology from three aspects. Overall, developing efficient, green, and environmentally friendly fire prevention and extinguishing materials is essential to rapidly suppress fires and minimise reignition risks. Developing strategies for the protection period, temperature rise stage, occurrence of small and large fires for the entire development process of LIB can achieve safety protection throughout the entire lifecycle of LIB. At the same time, it is also necessary to develop refined and intelligent fire prevention technologies, combined with the characteristics of LIB fires and the needs of different scenarios, to achieve fire protection in various scenarios, such as large, medium, small, and micro, and ensure the safe and stable operation of LIB in various application environments.
{"title":"Overview of anti-fire technology for suppressing thermal runaway of lithium battery: Material, performance, and applications","authors":"Zujin Bai , Xianghong Li , Jun Deng , Chi-Min Shu , Yanni Zhang , Pei Zhang , Seeram Ramakrishna","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used, but safety issues frequently occur, hindering further development. With rapid technological development the continuous improvement of battery energy density makes the safety problem of LIB increasingly prominent. Therefore, we urgently need to develop a new type of fire extinguishing agent with rapid fire extinguishing and efficient cooling functions to effectively suppress the occurrence and spread of LIB fires. As a result, an advanced LIB fire extinguishing technology is proposed, which is crucial for battery safety and fire risk prevention. Therefore, it is necessary to classify, compare the performance, and analyze the mechanisms of various LIB fire prevention technologies that have been developed so that users can more conveniently choose appropriate types of technologies. Firstly, the thermal runaway (TR) mechanism, process characteristics, and five reaction types of LIB are summarized. Secondly, the extinguishing mechanisms, effects, advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of 11 commercial extinguishing agents, categorised as solid, liquid, and gas are reviewed. In addition, the mechanism, effect and problems of seven new types of fire prevention materials developed during the past two decades are also summarized. Finally, the paper proposes the development direction of LIB's TR suppression fire extinguishing technology from three aspects. Overall, developing efficient, green, and environmentally friendly fire prevention and extinguishing materials is essential to rapidly suppress fires and minimise reignition risks. Developing strategies for the protection period, temperature rise stage, occurrence of small and large fires for the entire development process of LIB can achieve safety protection throughout the entire lifecycle of LIB. At the same time, it is also necessary to develop refined and intelligent fire prevention technologies, combined with the characteristics of LIB fires and the needs of different scenarios, to achieve fire protection in various scenarios, such as large, medium, small, and micro, and ensure the safe and stable operation of LIB in various application environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"640 ","pages":"Article 236767"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236710
Sung Do Jang , Sang Cheol Jang , Haesu Lee , Dong Seob Lee , Ho Yeon Lee , Sanghoon Lee , Yoon Ho Lee
This study examines how sputtering deposition parameters — target-substrate distance (TSD) and chamber pressure — affect the microstructure, crystallinity, and performance of gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) interlayers in thin-film solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). GDC interlayers are deposited under varying TSDs (13.3–18 .5 cm) and chamber pressures (10–50 mTorr). Microscopy images reveal that grain size decreases with increasing TSD up to 16.7 cm but increases at 18.5 cm due to gas-phase nucleation. Increasing chamber pressure from 10 mTorr to 30 mTorr reduces grain size; however, a further increase to 50 mTorr leads to larger grains due to gas-phase nucleation. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is carried out to reveal a crystal structure. Electrochemical testing indicates that the cell with an optimized GDC interlayer achieves the highest peak power density of 1.76 W/cm2 at 500 °C — a 200 % improvement over the baseline. These results demonstrate that optimizing sputtering parameters can significantly enhance SOFC performance at lower operating temperatures.
{"title":"High-performing gadolinium-doped ceria interlayer for thin film solid oxide fuel cell via sputtering process parameter control","authors":"Sung Do Jang , Sang Cheol Jang , Haesu Lee , Dong Seob Lee , Ho Yeon Lee , Sanghoon Lee , Yoon Ho Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how sputtering deposition parameters — target-substrate distance (TSD) and chamber pressure — affect the microstructure, crystallinity, and performance of gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) interlayers in thin-film solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). GDC interlayers are deposited under varying TSDs (13.3–18 .5 cm) and chamber pressures (10–50 mTorr). Microscopy images reveal that grain size decreases with increasing TSD up to 16.7 cm but increases at 18.5 cm due to gas-phase nucleation. Increasing chamber pressure from 10 mTorr to 30 mTorr reduces grain size; however, a further increase to 50 mTorr leads to larger grains due to gas-phase nucleation. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is carried out to reveal a crystal structure. Electrochemical testing indicates that the cell with an optimized GDC interlayer achieves the highest peak power density of 1.76 W/cm<sup>2</sup> at 500 °C — a 200 % improvement over the baseline. These results demonstrate that optimizing sputtering parameters can significantly enhance SOFC performance at lower operating temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"640 ","pages":"Article 236710"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236683
Sharmila Tharuman, Shen-Ming Chen
This study presents the first-ever use of low-cost, biocompatible poppy seeds as flexible electrodes for the fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), offering a novel approach to sustainable energy harvesting. A flexible poppy-seed based TENG (P-TENG) is developed to efficiently convert human motion into electrical energy, demonstrating its potential for powering small electronics and motion sensing. The P-TENG exhibits notable electrical performance, with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 250 V, short-circuit current (Isc) of 49.7 μA, and a maximum power density of 341.6 mW/m2. Additionally, a waste-to-energy strategy is employed by repurposing plastic packaging waste from package of poppy seeds as a tribo-negative layer, resulting in an eco-friendly TENG with a Voc of 27.04 V and Isc of 4.67 μA. This study not only introduces an innovative use of natural materials for clean energy generation but also integrates waste recycling, contributing to the advancement of sustainable and environmentally friendly energy solutions. These findings highlight the potential of biodegradable and recycled materials in next-generation wearable and self-powered electronic devices.
{"title":"Sustainable energy from nature: Biocompatible next-generation triboelectric nanogenerators and waste-recycling approach","authors":"Sharmila Tharuman, Shen-Ming Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the first-ever use of low-cost, biocompatible poppy seeds as flexible electrodes for the fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), offering a novel approach to sustainable energy harvesting. A flexible poppy-seed based TENG (P-TENG) is developed to efficiently convert human motion into electrical energy, demonstrating its potential for powering small electronics and motion sensing. The P-TENG exhibits notable electrical performance, with an open-circuit voltage (V<sub>oc</sub>) of 250 V, short-circuit current (I<sub>sc</sub>) of 49.7 μA, and a maximum power density of 341.6 mW/m<sup>2</sup>. Additionally, a waste-to-energy strategy is employed by repurposing plastic packaging waste from package of poppy seeds as a tribo-negative layer, resulting in an eco-friendly TENG with a V<sub>oc</sub> of 27.04 V and I<sub>sc</sub> of 4.67 μA. This study not only introduces an innovative use of natural materials for clean energy generation but also integrates waste recycling, contributing to the advancement of sustainable and environmentally friendly energy solutions. These findings highlight the potential of biodegradable and recycled materials in next-generation wearable and self-powered electronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"640 ","pages":"Article 236683"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236660
Hong Zhang , Huanqiao Li , Xiaoming Zhang , Suli Wang , Gongquan Sun
This study investigates the influence of electrolyte anions on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and stability of PtCo alloy electrocatalyst under varying electrochemical conditions. Using a combination of rotating disk electrode (RDE) and gas diffusion electrode (GDE) setups, we examined the interactions between weakly adsorbing (ClO- 4), moderately adsorbing (HSO-4, H2PO-4), and strongly adsorbing (Cl−) anions and their effects on electrocatalytic performance. Experimental results revealed that anion adsorption impacts both the catalytic site occupation and the dissolution rates of Pt and Co during accelerated durability testing (ADT). Specifically, moderate anion adsorption, as observed with H2PO-4, provided a protective effect by reducing metal dissolution while partially blocking catalytic sites. Conversely, strongly adsorbing anions like Cl− significantly degraded the electrochemical surface area (ECSA), leading to a substantial decline in ORR activity. The stability tests showed that the addition of H3PO4 resulted in an improvement in ORR activity after 10,000 cycles, highlighting its stabilizing effect. In contrast, Cl− caused pronounced Pt dissolution and particle agglomeration, as evidenced by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further confirmed changes in the electronic state of Pt, with phosphoric acid showing the least alteration, correlating with enhanced catalytic stability. These findings emphasize the dual role of anions in influencing both the intrinsic activity and durability of PtCo electrocatalysts. The insights gained can inform the design of tailored electrochemical microenvironments for optimizing ORR performance in practical fuel cell applications.
{"title":"Dual role of anions on the stability and activity of PtCo electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction","authors":"Hong Zhang , Huanqiao Li , Xiaoming Zhang , Suli Wang , Gongquan Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of electrolyte anions on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and stability of PtCo alloy electrocatalyst under varying electrochemical conditions. Using a combination of rotating disk electrode (RDE) and gas diffusion electrode (GDE) setups, we examined the interactions between weakly adsorbing (ClO- 4), moderately adsorbing (HSO-4, H<sub>2</sub>PO-4), and strongly adsorbing (Cl<sup>−</sup>) anions and their effects on electrocatalytic performance. Experimental results revealed that anion adsorption impacts both the catalytic site occupation and the dissolution rates of Pt and Co during accelerated durability testing (ADT). Specifically, moderate anion adsorption, as observed with H<sub>2</sub>PO-4, provided a protective effect by reducing metal dissolution while partially blocking catalytic sites. Conversely, strongly adsorbing anions like Cl<sup>−</sup> significantly degraded the electrochemical surface area (ECSA), leading to a substantial decline in ORR activity. The stability tests showed that the addition of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> resulted in an improvement in ORR activity after 10,000 cycles, highlighting its stabilizing effect. In contrast, Cl<sup>−</sup> caused pronounced Pt dissolution and particle agglomeration, as evidenced by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further confirmed changes in the electronic state of Pt, with phosphoric acid showing the least alteration, correlating with enhanced catalytic stability. These findings emphasize the dual role of anions in influencing both the intrinsic activity and durability of PtCo electrocatalysts. The insights gained can inform the design of tailored electrochemical microenvironments for optimizing ORR performance in practical fuel cell applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"640 ","pages":"Article 236660"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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