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Technology challenges for the Square Kilometer Array 平方公里阵列的技术挑战
Pub Date : 2013-03-12 DOI: 10.1109/MAES.2013.6477865
Dayton L. Jones
The Square Kilometer Array will be the premier facility for radio astronomy during several decades, starting around 2020. It will provide orders-of-magnitude increases in sensitivity and field of view, allowing a wide range of fundamental science questions to be answered. However, a number of key technology areas need further development to meet the demanding performance and cost goals of the SKA. These include wide-bandwidth feeds and low noise amplifiers, very low power digital signal processing, real time interference detection and excision, software to handle massive data rates and volumes, and low-cost operations. Developing solutions for each of these areas will require industry expertise and experience. 1 2
从2020年左右开始,平方公里阵列将在几十年内成为射电天文学的首要设施。它将在灵敏度和视野上提供数量级的提高,从而可以回答广泛的基础科学问题。然而,一些关键技术领域需要进一步发展,以满足SKA苛刻的性能和成本目标。其中包括宽带馈电和低噪声放大器、极低功耗数字信号处理、实时干扰检测和剔除、处理大量数据速率和容量的软件以及低成本操作。为这些领域开发解决方案将需要行业专业知识和经验。1 2
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引用次数: 6
Pathways and challenges to innovation in aerospace 航空航天创新的途径和挑战
Pub Date : 2011-12-01 DOI: 10.1109/MAES.2011.6138395
R. Terrile
This paper explores impediments to innovation in aerospace and suggests how successful pathways from other industries can be adopted to facilitate greater innovation. Because of its nature, space exploration would seem to be a ripe field of technical innovation. However, engineering can also be a frustratingly conservative endeavor when the realities of cost and risk are included. Impediments like the “find the fault” engineering culture, the treatment of technical risk as almost always evaluated in terms of negative impact, the difficult to account for expansive Moore's Law growth when making predictions, and the stove-piped structural organization of most large aerospace companies and federally funded research laboratories tend to inhibit cross-cutting technical innovation. One successful example of a multi-use cross cutting application that can scale with Moore's Law is the Evolutionary Computational Methods (ECM) technique developed at the Jet Propulsion Lab for automated spectral retrieval. Future innovations like computational engineering and automated design optimization can potentially redefine space exploration, but will require learning lessons from successful innovators.12
本文探讨了航空航天创新的障碍,并建议如何采用其他行业的成功途径来促进更大的创新。由于其性质,太空探索似乎是一个成熟的技术创新领域。然而,当考虑到成本和风险的现实情况时,工程也可能是一种令人沮丧的保守努力。“找出问题”的工程文化、对技术风险的处理几乎总是从负面影响的角度来评估、在做出预测时难以解释摩尔定律(Moore’s Law)的增长、以及大多数大型航空航天公司和联邦政府资助的研究实验室的烟囱管结构组织等障碍,往往会抑制跨领域的技术创新。喷气推进实验室开发的用于自动光谱检索的进化计算方法(ECM)技术,是可以根据摩尔定律进行扩展的多用途横切应用的一个成功例子。未来的创新,如计算工程和自动化设计优化,可能会重新定义太空探索,但需要从成功的创新者那里学习经验
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引用次数: 2
Mentoring: A key to longevity in Space 指导:在太空长寿的关键
Pub Date : 2010-06-17 DOI: 10.1109/MAES.2010.5486535
Brenda K. Wetzel
The Space Department at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) launched a formal mentoring program in 2007.1 While a mentoring program existed previously, it was not widely utilized and eventually lost support. The new program was designed to focus on the staff members' needs and desires for career growth and an opportunity for those skilled with years of expertise in the space domain to share their wisdom and gain a new perspective. Especially in an era where budgets are constrained, mentoring is a cost effective method to ensure continuity of knowledge and enthusiasm in staff. This paper discusses the motivations for starting the program, the hurdles involved, and the benefits derived during the first few years of APL's new Space Department mentoring program. The paper includes the design details of the program, as well as successes and lessons learned to date.2
约翰霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室(APL)的航天部门在2007年启动了一项正式的指导计划。尽管之前存在指导计划,但它没有被广泛使用,最终失去了支持。新项目的设计重点是满足员工对职业发展的需求和愿望,并为那些在空间领域拥有多年专业知识的技术人员提供机会,分享他们的智慧并获得新的视角。特别是在一个预算有限的时代,指导是一种成本有效的方法,以确保员工的知识和热情的连续性。本文讨论了启动该计划的动机,所涉及的障碍,以及在APL新的太空部门指导计划的头几年所获得的好处。本文介绍了该方案的设计细节,以及迄今为止的成功案例和经验教训
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引用次数: 0
Preciseness for predictability with the RealSpec real-time executable specification language 通过RealSpec实时可执行规范语言实现可预测性的精确性
Pub Date : 2010-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2010.5446788
A. Khwaja, J. E. Urban
RealSpec is a declarative and executable specification language for specifying real-time and concurrent software systems based on the dataflow computation model.
RealSpec是一种声明性和可执行的规范语言,用于指定基于数据流计算模型的实时和并发软件系统。
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引用次数: 1
On choosing quaternion equilibrium point in attitude stabilization 姿态稳定中四元数平衡点的选择
Pub Date : 2010-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2010.5446731
R. Schlanbusch, R. Kristiansen, P. J. Nicklasson
Due to the parametrization of the attitude for closed loop rigid body systems we either encounter an inherent geometric singularity using Euler representation, or obtain dual equilibrium points using the unit quaternion. In order to save energy during attitude maneuvers the choice of equilibrium point and thus rotational direction is imperative for quaternion feedback systems. Normally the shortest rotation is preferred, but in this paper we present schemes where both initial attitude and angular velocity are considered for choosing the preferable rotational direction for a rigid body, thus taking advantage of the initial angular velocity. The solution is based on a set of simple rules where two initial parameters are analyzed and the sign of the solution decides which rotational direction is preferable. The check is not computationally consuming, and may therefore be implemented on i.e. a spacecraft where computational resources are limited. When the preferable equilibrium is chosen, it is kept throughout the maneuver. A tracking controller is derived, resulting in uniform asymptotic stability for both equilibrium points, and the performance of our results are shown through a large number of simulations using randomized initial values.
由于闭环刚体系统的姿态参数化问题,我们要么使用欧拉表示遇到固有的几何奇点,要么使用单位四元数获得对偶平衡点。为了节省姿态机动时的能量,四元数反馈系统必须选择平衡点和旋转方向。通常情况下,最短的旋转是首选的,但在本文中,我们提出了同时考虑初始姿态和角速度的方案来选择刚体的最佳旋转方向,从而利用初始角速度。该解决方案是基于一组简单的规则,其中两个初始参数的分析和解决方案的符号决定哪个旋转方向是更好的。该检查不消耗计算量,因此可在计算资源有限的航天器上实施。当选择最佳平衡时,在整个机动过程中保持该平衡。推导了一种跟踪控制器,使两个平衡点都具有一致的渐近稳定性,并通过使用随机初始值的大量仿真证明了我们的结果的性能。
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引用次数: 5
An empirical study of the terramechanics of small unmanned ground vehicles 小型无人地面车辆地形力学的实证研究
Pub Date : 2010-04-15 DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2010.5446993
G. Meirion-Griffith, M. Spenko
A critical component of remote terrestrial and planetary exploration is understanding how terrain properties affect rover mobility. Bekker theory has long been used successfully in this regard for the analysis of large vehicles. In recent years, the semi-empirical formulae contained within Bekker theory have also been applied to small UGVs. Bekker himself noted, however, that his formulae offer significantly less accurate predictions for vehicles with wheel diameters and normal loading lower than 50 cm and 45 N, respectively. This has been shown to lead to errors in the prediction of tractive performance. The results of this paper show that Bekker theory yields under-estimates of small wheel sinkage and resistances. The consequences of such errors are severe, as they could potentially lead to unexpected rover immobilization. With increasing numbers of small UGVs being used in planetary, research and military roles, it is crucial to investigate the source of these errors. This paper details an empirical approach to characterizing small vehicle wheel sinkage and its impact on vehicle-terrain models.
远程陆地和行星探测的一个关键组成部分是了解地形特性如何影响漫游车的机动性。贝克理论早已成功地应用于这方面的大型车辆的分析。近年来,Bekker理论中包含的半经验公式也被应用于小型ugv。然而,Bekker自己也指出,对于车轮直径和正常载荷分别低于50厘米和45牛的车辆,他的公式提供的预测精度要低得多。这已被证明会导致牵引性能预测的错误。本文的结果表明,贝克理论低估了小车轮下沉和阻力。这种错误的后果是严重的,因为它们可能导致意外的漫游者无法移动。随着越来越多的小型ugv用于行星、研究和军事任务,调查这些误差的来源至关重要。本文详细介绍了一种表征小型车辆车轮下沉及其对车辆地形模型影响的经验方法。
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引用次数: 17
Dynamic message prioritization in tactical wireless MANET 战术无线MANET中的动态消息优先级
Pub Date : 2010-03-06 DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2010.5446924
G. Mayhew
Normal design practice is to decouple the design of applications using a network from the design of the network itself. Designers optimize network performance by only focusing on network transport layer mechanisms for robustness (connectivity), efficiency (throughput), & speed of service (latency). Applications offer loads to the network and rely on the QoS function in the network to prioritize the traffic flows. By contrast, network centric operations focus on application layer features like situation awareness and synchronization to enhance force effectiveness. Therefore, in contrast to enterprise networks in which QoS processes messages based on fixed priorities by data type, in mission orientated MANET, QoS must be a cooperative function between application and network resource management that uses dynamic priority allocation derived from task priorities established by commanders within echelon hierarchies1,2.
正常的设计实践是将使用网络的应用程序的设计与网络本身的设计解耦。设计者只关注网络传输层机制的健壮性(连通性)、效率(吞吐量)和服务速度(延迟)来优化网络性能。应用程序向网络提供负载,并依靠网络中的QoS功能来确定流量的优先级。相比之下,以网络为中心的作战侧重于应用层功能,如态势感知和同步,以提高部队效能。因此,与QoS根据数据类型的固定优先级处理消息的企业网络不同,在面向任务的MANET中,QoS必须是应用程序和网络资源管理之间的一种协作功能,它使用由指挥官在层次结构中建立的任务优先级派生的动态优先级分配1,2。
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引用次数: 1
V-22 osprey unprepared surface short takeoff and landing evaluation V-22鱼鹰无准备水面短距起降评估
Pub Date : 2010-03-06 DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2010.5446777
T. E. Strand, J. Ennis
Significant research was performed to understand the requirements and potential risks of operating a tiltrotor in the austere environment. 1 2 This test specifically addressed performing Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) operations at up to 70 knots on semi and unprepared runways. A multi-phase test was planned for over a year and a half. Despite detailed preparation and multiple build up conditions, the nose gear collapsed in an unidentified sink hole at the final test location. Post analysis data showed that the nose gear failed as predicted, with loads exceeding existing load limits, however the soil bearing capacity did not meet test requirements. This collapse brought many safety “lessons learned”. This paper addresses the methodology, test results, and lessons learned of testing in unfamiliar and unpredictable conditions.
进行了重要的研究,以了解在恶劣环境中操作倾转旋翼机的要求和潜在风险。该测试专门针对在半跑道和无准备跑道上以高达70节的速度进行短距起降(STOL)操作。一个多阶段的测试计划超过一年半。尽管进行了详细的准备和多种建立条件,但在最终测试地点,前起落架在一个不明的下沉洞中坍塌。后置分析数据显示,前起落架如预期失效,载荷超出现有载荷限制,但土壤承载力不符合试验要求。这次坍塌带来了许多安全“教训”。本文讨论了在不熟悉和不可预测的条件下进行测试的方法、测试结果和经验教训。
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引用次数: 0
Robust control techniques for adaptive optic space telescopes 自适应光学空间望远镜鲁棒控制技术
Pub Date : 2010-03-06 DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2010.5446713
Major Daniel Burtz
Future space telescopes will contain lightweight, flexible, segmented mirrors. Traditional control approaches for mirror alignment and shape control may be inadequate due to flexibilities and low natural frequencies. Using adaptive optics for space telescopes presents a possible solution. This research proposes H∞ robust control techniques for these types of systems. An H∞ controller is synthesized for a complex analytical model. This was accomplished with a new technique for model reduction using Zernike polynomials. The H∞ design process used was validated on a simpler adaptive optics testbed. The experimental verification also showed that the robust control techniques outperformed the classical control techniques in the presence of disturbances. The results are a Zernike polynomial method for model reduction, robust controller synthesis for a complex adaptive optics analytical model, and experimental verification on an AO testbed. Although the robust control design is more complex, it provides improved performance in the presence of uncertainty in the disturbances and modeling.12
未来的太空望远镜将包含轻型、灵活的分段反射镜。传统的控制方法,镜面对准和形状控制可能是不够的,由于灵活性和低固有频率。在太空望远镜中使用自适应光学提供了一个可能的解决方案。本研究针对这些类型的系统提出H∞鲁棒控制技术。针对一个复杂的解析模型,合成了一个H∞控制器。这是通过使用泽尼克多项式的一种新的模型简化技术来实现的。采用的H∞设计过程在一个更简单的自适应光学试验台上进行了验证。实验验证还表明,鲁棒控制技术在存在干扰的情况下优于经典控制技术。结果是Zernike多项式模型约简方法,复杂自适应光学分析模型鲁棒控制器合成,以及AO测试台上的实验验证。虽然鲁棒控制设计更复杂,但它在干扰和建模中存在不确定性时提供了更好的性能
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引用次数: 0
A novel 3D analytical algorithm for autonomous collision avoidance considering cylindrical safety bubble 考虑圆柱安全气泡的自动避碰三维解析算法
Pub Date : 2010-03-06 DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2010.5446780
S. Luongo, F. Corraro, U. Ciniglio, V. Di Vito, A. Moccia
This paper presents an innovative 3D analytical algorithm for the resolution of the pair-wise non-cooperative collision avoidance problem between aircrafts. The proposed algorithm addresses the above described problem by using an innovative approach, based on the consideration of a cylindrical safety bubble, and it is able to obtain an optimal three-dimensional analytical solution for this problem. This novel approach allows different minimum separations on the vertical and horizontal planes with respect to the nominal trajectory to be achieved, so minimizing the impact of the collision avoidance maneuver on surrounding traffic. Moreover, the algorithm has the very interesting feature that it does not require the solution of any non deterministic and/or iterative problem, resulting suitable for real-time applications. This is due to the capability of the algorithm to find a closed form solution for the kinematic optimization problem here considered. The solution of the collision avoidance problem requires the simultaneous change of all control variables (speed module, track and slope angles), aiming to assure the required safety level and, at the same time, to minimize aircraft deviation from the nominal trajectory. This system is mainly developed for unmanned aircraft vehicles, where high levels of autonomy (i.e. the avoidance maneuver is autonomously executed by a standard autopilot) are required, but it can also be used, as aid to pilots, in manned commercial aircrafts. The effectiveness of the algorithm is evaluated by means of numerical simulations, where suitable conflict scenarios, taking into account aircraft dynamics and on-board sensors errors and limitations, are considered. Scenarios where both aircrafts are equipped with the proposed collision avoidance algorithm or where both aircrafts are subjected to Visual Flight Rules are also considered. 1 2
提出了一种新颖的求解飞机间成对非合作避碰问题的三维解析算法。该算法在考虑圆柱形安全气泡的基础上,采用创新的方法解决了上述问题,并能够获得该问题的最优三维解析解。这种新颖的方法允许在垂直和水平面上相对于标称轨迹实现不同的最小分离,从而最大限度地减少碰撞避免机动对周围交通的影响。此外,该算法有一个非常有趣的特点,即它不需要解决任何非确定性和/或迭代问题,因此适合实时应用。这是由于该算法能够为这里所考虑的运动优化问题找到一个封闭形式的解。避碰问题的解决需要同时改变所有控制变量(速度模块、航迹和坡度角),以保证所需的安全水平,同时使飞机偏离标称轨迹的偏差最小。该系统主要是为无人驾驶飞行器开发的,其中需要高水平的自主性(即由标准自动驾驶仪自主执行回避机动),但它也可以用于载人商用飞机,作为飞行员的辅助。在考虑飞机动力学和机载传感器误差和局限性的情况下,通过数值模拟来评估算法的有效性。本文还考虑了两架飞机都配备了所提出的避碰算法或两架飞机都遵守目视飞行规则的情况。1 2
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引用次数: 29
期刊
2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference
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