Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239398
Heather S. Slomski , Andrew J.E. Rowberg , Madeline Van Winkle , Liam A.V. Nagle-Cocco , Nicholas A. Strange , Nicholas Kane , Jeremy L. Hartvigsen , Micah J. Casteel , David S. Ginley , Brandon C. Wood , Kyoung E. Kweon , Brian P. Gorman , Sarah M. Shulda
This study provides a combined experimental and computational investigation into the structure and impact of the cation interdiffusion layer that appears at the gadolinium doped ceria (GDC)/yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) interface in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) illustrates that a ∼0.4 μm interdiffusion layer (IDL) with an intermixed cation distribution and fine grain size forms upon sintering. STEM identifies that the interdiffusion layer exists in the cubic fluorite structure despite changes in cation composition. The interdiffusion layer microstructure formed during sintering does not change during SOEC testing at either 1.3V or heightened voltage pulse testing. Modeling predicts that ionic conductivity may decrease in the interdiffusion layer due to Coulombic trapping between mobile oxygen vacancies and excess Gd3+ acceptor dopants. Yet, the density and continuous nature of the layer should benefit cell stability by substantially reducing the formation of SrZrO3, which is corroborated by STEM and Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). We conclude that the interdiffusion layer acts as a beneficial barrier to Sr diffusion, when operating in a regime where electrolyte void formation is not observed.
{"title":"The structure, composition, and performance impact of a YSZ-GDC interdiffusion layer in solid oxide electrolysis cells","authors":"Heather S. Slomski , Andrew J.E. Rowberg , Madeline Van Winkle , Liam A.V. Nagle-Cocco , Nicholas A. Strange , Nicholas Kane , Jeremy L. Hartvigsen , Micah J. Casteel , David S. Ginley , Brandon C. Wood , Kyoung E. Kweon , Brian P. Gorman , Sarah M. Shulda","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a combined experimental and computational investigation into the structure and impact of the cation interdiffusion layer that appears at the gadolinium doped ceria (GDC)/yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) interface in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) illustrates that a ∼0.4 μm interdiffusion layer (IDL) with an intermixed cation distribution and fine grain size forms upon sintering. STEM identifies that the interdiffusion layer exists in the cubic fluorite structure despite changes in cation composition. The interdiffusion layer microstructure formed during sintering does not change during SOEC testing at either 1.3V or heightened voltage pulse testing. Modeling predicts that ionic conductivity may decrease in the interdiffusion layer due to Coulombic trapping between mobile oxygen vacancies and excess Gd<sup>3+</sup> acceptor dopants. Yet, the density and continuous nature of the layer should benefit cell stability by substantially reducing the formation of SrZrO<sub>3</sub>, which is corroborated by STEM and Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). We conclude that the interdiffusion layer acts as a beneficial barrier to Sr diffusion, when operating in a regime where electrolyte void formation is not observed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239398"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239228
Boyang Yu , Xinyi Jia , Tianyi Han , Jianqiu Li , Liangfei Xu , Chuan Fang , Longhai Zhang , Deshui Meng , Zunyan Hu , Minggao Ouyang
Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) offer zero emissions, high efficiency, and fast refueling, but the slow response of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) necessitates hybridization with secondary energy storage for transient power. Effective energy management is challenged by lacking real time information on key internal physicochemical states. To bridge this gap, we develop a cross scale powertrain model that links PEMFC electrochemical and mass transport mechanisms with vehicle dynamics and driver behavior, allowing real time tracking of internal stack states such as reactants concentrations, membrane water content, and catalyst layer degradation process. On the basis of this modeling platform, we propose a degradation-aware energy management strategy (DEMS) that dynamically adjusts PEMFC output according to catalyst layer states, including electrochemically active surface area, liquid water saturation ratio, and oxygen concentration. Simulations using operational data from fuel cell demonstrate that DEMS suppresses voltage drops by 3.45 % at the end of life, reduces reactant starvation, and maintains better membrane hydration than conventional strategies. System efficiency improves by 7.08 % across typical driving cycles. These results show that incorporating internal state observability and degradation dynamics into modeling and control markedly enhances FCHEV performance and durability in real world application.
{"title":"Modeling and degradation-aware energy management strategy for fuel cell vehicle considering cathode catalyst layer status","authors":"Boyang Yu , Xinyi Jia , Tianyi Han , Jianqiu Li , Liangfei Xu , Chuan Fang , Longhai Zhang , Deshui Meng , Zunyan Hu , Minggao Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) offer zero emissions, high efficiency, and fast refueling, but the slow response of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) necessitates hybridization with secondary energy storage for transient power. Effective energy management is challenged by lacking real time information on key internal physicochemical states. To bridge this gap, we develop a cross scale powertrain model that links PEMFC electrochemical and mass transport mechanisms with vehicle dynamics and driver behavior, allowing real time tracking of internal stack states such as reactants concentrations, membrane water content, and catalyst layer degradation process. On the basis of this modeling platform, we propose a degradation-aware energy management strategy (DEMS) that dynamically adjusts PEMFC output according to catalyst layer states, including electrochemically active surface area, liquid water saturation ratio, and oxygen concentration. Simulations using operational data from fuel cell demonstrate that DEMS suppresses voltage drops by 3.45 % at the end of life, reduces reactant starvation, and maintains better membrane hydration than conventional strategies. System efficiency improves by 7.08 % across typical driving cycles. These results show that incorporating internal state observability and degradation dynamics into modeling and control markedly enhances FCHEV performance and durability in real world application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"668 ","pages":"Article 239228"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239396
Bora Timurkutluk , Furkan Toruntay , Fuat Yildirim , Ahmet Alp Sünecli
The present work introduces a systematic experimental optimization of multi-layer titanium mesh flow-field architectures for proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis, supported by numerical flow analyses, aiming to enhance electrochemical efficiency and structural scalability while minimizing material cost. Twenty-one distinct flow-field configurations are fabricated by varying titanium felt thickness and mesh thickness/geometries for different sealing thicknesses. Electrochemical analyses performed at 50 °C and 15 bar cathode pressure reveal that the flow-field configuration consisting of a titanium felt and a hybrid triple-mesh structure achieves the highest electrolysis performance. The improvement arises from the optimized synergy between electrical and mass transport properties, where reduced interfacial contact resistances enhance electronic conductivity, while the tailored mesh arrangement promotes uniform reactant distribution and efficient gas removal. Moreover, the optimized configuration exhibits satisfactory performance stability during 250 h of short-term operation. The study also demonstrates that mesh-based flow-fields enable significant reductions in bipolar plate weight, volume and cost, thus improving manufacturability and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional machined-channel designs. Overall, the findings establish that precise geometric and structural tailoring of titanium mesh flow-fields provides a reliable and scalable design pathway for next-generation PEM electrolyzers, contributing to the widespread and sustainable deployment of green hydrogen technologies.
{"title":"Innovative multi-layer titanium mesh flow-field architectures for proton exchange membrane water splitting","authors":"Bora Timurkutluk , Furkan Toruntay , Fuat Yildirim , Ahmet Alp Sünecli","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work introduces a systematic experimental optimization of multi-layer titanium mesh flow-field architectures for proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis, supported by numerical flow analyses, aiming to enhance electrochemical efficiency and structural scalability while minimizing material cost. Twenty-one distinct flow-field configurations are fabricated by varying titanium felt thickness and mesh thickness/geometries for different sealing thicknesses. Electrochemical analyses performed at 50 °C and 15 bar cathode pressure reveal that the flow-field configuration consisting of a titanium felt and a hybrid triple-mesh structure achieves the highest electrolysis performance. The improvement arises from the optimized synergy between electrical and mass transport properties, where reduced interfacial contact resistances enhance electronic conductivity, while the tailored mesh arrangement promotes uniform reactant distribution and efficient gas removal. Moreover, the optimized configuration exhibits satisfactory performance stability during 250 h of short-term operation. The study also demonstrates that mesh-based flow-fields enable significant reductions in bipolar plate weight, volume and cost, thus improving manufacturability and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional machined-channel designs. Overall, the findings establish that precise geometric and structural tailoring of titanium mesh flow-fields provides a reliable and scalable design pathway for next-generation PEM electrolyzers, contributing to the widespread and sustainable deployment of green hydrogen technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"668 ","pages":"Article 239396"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239401
Rongji Liang , Heliang Du , Huanzhu Zhou , Xu Ji , Shuang Cheng
Lithium-sulfur batteries have been intensively explored in recent years, but their commercialization is still facing serious challenges that focus on large volume expansion, low conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetics of S, and shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (Li2Sx, 4 ≤ x ≤ 8). Herein, an effective symbiotic dual-catalyst of Co9S8/CoO loaded on GO (Co9S8/CoO@GO) is developed as host of S. The Co9S8/CoO can significantly accelerate the kinetics of the Li2S/Li2Sx→Li conversion reaction, benefiting the inhibition of Li2Sx shuttle. The cell with Co9S8/CoO@GO-S can deliver a high capacity of 1290.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and still 992.7 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. At 0.5C, 1140.5 mAh g−1 can be achieved; At 1C, still 843.2 mAh g−1 can be accomplished accompanied by a single-cycle degradation of 0.040 % in 1100 cycles, demonstrating excellent rate performance and durability, much better than that of using bare S and GO-S. Furthermore, with a much higher S loading of 5.3 mg cm−2, a capacity of 981.1 mAh g−1 still can be achieved (corresponding to 5.2 mAh cm−2), and 647.1 mAh g−1 is remained after 150 laps. Meanwhile, coulombic efficiency of close to 100 % is achieved for all of the measurements, suggesting good inhibition to the Li2Sx shuttle.
近年来，锂硫电池得到了大量的探索，但其商业化仍面临严峻的挑战，主要集中在体积膨胀大、S的电导率低、反应动力学迟缓以及多硫化物锂（Li2Sx, 4≤x≤8）的穿梭效应。本研究开发了一种负载氧化石墨烯的Co9S8/CoO共生双催化剂（Co9S8/CoO@GO）作为s的宿主，Co9S8/CoO可以显著加快Li2S/Li2Sx→Li转化反应的动力学，有利于抑制Li2Sx穿梭。含有Co9S8/CoO@GO-S的电池在0.1C时可提供1290.4 mAh g - 1的高容量，在100次循环后仍可提供992.7 mAh g - 1。在0.5C时，可达到1140.5 mAh g−1；在1C下，仍然可以实现843.2 mAh g - 1，并且在1100次循环中单次循环退化0.040%，表现出出色的倍率性能和耐久性，比使用裸S和GO-S要好得多。此外，在5.3 mg cm−2的高S负载下，仍然可以达到981.1 mAh g−1的容量（对应于5.2 mAh cm−2），并且在150圈后仍然保持647.1 mAh g−1。同时，所有测量的库仑效率接近100%，表明对Li2Sx航天飞机有良好的抑制作用。
{"title":"Achievement of durable and fast charge storage enabled by a dual-catalyst of Co9S8/CoO for the cathode of lithium-sulfur batteries","authors":"Rongji Liang , Heliang Du , Huanzhu Zhou , Xu Ji , Shuang Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-sulfur batteries have been intensively explored in recent years, but their commercialization is still facing serious challenges that focus on large volume expansion, low conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetics of S, and shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (Li<sub>2</sub>S<sub>x,</sub> 4 ≤ x ≤ 8). Herein, an effective symbiotic dual-catalyst of Co<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub>/CoO loaded on GO (Co<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub>/CoO@GO) is developed as host of S. The Co<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub>/CoO can significantly accelerate the kinetics of the Li<sub>2</sub>S/Li<sub>2</sub>S<sub>x</sub>→Li conversion reaction, benefiting the inhibition of Li<sub>2</sub>S<sub>x</sub> shuttle. The cell with Co<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub>/CoO@GO-S can deliver a high capacity of 1290.4 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.1C and still 992.7 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> after 100 cycles. At 0.5C, 1140.5 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> can be achieved; At 1C, still 843.2 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> can be accomplished accompanied by a single-cycle degradation of 0.040 % in 1100 cycles, demonstrating excellent rate performance and durability, much better than that of using bare S and GO-S. Furthermore, with a much higher S loading of 5.3 mg cm<sup>−2</sup>, a capacity of 981.1 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> still can be achieved (corresponding to 5.2 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup>), and 647.1 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> is remained after 150 laps. Meanwhile, coulombic efficiency of close to 100 % is achieved for all of the measurements, suggesting good inhibition to the Li<sub>2</sub>S<sub>x</sub> shuttle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239401"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239422
Yiran Liu , Hanling Guo , Ruyi Jing, Enhui Zhang, Fengxian Gao, Min Gong, Xiang Lin, Liang Zhang, Dongrui Wang
Rechargeable aqueous Zn||MnO2 batteries using near-neutral electrolytes have attracted considerable interest owing to their environmental benignity and high safety. However, MnO2 cathodes with high mass loading suffer from sluggish reaction kinetics and structural degradation during long-term cycling, particularly under low-current-density conditions. Limited ion diffusion in thick electrodes results in capacity fading, while slow proton intercalation aggravates irreversible phase transitions, leading to active material dissolution and rapid capacity loss. To address these challenges, we propose a dual-modification strategy involving Ce doping and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coating. The charge compensation effect induced by Ce doping increases the Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio in MnO2 from 0.36 to 0.61, effectively optimizing the electronic structure and improving lattice stability. Meanwhile, the constructed three-dimensional rGO conductive network reduces interfacial charge-transfer resistance and alleviates volume strain during cycling. Benefiting from this synergistic effect, the composite cathode achieves an areal capacity of 2.05 mAh cm−2 at 0.1C and retains 77.8 % of its initial capacity over 507 cycles at 2 C. This work offers a novel synergistic strategy for designing high-mass-loading cathodes and advances the practical implementation of Zn||MnO2 batteries in grid-scale energy storage.
使用近中性电解质的可充电水性锌b| MnO2电池因其环境友好性和高安全性而引起了人们的广泛关注。然而，高质量负载的MnO2阴极在长期循环过程中反应动力学缓慢，结构降解，特别是在低电流密度条件下。在厚电极中，有限的离子扩散导致容量衰减，而缓慢的质子插入加剧了不可逆相变，导致活性物质溶解和容量快速损失。为了解决这些挑战，我们提出了一种双改性策略，包括Ce掺杂和还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）涂层。Ce掺杂引起的电荷补偿效应使MnO2中的Mn3+/Mn4+比值从0.36提高到0.61，有效地优化了电子结构，提高了晶格稳定性。同时，构建的三维氧化石墨烯导电网络降低了界面电荷传递阻力，减轻了循环过程中的体积应变。得益于这种协同效应，复合阴极在0.1C下的面容量达到2.05 mAh cm - 2，在2c下的507次循环中保持其初始容量的77.8%。这项工作为设计高质量负载阴极提供了一种新的协同策略，并推进了Zn||MnO2电池在电网规模储能中的实际实现。
{"title":"Stabilizing high-areal-capacity manganese dioxide cathodes in near-neutral Zn-ion batteries: A synergy of lattice doping and surface coating","authors":"Yiran Liu , Hanling Guo , Ruyi Jing, Enhui Zhang, Fengxian Gao, Min Gong, Xiang Lin, Liang Zhang, Dongrui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rechargeable aqueous Zn||MnO<sub>2</sub> batteries using near-neutral electrolytes have attracted considerable interest owing to their environmental benignity and high safety. However, MnO<sub>2</sub> cathodes with high mass loading suffer from sluggish reaction kinetics and structural degradation during long-term cycling, particularly under low-current-density conditions. Limited ion diffusion in thick electrodes results in capacity fading, while slow proton intercalation aggravates irreversible phase transitions, leading to active material dissolution and rapid capacity loss. To address these challenges, we propose a dual-modification strategy involving Ce doping and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coating. The charge compensation effect induced by Ce doping increases the Mn<sup>3+</sup>/Mn<sup>4+</sup> ratio in MnO<sub>2</sub> from 0.36 to 0.61, effectively optimizing the electronic structure and improving lattice stability. Meanwhile, the constructed three-dimensional rGO conductive network reduces interfacial charge-transfer resistance and alleviates volume strain during cycling. Benefiting from this synergistic effect, the composite cathode achieves an areal capacity of 2.05 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup> at 0.1C and retains 77.8 % of its initial capacity over 507 cycles at 2 C. This work offers a novel synergistic strategy for designing high-mass-loading cathodes and advances the practical implementation of Zn||MnO<sub>2</sub> batteries in grid-scale energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239422"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a coordinated control system for solar-powered green hydrogen production and hybrid energy storage in a multi-DC microgrid environment. The system combines PV generation, battery storage, an electrolyzer with hydrogen storage, and a fuel cell to form a fully renewable energy supply chain. A multi-DC microgrid model is developed in MATLAB Simulink (Simscape) to study the electrical and electrochemical behaviour of all components. The proposed controller manages power flow by utilizing solar energy first, smoothing out fast changes with the battery, converting excess solar power into hydrogen through the electrolyzer, and utilizing the fuel cell during periods of peak demand, low battery charge, or low solar availability. Experimental testing is also conducted on a laboratory-scale PV–battery–fuel cell setup. The coordinated EMS is implemented in LabVIEW using an NI DAQ card to measure signals and execute real-time control actions. The experimental results confirm that the proposed strategy is effective in practice, demonstrating stable power sharing, rapid dynamic response, and efficient hydrogen utilization under real operating conditions. Overall, the coordinated control approach improves energy reliability, increases renewable energy usage, and provides long-duration storage without any fossil fuel backup. The work offers a practical and scalable solution for integrating solar-driven green hydrogen with hybrid storage in future multi-microgrid systems.
{"title":"Modelling and control of a solar-driven PEM electrolyzer system with energy storage for decentralized hydrogen production","authors":"Singh Rupal Hukampal , Premalata Jena , Dushyant Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a coordinated control system for solar-powered green hydrogen production and hybrid energy storage in a multi-DC microgrid environment. The system combines PV generation, battery storage, an electrolyzer with hydrogen storage, and a fuel cell to form a fully renewable energy supply chain. A multi-DC microgrid model is developed in MATLAB Simulink (Simscape) to study the electrical and electrochemical behaviour of all components. The proposed controller manages power flow by utilizing solar energy first, smoothing out fast changes with the battery, converting excess solar power into hydrogen through the electrolyzer, and utilizing the fuel cell during periods of peak demand, low battery charge, or low solar availability. Experimental testing is also conducted on a laboratory-scale PV–battery–fuel cell setup. The coordinated EMS is implemented in LabVIEW using an NI DAQ card to measure signals and execute real-time control actions. The experimental results confirm that the proposed strategy is effective in practice, demonstrating stable power sharing, rapid dynamic response, and efficient hydrogen utilization under real operating conditions. Overall, the coordinated control approach improves energy reliability, increases renewable energy usage, and provides long-duration storage without any fossil fuel backup. The work offers a practical and scalable solution for integrating solar-driven green hydrogen with hybrid storage in future multi-microgrid systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"668 ","pages":"Article 239194"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239406
Changgan Lai , Qianyu Li , Yufan Li , Tian Jiang , Denghui Ma , Jialong Hu , Kehan Fang , Zepei Lang , Houcheng Zhang , Xinyan Zhou , Jianming Li
Aqueous zinc-air batteries (ZABs) offer compelling advantages for next-generation energy storage, including high energy density, safety, and environmental compatibility. However, their practical deployment is hindered by the formation of zinc dendrites and poor anode reversibility. Here, we report a rationally engineered Zn-In alloy anode grown on a carbon fiber (CF) framework via a simple one-step electrodeposition method, achieving dendrite-free Zn plating and stripping, as well as exceptional cycling stability. The introduction of indium not only enhances surface hydrophilicity and suppresses hydrogen evolution but also modulates the interfacial electric field, guiding uniform Zn2+ flux and deposition. Experimental characterizations combined with atomic force microscope (AFM) and COMSOL simulations reveal that In doping promotes homogeneous Zn nucleation and mitigates localized field distortions-the key drivers of dendrite formation. As a result, the Zn0.9In0.1/CF anode delivers a high power density of 90.2 mW cm−2 and stable cycling over 300 h in ZABs. This work highlights a promising strategy coupling bulk alloy design with interfacial field control to enable safe and durable Zn-based energy systems.
水锌空气电池（ZABs）为下一代储能系统提供了令人信服的优势，包括高能量密度、安全性和环境兼容性。然而，由于锌枝晶的形成和阳极可逆性差，它们的实际部署受到阻碍。在这里，我们报告了一种合理设计的Zn- in合金阳极，通过简单的一步电沉积方法在碳纤维（CF）框架上生长，实现了无枝晶镀锌和剥离，以及出色的循环稳定性。铟的引入不仅增强了表面亲水性，抑制了析氢，而且调节了界面电场，引导了均匀的Zn2+通量和沉积。结合原子力显微镜（AFM）和COMSOL模拟的实验表征表明，In掺杂促进了均匀的Zn成核，减轻了局域场畸变，这是枝晶形成的关键驱动因素。因此，Zn0.9In0.1/CF阳极在ZABs中提供了90.2 mW cm - 2的高功率密度和超过300小时的稳定循环。这项工作强调了将大块合金设计与界面场控制相结合的有前途的策略，以实现安全耐用的锌基能源系统。
{"title":"Indium-modified zinc alloy anode with uniform electric field regulation for dendrite-free and durable rechargeable zinc–air batteries","authors":"Changgan Lai , Qianyu Li , Yufan Li , Tian Jiang , Denghui Ma , Jialong Hu , Kehan Fang , Zepei Lang , Houcheng Zhang , Xinyan Zhou , Jianming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aqueous zinc-air batteries (ZABs) offer compelling advantages for next-generation energy storage, including high energy density, safety, and environmental compatibility. However, their practical deployment is hindered by the formation of zinc dendrites and poor anode reversibility. Here, we report a rationally engineered Zn-In alloy anode grown on a carbon fiber (CF) framework via a simple one-step electrodeposition method, achieving dendrite-free Zn plating and stripping, as well as exceptional cycling stability. The introduction of indium not only enhances surface hydrophilicity and suppresses hydrogen evolution but also modulates the interfacial electric field, guiding uniform Zn<sup>2+</sup> flux and deposition. Experimental characterizations combined with atomic force microscope (AFM) and COMSOL simulations reveal that In doping promotes homogeneous Zn nucleation and mitigates localized field distortions-the key drivers of dendrite formation. As a result, the Zn<sub>0.9</sub>In<sub>0.1</sub>/CF anode delivers a high power density of 90.2 mW cm<sup>−2</sup> and stable cycling over 300 h in ZABs. This work highlights a promising strategy coupling bulk alloy design with interfacial field control to enable safe and durable Zn-based energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239406"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of cost-effective, high-performance sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is essential for large-scale energy storage systems. In this study, low-cost SIBs are fabricated using P2-type Na0.67Mn0.9Ni0.1O2 as the cathode and hard carbon (HC) derived from lavender flower waste as the anode. The synthesis of both electrode materials from widely accessible precursors ensures scalability and environmental sustainability. To address the sodium deficiency of HC, three different presodiation strategies—electrochemical, chemical, and direct contact—are systematically investigated, and the electrochemical performances of the full cells are compared. This evaluation reveals significant variations in the initial capacity, capacity retention, Coulombic efficiency, and rate performance. Although the direct-contact method delivers the highest initial capacity, electrochemical presodiation delivers superior long-term cycling stability and enhanced energy density. This comprehensive comparison of the electrochemical performance emphasizes the vital role of presodiation in enhancing the full-cell efficiency, while highlighting the potential methods for developing cost-effective and sustainable SIBs.
{"title":"Cost-effective sodium-ion batteries using a Na0.67Mn0.9Ni0.1O2 cathode and lavender-flower-waste-derived hard carbon with a comparative presodiation approach","authors":"Ebru Dogan , Iqra Moeez , Rawdah Whba , Sibel Ozcan , Mitat Akkoc , Emine Altin , Messaoud Harfouche , Aydin Aktas , Fatih Bulut , Muhammad Arshad , Ismail Ozdemir , Saban Patat , Kyung Yoon Chung , Sevda Sahinbay , Serdar Altin","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of cost-effective, high-performance sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is essential for large-scale energy storage systems. In this study, low-cost SIBs are fabricated using P2-type Na<sub>0.67</sub>Mn<sub>0.9</sub>Ni<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>2</sub> as the cathode and hard carbon (HC) derived from lavender flower waste as the anode. The synthesis of both electrode materials from widely accessible precursors ensures scalability and environmental sustainability. To address the sodium deficiency of HC, three different presodiation strategies—electrochemical, chemical, and direct contact—are systematically investigated, and the electrochemical performances of the full cells are compared. This evaluation reveals significant variations in the initial capacity, capacity retention, Coulombic efficiency, and rate performance. Although the direct-contact method delivers the highest initial capacity, electrochemical presodiation delivers superior long-term cycling stability and enhanced energy density. This comprehensive comparison of the electrochemical performance emphasizes the vital role of presodiation in enhancing the full-cell efficiency, while highlighting the potential methods for developing cost-effective and sustainable SIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"668 ","pages":"Article 239365"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herein, we report on a new class of Li+-ion conducting composite solid polymer electrolyte (CSPE) possessing requisite characteristics at low film dimensions of ≅ 50 μm. Simultaneous semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) approach followed by sequential interpenetration strategy into a porous structural scaffold results in free standing films. The impregnation technique of polyether-polyurethane semi-IPNs at a critical time point (tc1) yields excellent homogeneity and thermo-mechanical characteristics. Comprehensive evaluations demonstrate an ionic conductivity of 10−5 Scm−1, cationic transference number ≅ 0.54, and electrochemical stability >5.5V for an optimized composition of CSPE (30:70). Operational feasibility and performance assessment of lithium iron phosphate (LFP)||lithium (Li) cells are undertaken. Pairing suitably primed composite electrodes comprising multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with the semi-IPN electrolyte, aids in generating all-solid cathode-electrolyte interface. Detailed studies at 25 °C provides key insights into the diffusion coefficients, specific capacities, reversibility, charge retention, cycling stability and C-rate adaptability. Incorporation of MWCNT in cathodes demonstrate impressive discharge capacities of 185, 182.3, 177.3 and 169.7 mAh.g−1 at 0.05C, 0.1C, 0.2C and 0.5C, respectively and retain 80 % of the capacity at 0.05C even after 200 cycles. The overall cell performance results underscore the encouraging success achieved and highlight the operational feasibility against Li-metal at 25 °C.
{"title":"Composite polymer electrolytes for Li-metal batteries: Assessing operational feasibility against LiFePO4||Li","authors":"Mangali Madhu Krishna , Ganapathiraju Jayasree , Rashmi Reddy Mallu , Pratyay Basak","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, we report on a new class of Li<sup>+</sup>-ion conducting composite solid polymer electrolyte (CSPE) possessing requisite characteristics at low film dimensions of ≅ 50 μm. Simultaneous semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) approach followed by sequential interpenetration strategy into a porous structural scaffold results in free standing films. The impregnation technique of polyether-polyurethane semi-IPNs at a critical time point (<em>t</em><sub>c1</sub>) yields excellent homogeneity and thermo-mechanical characteristics. Comprehensive evaluations demonstrate an ionic conductivity of 10<sup>−5</sup> Scm<sup>−1</sup>, cationic transference number ≅ 0.54, and electrochemical stability >5.5V for an optimized composition of CSPE (30:70). Operational feasibility and performance assessment of lithium iron phosphate (LFP)||lithium (Li) cells are undertaken. Pairing suitably primed composite electrodes comprising multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with the semi-IPN electrolyte, aids in generating all-solid cathode-electrolyte interface. Detailed studies at 25 °C provides key insights into the diffusion coefficients, specific capacities, reversibility, charge retention, cycling stability and C-rate adaptability. Incorporation of MWCNT in cathodes demonstrate impressive discharge capacities of 185, 182.3, 177.3 and 169.7 mAh.g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.05C, 0.1C, 0.2C and 0.5C, respectively and retain 80 % of the capacity at 0.05C even after 200 cycles. The overall cell performance results underscore the encouraging success achieved and highlight the operational feasibility against Li-metal at 25 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"669 ","pages":"Article 239390"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239231
Kashif Younas Butt , Javeria Zahid , Hassan Nawaz , Qudsia Kanwal , Syed Imran Abbas Shah , Nadeem Raza , Anis Ahmad Chaudhary , Muhammad Ishfaq Ghori
Hydrogen emerges as a clean substitute for fossil fuels, and its production via water electrolysis appears promising, although the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) provide a major obstacle. In addition to energy conversion, finding efficient and rapid energy storage solutions remains crucial. This study illustrates the facile hydrothermal fabrication of zinc iron selenide supported on reduced graphene oxide (ZnFe2Se4/2D rGO), as an efficient bifunctional nanostructured electrode material, for both electrocatalytic water splitting and supercapacitor applications. Incorporation of nanoflake-like rGO nanoparticles in spherically agglomerated ZnFe2Se4 nanoparticles, having a smaller average crystallite size (7.479 nm) enhances both the electrocatalytic and energy storage activity. Enhanced electrocatalytic water splitting and supercapacitor performance of ZnFe2Se4/2D rGO is attributed to its synergistic Fe 3d–Se 4p–Zn 4s orbital overlap forming an efficient charge-transfer network, where Zn2+ donates electrons to Fe2+/Fe3+, enhancing conductivity and stabilizing Fe–Se-Zn bonds. The Fe2+/Fe3+ redox pair drives the multi-electron OER via Zn Fe OOH intermediates, while Zn Fe–H adsorption sites promote HER, collectively boost the overall water-splitting efficiency. Hydrothermally fabricated ZnFe2Se4/2D rGO nanocomposite requires a mere overpotential of 110 mV at 1.34 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), a reduced Tafel slope value of 36 mV dec− 1, TOF value of 2.683 s−1, onset potential of 1.593 mV demonstrating efficient electrocatalytic activity. Utilizing a 3-electrode configuration, ZnFe2Se4/2D rGO exhibits effective energy storage performance at 1 A g− 1 in a 1 M KOH electrolyte solution, attaining escalated specific capacitance (Csp) of 1342.3 F g− 1, energy density (Ed) of 29.8 Wh kg− 1, power density (Pd) value of 0.16 W kg− 1, faradaic efficiency (FE) of 51776.6 %, discharging capacity of 536.92 and improved areal capacitance (CA) value of 13.42 mFcm−2 at 1 Ag-1.
氢作为化石燃料的清洁替代品出现，通过水电解生产氢似乎很有希望，尽管析氧反应（OER）的缓慢动力学是一个主要障碍。除了能量转换之外，寻找高效快速的能量存储解决方案仍然至关重要。本研究表明，水热法制备了负载在还原氧化石墨烯（ZnFe2Se4/2D rGO）上的硒化锌铁，作为一种高效的双功能纳米结构电极材料，可用于电催化水分解和超级电容器应用。将纳米片状还原氧化石墨烯纳米颗粒加入球状凝聚的ZnFe2Se4纳米颗粒中，其平均晶粒尺寸较小（7.479 nm），提高了电催化和储能活性。ZnFe2Se4/2D rGO的电催化水分解和超级电容器性能的增强是由于其协同的Fe 3d-Se 4p-Zn 4s轨道重叠形成了一个有效的电荷转移网络，其中Zn2+向Fe2+/Fe3+提供电子，增强了电导率并稳定了Fe - se - zn键。Fe2+/Fe3+氧化还原对通过Zn - Fe OOH中间体驱动多电子OER，而Zn - Fe - h吸附位点促进HER，共同提高整体水分解效率。水热法制备的ZnFe2Se4/2D氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料在1.34 V时的过电位仅为110 mV， Tafel斜率降低为36 mV dec−1，TOF值为2.683 s−1，起始电位为1.593 mV，具有高效的电催化活性。利用3电极结构，ZnFe2Se4/2D rGO在1 M KOH电解质溶液中表现出1 ag−1时的有效储能性能，在1 Ag-1时，提升的比电容（Csp）为1342.3 F g−1，能量密度（Ed）为29.8 Wh kg−1，功率密度（Pd）值为0.16 W kg−1，法拉第效率（FE）为51776.6%，放电容量为536.92，面电容（CA）值为13.42 mFcm−2。
{"title":"Fabrication of novel zinc iron selenide composited with rGO (ZnFe2Se4/rGO) as an efficient electro catalyst for high performance water splitting and energy storage system","authors":"Kashif Younas Butt , Javeria Zahid , Hassan Nawaz , Qudsia Kanwal , Syed Imran Abbas Shah , Nadeem Raza , Anis Ahmad Chaudhary , Muhammad Ishfaq Ghori","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen emerges as a clean substitute for fossil fuels, and its production via water electrolysis appears promising, although the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) provide a major obstacle. In addition to energy conversion, finding efficient and rapid energy storage solutions remains crucial. This study illustrates the facile hydrothermal fabrication of zinc iron selenide supported on reduced graphene oxide (ZnFe<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>4</sub>/2D rGO), as an efficient bifunctional nanostructured electrode material, for both electrocatalytic water splitting and supercapacitor applications. Incorporation of nanoflake-like rGO nanoparticles in spherically agglomerated ZnFe<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles, having a smaller average crystallite size (7.479 nm) enhances both the electrocatalytic and energy storage activity. Enhanced electrocatalytic water splitting and supercapacitor performance of ZnFe<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>4</sub>/2D rGO is attributed to its synergistic Fe 3d–Se 4p–Zn 4s orbital overlap forming an efficient charge-transfer network, where Zn<sup>2+</sup> donates electrons to Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe<sup>3+</sup>, enhancing conductivity and stabilizing Fe–Se-Zn bonds. The Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe<sup>3+</sup> redox pair drives the multi-electron OER via Zn Fe OOH intermediates, while Zn Fe–H adsorption sites promote HER, collectively boost the overall water-splitting efficiency. Hydrothermally fabricated ZnFe<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>4</sub>/2D rGO nanocomposite requires a mere overpotential of 110 mV at 1.34 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), a reduced Tafel slope value of 36 mV dec<sup>− 1</sup>, TOF value of 2.683 s<sup>−1</sup>, onset potential of 1.593 mV demonstrating efficient electrocatalytic activity. Utilizing a 3-electrode configuration, ZnFe<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>4</sub>/2D rGO exhibits effective energy storage performance at 1 A g<sup>− 1</sup> in a 1 M KOH electrolyte solution, attaining escalated specific capacitance (C<sub>sp</sub>) of 1342.3 F g<sup>− 1</sup>, energy density (E<sub>d</sub>) of 29.8 Wh kg<sup>− 1</sup>, power density (P<sub>d</sub>) value of 0.16 W kg<sup>− 1</sup>, faradaic efficiency (FE) of 51776.6 %, discharging capacity of 536.92 and improved areal capacitance (C<sub>A</sub>) value of 13.42 mFcm<sup>−2</sup> at 1 Ag<sup>-1</sup>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":377,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Power Sources","volume":"668 ","pages":"Article 239231"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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