Obesity Medicine最新文献

Background and aims

Sedentary time (ST) is found to be an independent risk for cardiometabolic disease (CMD). While moderate to vigorous physical activity has demonstrated clear benefits in reducing the risk of CMD, only a fraction of the world's population meets the recommended levels. The benefits of easily attainable light-intensity physical activity (LIPA) on CMD risk factors are seldom explored. Our study aimed to explore the association of accelerometer-measured ST and LIPA with CMD risk among Indian office workers.

Methods

ST and LIPA were recorded using a hip-worn accelerometer (Actigraph) for seven consecutive days, while CMD risk factors were evaluated in 130 insufficiently active office workers. The association of accelerometer-measured ST and LIPA with CMD risk factors were examined using multivariate regression.

Results

Higher ST were positively associated with high body mass index (β = 0.330, p < 0.001) and body fat percentage (β = 0.422, p < 0.001), while LIPA exhibited an inverse relationship with the above variables. Additionally, higher LIPA was associated to low fasting blood sugar levels (FBS) (β = −0.308, p = 0.023). Similarly, high ST was associated with low heart rate variability (HRV) (β = −0.407, p = 0.024) while high LIPA was associated with high HRV (β = 0.379, p = 0.003). However, the associations remain insignificant for majority of other CMD risk factors.

Conclusion

Elevated ST is consistently linked to higher body mass, FBS and lower HRV (an indicator of autonomic stability). LIPA is associated with lower risk of above variables. Still, the association of ST and LIPA with other CMD risk factors remain uncertain. Longitudinal studies with larger samples of Indian office workers is needed to validate the present study findings.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which can lead to dysfunctions of the intestines associated with pain and body weight loss, and requires effective treatments. Evidence from both preclinical animal and clinical human observations suggests that IBD can be exacerbated by chronic stress. However, the mechanism that links chronic stress to intestinal inflammation remains largely elusive. Using a comprehensive set of mouse genetic models, pharmacologic interventions and sequencing analysis, a recent study systematically investigated the pathway that mediates chronic stress in inducing responses of inflammation in the intestine, and revealed an increased action of glucocorticoid, a known stress-induced blood hormone, as the key mediator in initiating the IBD inflammation. Convincing evidence was presented to argue that the intestinal inflammation and dysmotility in IBD are mediated by direct glucocorticoid action on enteric glia cells and enteric neurons, respectively. These findings, on one hand, identified a heightened stress-induced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) action in causing IBD, but on the other hand, in consideration of the known glucocorticoid's anti-inflammatory effects, revealed the complexity nature of glucocorticoid action in mediating inflammatory responses.

Background

Teucrium polium and Micromeria fruticosa subspecies are known to be used in traditional medicine for diabetes treatment.

Objective

The present study aimed to examine the potential antidiabetic effects and the mechanisms of antidiabetic actions of Teucrium polium L. methanolic extract (TP) and Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce subsp. brachycalyx P. H. Davis methanolic extract (MF) on rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods

Streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA) were injected intraperitoneally to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rats. Plant extracts’ antidiabetic mechanisms of action were investigated with biochemical analyses and histopathological analyses performed.

Results

TP and MF treatments reduced the blood glucose levels compared to the untreated diabetic rats. TP reduced TNF-α levels in serum, increased insulin levels in serum and pancreas, reduced SGLT-2 levels in kidneys, reduced GLUT-2 levels in the ileum; and MF reduced TNF-α levels, and increased insulin levels in serum and pancreas, increased GLP-1 levels, and reduced GLUT-2 levels in the ileum, and reduced SGLT-2 levels in kidneys. Treatments improved the histopathological results in the pancreas, kidney, and liver.

Conclusions

The results presented in this study demonstrated that TP and MF both have potential antidiabetic effects and may be effective in T2DM treatment.

As a chronic metabolic disease, obesity has evolved into a worldwide epidemic, giving rise to serious public health issues. A recent article published in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology entitled "Obesity in the USA: diet and lifestyle key to prevention" described the escalating obesity issue in the United States while analyzing the factors contributing to the rising prevalence of obesity and proposing measures to tackle this problem. After noting the racial disparities in obesity prevalence mentioned by the author in the United States, we analyzed the potential reasons in terms of genetics, metabolism, diet, and socioeconomics. The purpose is to enhance public awareness of the obesity problem, thus better addressing this global challenge.

Objectives

This study aimed to explore the association of Traditional Medicine (TM) body constitution (BC) with BMI, which helps to find measures improving BC by intervening in BMI.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional design was conducted on first-year students at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City (UMP) from January 2023 to April 2023. All the participants were classified as BC types by the CCMQ standardized into Vietnamese. A Chi-square test and Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between TMBC types and BMI, using SPSS version 20.0.

Results

This survey enrolled 301 first-year University of Medicine and Pharmacy students in Ho Chi Minh city (55.1% were female and 44.9% were male). The prevalence of BMI levels was normal weight (49.2%), overweight-obesity (37.5%), and underweight (13.3%), respectively. The Balanced (Neutral) type was the highest (23.3%). The overweight-obesity group had associations with Phlegm-dampness and Qi-depression (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The normal weight is the majority, nevertheless, overweight-obesity is increasing in the student community. Phlegm-dampness type and Qi-depression type are the risk factors for people having overweight-obesity.

The NOX family consists of seven isoenzymes that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) from molecular oxygen. Changes in redox balance may impact disorders linked to metabolic dysfunction, as enzymes and a subcellular compartment that generally produce ROS are connected to metabolic control. A condition known as diabetes affects how the body distributes and processes macronutrients, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. ROS plays a crucial role because individuals with neurodegenerative illnesses frequently have high levels of oxidative stress in their brains. While many ROS are intracellular signaling messengers and most oxidative metabolism products are beneficial to normal cellular function, increased ROS levels caused by hyperglycemia, peroxisomes, and certain enzymes cause oxidative stress-sensitive signaling, toxicity, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is a protein expressed throughout the body and in different cells and areas of the brain. There is emerging proof that several neurodegenerative conditions can increase isoform NOX4 expression. Pharmacological suppression of NOX4 enzymes is neuroprotective and can lessen harmful elements of disease after Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, stroke, ataxia, multiple system atrophy, and peripheral neuropathy, as well as in diabetes disorders. This review investigates pharmacological strategies for targeting this important oxidative stress system, explores the findings suggesting NOX4 participation in the pathophysiology of several neurological illnesses, and lists barriers to getting these treatments into the clinic. We have also discussed the prospect of transcriptional alterations concerning NOX as a molecular link between neurodegenerative disease (NDD) and diabetes.

Objectives

This study aims to investigate the relationship between erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides, and their potential ability to predict major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in diabetic patients.

Methods

This study uses a cross-sectional analysis of 453 diabetic patients to investigate associations between MACE and sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. The study defined MACE as the presence of myocardial infarction (MI), coronary heart disease (CHD), or both. It likewise characterized dyslipidemia as high levels of cholesterol or triglycerides based on the Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. The data collected from medical records were analyzed using SPSS. Results from Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and univariate and multivariate logistic regression models indicated significant associations between ESR, HbA1c, triglycerides, HDL, and MACE in diabetic patients. Multicollinearity was assessed using the variance inflation factor method, with statistical significance determined by a p-value of less than 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval.

Results

The study found a positive correlation between MACE and several factors, including age, triglyceride levels, ESR, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and body mass index (BMI). In addition, the study found a negative correlation between MACE and HDL levels. The results of the univariate analysis revealed that an increased risk of MACE corresponded significantly with higher levels of HbA1c, ESR, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, fasting blood glucose, and BMI. Moreover, the multivariate analysis indicated that several factors—triglycerides, HbA1c, HDL, ESR, and age—were significantly associated with an increased risk of MACE. Thus, an increase in triglycerides, HbA1c age, and ESR corresponded to an increase in MACE likelihood, while an increase in HDL corresponded to a decrease in MACE likelihood.

Conclusions

This study's results show a correlation between levels of ESR, HbA1c, HDL, triglycerides, and the likelihood of MACE, suggesting that these biomarkers may serve as effective indicators and predictors for MACE among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM).

Background and aims

The intake of Processed foods/junk foods/preserved foods are commonly seen in the majority of individuals all over the globe. The chemical composition or preservation procedures are directly linked with an eventual rise in diabetes, obesity and other cardiometabolic complications mediated morbidity and mortality rates. The study aims to elaborate on the impact of packed foods on cardiometabolic complications.

Methods

The current study offers fresh evidence supporting standardized clinical trial data towards the correlation of Processed foods/junk foods/preserved foods and type 2 diabetes, obesity, weight gain, and metabolic syndrome using the following terms as a search strategy “junk food”, “Processed foods”, “Preserved foods”, preservatives”, “artificial sweeteners".

Results

The micro-level chemical composition and high-pressure preservation techniques of Processed foods/junk foods/preserved foods strongly correlate with the disease progression by worsening the cardiovascular complication symptoms and significant weight gain. Hence, if this condition is uncontrolled for longer, it may lead to complications from metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions

The details provided in this article will help understand the impact of packed foods and their implications towards metabolic disorders, followed by its practical approaches for a lifestyle change to prevent MetS and improve cardiometabolic health.

Obesity, together with its associated comorbidities such as diabetes, is a worldwide public health concern, and understanding the underlying mechanism of it remains a challenging task. The central nervous system, specifically the neuron circuits regulating feeding behavior, plays a crucial role in maintaining energy balance, offering promising avenues for exploring the pharmacology and physiology of energy balance in terms of dealing with obesity. This review provides an overview of current research on the effects of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) on feeding behavior and energy balance and discusses the behavioral and neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie the identified effects. Current evidence suggests that the PBN neuronal activity and molecules modulate feeding behavior via several pathways, including mediating aversive and reward related satiation and/or satiety and orexigenic regulation of feeding. Further research is required to gain insight into the wiring of PBN circuits involved in the control of reward associated feeding control, as well as synergistic effects of local PBN circuits on feeding behavior regulation.