Obesity Medicine最新文献

Background

We have previously demonstrated the efficacy of lycopene against cardiovascular and neurological complications associated with obesity. However, its effect on anaemia and ionic disturbances associated with obesity remain unexplored; hence, this study.

Procedures

Obesity was induced with a Western-style diet. Thereafter, rats were distributed into five groups (n = 6): control, obese, obese + lycopene (20 mg/kg b.wt.), obese + lycopene (40 mg/kg b.wt.), and normal + lycopene (40 mg/kg b.wt.), for four weeks.

Findings

Obese rats had significantly (P < 0.001) reduced serum concentrations of Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and Cl⁻ (by 31.8%, 24.1%, and 37.2%, respectively), whereas K⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) increased by over one-fold, compared to the control. Red blood cell count, haemoglobin, serum iron, and other blood indices were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced compared to the control, whereas serum hepcidin was elevated. Obese rats also presented insulin resistance, hallmarked by poor glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, higher HOMA-IR, hyperglycaemia, and higher glycated haemoglobin concentrations. In the liver, we also observed upregulated TNFα expression and downregulated IRS-1 expression. The liver and kidneys activities of Na⁺/K⁺- and Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-ATPases were inhibited in obese rats. However, treatment with lycopene alleviated obesity-induced ionic disturbances, improved haematological indices, improved insulin sensitivity and iron homeostasis, upregulated IRS-1 expression and ATPases activity, and downregulated TNFα expression, in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that lycopene can protect against obesity-induced ionic disturbances and anaemia with improved insulin sensitivity, ATPases activities, and iron status as possible underlying mechanisms.

This study investigated the effects of a low-calorie ketogenic diet (LCKD) (10–15% carbohydrate, 60–75% fat, 10–25% protein) compared with a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) (40% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 30% protein) on body composition, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipid profile in overweight/obese women. The results showed a significant difference (p-value ≤0.005) in the change of the BMI (−2.79 and −1.88 kg/m²), basal metabolic rate (BMR) (−72.45 and −50.42 kcal), skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (0.68 and 0.67 kg), muscle mass (MM) (2.2 and 1.0 kg), fat-free mass (FFM) (−2.34 and −1.04 kg) and visceral fat rate (VF) (−3.55 and −1.95) between the intervention groups (p-value <0.05). There was a significant difference between both interventions in the change of FBS and lipid profile (p-value was <0.001). Both interventions improved BMI and affected body composition positively, reducing abdominal adiposity, and improving the lipid profile and FBS, during the time in which the research was conducted with higher change differences in the LCKD within 8 weeks only. Accordingly, conducting longer-term research on these dietary patterns is recommended to approve its effect on the long-term and the follow-up.

Background

The increasing rate of diabetes and its complications are inevitably increasing the economic burden on healthcare systems. Hence, achieving diabetes ABC goals (HbA1c <7%, Blood pressure <140/90 mmHg, and LDL-C <100 mg/dl) is an essential part of diabetes management.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 1900 patients with type2 diabetes were recruited. These patients were divided into two 5-year groups; the years 2010–2014 and 2015–2019 and were evaluated based on the achievement of ABC goals.

Results

This study showed that in the second 5 year period (2015–2019) there was a significant increase in the achievement of the all three ABC goals compared to 2010–2014. The achievement of LDL<100 mg/dl in patient without cardiovascular disease and LDL<70 mg/dl in patient with cardiovascular disease was better in 2015–2019 compared to that of 2010–2014 (65.4% vs 54.6% Pvalue<0.001). In this study, HbA1C (P value = 0.007), LDL-C (Pvalue <0.001), and coronary heart disease (Pvalue <0.001) were significantly lower in 2015–2019 compared to that of 2010–2014.

Duration of diabetes, albuminuria and triglyceride level negatively associated with achievement of all three ABC goals (OR: 0.962, OR: 0.485, OR: 0.994, respectively) (all pvalue <0.05).

Conclusions

The proportion of patients who had achieved the ABC goals in the years 2015–2019 was significantly more than that of 2010–2014. However; achievement of goals was generally suboptimal.

Tinnitus is defined as the sound perceived in the head or ear without any external stimulus. Although there are many hypotheses about the etiology of tinnitus there is no generally accepted theory due to its complex physiology. Obesity and physical inactivity, which have increased as a result of radical changes in diet and lifestyle in the last century, are significantly associated with tinnitus. Therefore, low glycemic index/low carbohydrate diets and active lifestyle are becoming increasingly common among the recommendations given to individuals with tinnitus. As a result of the spread of Western-style diet, a decrease in the consumption of antioxidant-rich foods and decreased blood antioxidant status can also affect tinnitus. In this review, it was aimed to discuss the role of obesity, nutrition and physical activity on tinnitus in the light of recent research results.

Introduction

Obesity is one of the most concerning public health issues, and it is known as a predisposing factor for many chronic cardiometabolic diseases. Overweight individuals should be included in preventative interventions. Combining a high-dairy, high-Protein and low-calorie diet might help reduce appetite and body weight more effectively. We aimed to assess whether this approach, coupled with moderate-intensity aerobic activity, would be more effective in helping overweight women reduce central fat accumulation than a low-dairy diet, high in protein and low in calories.

Methods

This randomized clinical trial recruited young overweight women aged 20–45-year-old, and compared one of two 700 Kcal restricted diet management options: intervention group with a high protein with high amounts of dairy products and 40 g of casein supplement or control group with a high protein, low-dairy diet for two weeks. In addition, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was individually determined and prescribed for both intervention and control groups. The primary outcomes were a change in abdominal and suprailiac skinfold thickness. The secondary outcomes were body weight; BMI; waist and hip circumferences measured before the trial and after two weeks. Our analysis was based on both the intention-to-treat and per-protocol principles. This trial was registered with the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IRCT20201102049229N1).

Results

Between the 20th of January 2021 and the 18th of March 2021, 60 participants were randomly assigned to the intervention or control groups. Forty-seven of them (78%) completed the study. The mean drop in abdominal and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses was −4.82 mm and −3.22 mm, respectively, in the dairy group and −2.83 mm and −2.00, respectively, in the non-dairy group. The adjusted mean difference was −1.99 (95% CI: 0.49–3.48; p = 0.005) in abdominal skinfold thickness and −1.22 (95% CI: 0.06–2.38; p = 0.017) in suprailiac skinfold thickness in favour of the high-dairy group. All other secondary outcomes, including waist circumferences, hip circumference, Mean Body Fat, Percentage Body Fat, Soft Lean Mass, Body Mass Index, Fat Mass Index, and Fat-Free Mass Index, showed significant changes (p < 0.05) in the intervention group.

Conclusion

High-dairy, low-calorie diet is more effective than a high-protein, low-calorie diet in weight and body fat reduction, particularly central fat, in overweight young adult women.

Object

ANGPTL8 is a newly identified liver-derived hormone closely linked to metabolic parameters. Metabolic factors include abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, high levels of triglycerides, and hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation of serum ANGPTL8 level with metabolic parameters in Iraqi adults in terms of their gender.

Methods

A total of 108 adult Iraqi participants were enrolled in this prospective study, comprising 62 females and 46 males. The participants were categorized into three groups based on their age: Group I consisted of individuals aged 20 to 39, Group II comprised those aged 40 to 59, and Group III included subjects aged 60 to 80. Twenty females and twenty males were included in the study. The study utilized an ELISA method to quantify the fasting serum ANGPTL8. Additionally, metabolic markers including lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were evaluated.

Results

The serum ANGPTL8 levels in males were significantly lower than those in females, (mean 28.5 vs 19 ng/mL; P = 0.003). As both genders aged, the levels of ANGPTL8 decreased. Females experienced a decline from 31.2 to 24.3 and then to 25.8 ng/ml, while males saw their levels drop from 21.9 to 18.1, then to 18.5 ng/ml respectively. Females exhibit a positive correlation between ANGPTL8 and TG and LDL-C levels (r = 0.633; p = 0.021 and r = 0.454; p = 0.01, respectively). ANGPTL8 alone demonstrated very good discrimination power (AUC = 0.85) in identifying females with dyslipidemia.

Conclusion

The results of our study suggest that Serum ANGPTL8 could be considered as a potential risk factor for dyslipidemia. It appears that the impact of this factor may be related to adipocyte metabolism, particularly in female participants.

Aims

Coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 particles are spherical and have proteins called spikes that stick out on the surface. COVID-19 most commonly affects the respiratory system, but various clinical manifestations on coronavirus have revealed their potential neurotropism. The neuroinvasive affinity of Coronavirus infections has been reported nearly for all the β Coronavirus infections, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoV-OC43 and HEV. Coronavirus invasion occurs through hypoxia injury, immune injury, ACE2, and direct infection. The pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and other human Coronaviruses reveals the possible mechanisms of neurodegeneration.

Methods

A systematic literature review carried out from various search engines like Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and Elsevier for investigating the therapeutic perspective of association between Covid-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Results

SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as its entry receptor and enters the central nervous system through a Blood-brain barrier constituted of inflammatory mediators, direct infection of the endothelial cells, or endothelial injury. Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disease that injures and attacks the nerves in the peripheral nervous system. Studies suggest that the virus can infect peripheral neurons to cause direct damage through various mechanisms, including direct damage by cytokine-related injury, ACE2 receptors, and the sequelae of hypoxia.

Conclusion

we have discussed the possible mechanisms between neuroinvasion of SARs-cov2 and Guillain-barre syndrome.

The prevalence of obesity among women worldwide has escalated to 26%, and among adolescent girls, it is 18%. An elevated BMI is closely associated with metabolic and gynecological issues in women. PCOS is a serious and frequently prevalent obesity-related comorbidity that manifests in girls and women genetically prone to it. A cross-sectional study examined the intake of several types of junk food in 200 girls with and without menstrual abnormalities by investigating their menstrual patterns, anthropometric measures, and eating frequency. It found that junk food consumption was substantially related to menstrual difficulties. Junk food slows down the body's metabolism and reduces the calories it burns, making it challenging to maintain a healthy weight. Junk food indirectly affects androgen levels through IR. Elevated insulin levels cause the decline of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a regulatory protein that suppresses the activity of androgens in females and causes hyperandrogenism when cytokines cause IR. There is a correlation between the current young society and junk food which lead to obesity and its complications. Its already been proven that consuming junk food rapidly and frequently results in binge and overeating without reaching satiety and limiting the amount of energy consumed. Obesity and junk eating are inherently connected with hormones. In the globalized era, when there is an abundance of fast food and sedentary lifestyles foster weight gain, polygenic obesity is the most prevalent sort of obesity. A highly integrated gut-to-brain neuroendocrine system controls appetite and body weight by monitoring both short- and long-term fluctuations in energy intake and expenditure. Several diet regimens, like the ketogenic diet, DASH diet, low GI diet, etc, make it easier to cut portion sizes and extra sugar and fat drastically. Provided our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms behind obesity and reproductive diseases, certain strategies should emphasize nutrition and lifestyle for treatment and management.

Obesity is associated with cognitive deficits. With the increasing rates of obesity and negative consequences of cognitive impairments, an understanding of interventions that may reduce cognitive impairment is of utmost importance. One intervention that has been proposed to mitigate cognitive deficits in individuals with obesity is the use of aerobic exercise. Despite the evidence that aerobic exercise may improve cognition in individuals with obesity, the exact mechanisms responsible for the cognitive improvements remain to be elucidated. This review explores three possible mechanisms that contribute to aerobic exercise-induced cognitive improvements in individuals with obesity including: 1) Improved cerebral blood flow, 2) Reduced neuroinflammation, and 3) Increased neurogenesis. Future directions will also be discussed.