Obesity Medicine最新文献

Tinnitus is defined as the sound perceived in the head or ear without any external stimulus. Although there are many hypotheses about the etiology of tinnitus there is no generally accepted theory due to its complex physiology. Obesity and physical inactivity, which have increased as a result of radical changes in diet and lifestyle in the last century, are significantly associated with tinnitus. Therefore, low glycemic index/low carbohydrate diets and active lifestyle are becoming increasingly common among the recommendations given to individuals with tinnitus. As a result of the spread of Western-style diet, a decrease in the consumption of antioxidant-rich foods and decreased blood antioxidant status can also affect tinnitus. In this review, it was aimed to discuss the role of obesity, nutrition and physical activity on tinnitus in the light of recent research results.

Introduction

Obesity is one of the most concerning public health issues, and it is known as a predisposing factor for many chronic cardiometabolic diseases. Overweight individuals should be included in preventative interventions. Combining a high-dairy, high-Protein and low-calorie diet might help reduce appetite and body weight more effectively. We aimed to assess whether this approach, coupled with moderate-intensity aerobic activity, would be more effective in helping overweight women reduce central fat accumulation than a low-dairy diet, high in protein and low in calories.

Methods

This randomized clinical trial recruited young overweight women aged 20–45-year-old, and compared one of two 700 Kcal restricted diet management options: intervention group with a high protein with high amounts of dairy products and 40 g of casein supplement or control group with a high protein, low-dairy diet for two weeks. In addition, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was individually determined and prescribed for both intervention and control groups. The primary outcomes were a change in abdominal and suprailiac skinfold thickness. The secondary outcomes were body weight; BMI; waist and hip circumferences measured before the trial and after two weeks. Our analysis was based on both the intention-to-treat and per-protocol principles. This trial was registered with the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IRCT20201102049229N1).

Results

Between the 20th of January 2021 and the 18th of March 2021, 60 participants were randomly assigned to the intervention or control groups. Forty-seven of them (78%) completed the study. The mean drop in abdominal and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses was −4.82 mm and −3.22 mm, respectively, in the dairy group and −2.83 mm and −2.00, respectively, in the non-dairy group. The adjusted mean difference was −1.99 (95% CI: 0.49–3.48; p = 0.005) in abdominal skinfold thickness and −1.22 (95% CI: 0.06–2.38; p = 0.017) in suprailiac skinfold thickness in favour of the high-dairy group. All other secondary outcomes, including waist circumferences, hip circumference, Mean Body Fat, Percentage Body Fat, Soft Lean Mass, Body Mass Index, Fat Mass Index, and Fat-Free Mass Index, showed significant changes (p < 0.05) in the intervention group.

Conclusion

High-dairy, low-calorie diet is more effective than a high-protein, low-calorie diet in weight and body fat reduction, particularly central fat, in overweight young adult women.

Object

ANGPTL8 is a newly identified liver-derived hormone closely linked to metabolic parameters. Metabolic factors include abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, high levels of triglycerides, and hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation of serum ANGPTL8 level with metabolic parameters in Iraqi adults in terms of their gender.

Methods

A total of 108 adult Iraqi participants were enrolled in this prospective study, comprising 62 females and 46 males. The participants were categorized into three groups based on their age: Group I consisted of individuals aged 20 to 39, Group II comprised those aged 40 to 59, and Group III included subjects aged 60 to 80. Twenty females and twenty males were included in the study. The study utilized an ELISA method to quantify the fasting serum ANGPTL8. Additionally, metabolic markers including lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were evaluated.

Results

The serum ANGPTL8 levels in males were significantly lower than those in females, (mean 28.5 vs 19 ng/mL; P = 0.003). As both genders aged, the levels of ANGPTL8 decreased. Females experienced a decline from 31.2 to 24.3 and then to 25.8 ng/ml, while males saw their levels drop from 21.9 to 18.1, then to 18.5 ng/ml respectively. Females exhibit a positive correlation between ANGPTL8 and TG and LDL-C levels (r = 0.633; p = 0.021 and r = 0.454; p = 0.01, respectively). ANGPTL8 alone demonstrated very good discrimination power (AUC = 0.85) in identifying females with dyslipidemia.

Conclusion

The results of our study suggest that Serum ANGPTL8 could be considered as a potential risk factor for dyslipidemia. It appears that the impact of this factor may be related to adipocyte metabolism, particularly in female participants.

Aims

Coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 particles are spherical and have proteins called spikes that stick out on the surface. COVID-19 most commonly affects the respiratory system, but various clinical manifestations on coronavirus have revealed their potential neurotropism. The neuroinvasive affinity of Coronavirus infections has been reported nearly for all the β Coronavirus infections, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoV-OC43 and HEV. Coronavirus invasion occurs through hypoxia injury, immune injury, ACE2, and direct infection. The pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and other human Coronaviruses reveals the possible mechanisms of neurodegeneration.

Methods

A systematic literature review carried out from various search engines like Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and Elsevier for investigating the therapeutic perspective of association between Covid-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Results

SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as its entry receptor and enters the central nervous system through a Blood-brain barrier constituted of inflammatory mediators, direct infection of the endothelial cells, or endothelial injury. Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disease that injures and attacks the nerves in the peripheral nervous system. Studies suggest that the virus can infect peripheral neurons to cause direct damage through various mechanisms, including direct damage by cytokine-related injury, ACE2 receptors, and the sequelae of hypoxia.

Conclusion

we have discussed the possible mechanisms between neuroinvasion of SARs-cov2 and Guillain-barre syndrome.

The prevalence of obesity among women worldwide has escalated to 26%, and among adolescent girls, it is 18%. An elevated BMI is closely associated with metabolic and gynecological issues in women. PCOS is a serious and frequently prevalent obesity-related comorbidity that manifests in girls and women genetically prone to it. A cross-sectional study examined the intake of several types of junk food in 200 girls with and without menstrual abnormalities by investigating their menstrual patterns, anthropometric measures, and eating frequency. It found that junk food consumption was substantially related to menstrual difficulties. Junk food slows down the body's metabolism and reduces the calories it burns, making it challenging to maintain a healthy weight. Junk food indirectly affects androgen levels through IR. Elevated insulin levels cause the decline of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a regulatory protein that suppresses the activity of androgens in females and causes hyperandrogenism when cytokines cause IR. There is a correlation between the current young society and junk food which lead to obesity and its complications. Its already been proven that consuming junk food rapidly and frequently results in binge and overeating without reaching satiety and limiting the amount of energy consumed. Obesity and junk eating are inherently connected with hormones. In the globalized era, when there is an abundance of fast food and sedentary lifestyles foster weight gain, polygenic obesity is the most prevalent sort of obesity. A highly integrated gut-to-brain neuroendocrine system controls appetite and body weight by monitoring both short- and long-term fluctuations in energy intake and expenditure. Several diet regimens, like the ketogenic diet, DASH diet, low GI diet, etc, make it easier to cut portion sizes and extra sugar and fat drastically. Provided our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms behind obesity and reproductive diseases, certain strategies should emphasize nutrition and lifestyle for treatment and management.

Obesity is associated with cognitive deficits. With the increasing rates of obesity and negative consequences of cognitive impairments, an understanding of interventions that may reduce cognitive impairment is of utmost importance. One intervention that has been proposed to mitigate cognitive deficits in individuals with obesity is the use of aerobic exercise. Despite the evidence that aerobic exercise may improve cognition in individuals with obesity, the exact mechanisms responsible for the cognitive improvements remain to be elucidated. This review explores three possible mechanisms that contribute to aerobic exercise-induced cognitive improvements in individuals with obesity including: 1) Improved cerebral blood flow, 2) Reduced neuroinflammation, and 3) Increased neurogenesis. Future directions will also be discussed.

Background

Low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of obesity, hyperinsulinemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D), although its role in adolescent T2D and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is less known.

Objectives

To identify novel inflammatory protein biomarkers related to childhood obesity, IGT, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia and increase in age-adjusted BMI over time.

Methods

Children and adolescents with obesity (n = 137; eight with T2D, 45 with IGT, 84 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT)), and with normal weight (n = 34) were included. Study subjects were 5–18 years old. In the obesity group the majority were above the 99th BMI percentile. Protein biomarker identification in plasma was performed using proximity extension assay with a 92-plex inflammation-related protein panel. The biomarkers were tested for their association with childhood obesity, IGT, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglucagonemia by t-tests and with increased BMI SDS by linear regression.

Results

Six protein biomarkers not previously studied in childhood obesity were elevated in pediatric obesity, among these CUB domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1). Plasma TNF-related Weak Inducer of Apoptosis (TWEAK) was lower in the IGT than in the NGT group. Five protein biomarkers were elevated in hyperinsulinemia and two were elevated in hyperglucagonemia. A high baseline HGF was associated with increased BMI SDS after a follow-up period of on average 1.8 years (B = 0.008, 95% CI 0.005–0.011).

Conclusions

Six protein biomarkers not previously described in childhood obesity were identified, among these CDCP-1. A high HGF is associated with increased BMI over time in children and adolescents with obesity.

Background

Gestational diabetes (GD) is one of the most common pregnancy complications, with a nearly 30% worldwide prevalence. It is a pathology that affects both the mother and the fetus. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through complementary binding to RNA messengers (mRNA). Therefore, changes in miRNA profile could be related to the development of pathological processes.

Objectives

To determine the association between GD and miRNA expression profiles.

Methodology

Our review was carried out according to the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration and the PRISMA Statement. We previously published the protocol. First, two researchers reviewed each reference by title and abstract. Then, they scanned full texts of relevant studies, applied pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, and extracted the data.

Results

Sixty-seven studies were included in the review. Seven thousand five hundred thirty-seven gestating women were evaluated, of which 3652 had GD while 3885 were controls. Our review found 20 miRNAs: hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-19a-3p, hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-20a-5p, hsa-miR-30d-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-92b-3p, hsa-miR-96-5p, hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR-190b, hsa-miR-222-3p, hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-342-3p, hsa-miR-423-5p, hsa-miR-508-3p, hsa-miR-518d-3p, hsa-miR-574-3p, hsa-miR-657, were reported in at least two studies with consistent levels of expression in the same type of biological sample used, which according to the studies could be associated with the presence of GD.

Conclusions

MicroRNAs are potential biomarkers in developing pathologies such as GD, with a heterogeneous group of these molecules with differential profiling among tissues.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine and metabolic disorder during the reproductive age of women, is characterized by high androgen levels, irregular menses, and small cysts in the ovaries. One in 10 women worldwide is affected by PCOS. Women with PCOS might experience abnormal insulin activity, along with complications such as obesity, acne, pattern hair loss, mood swings, hirsutism, and infertility. PCOS is linked with severe clinical ailments such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and cancer. The disease (PCOS) is often caused by a faulty lifestyle, neuroendocrine factors, genetic causes, and androgen exposures, leading to dysregulated hormonal state, hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, and inflammation. Society often preaches women to keep their physiological problems such as PCOS under the veil. Lack of conscience and the compulsion to abide by societal norms is often a barrier to the early diagnosis of PCOS. This review summarizes the causes, symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and possible treatment (medical, herbal, lifestyle improvement, acupuncture, and bariatric surgery) related to PCOS.

Background and objectives

Obesity has become globally prevalent. The novel studies about long-range interaction between promoter-enhancer sequences of FTO and IRX3 genes SNPs, affects the conversion of adipocytes maturation and hence obesity. This can be implemented in pharmaceutical field. The study was established to investigate the association of FTO and IRX3 SNP and its impact on Quetta subjects.

Materials and methods

Blood Samples taken from 250 individuals (150 obese and 100 non-obese) after informed consent along with demographic information. Organic method of DNA extraction and ARMS-PCR for genotyping was performed. Data analysis was done by liner regression at 95%confidence interval.

Results

Both genes’ SNPs were strongly associated with obesity. The AA genotype of FTO SNP rs8050136 showed 3.48-fold (95% CI: 1.45–8.37, P = 0.013) increased risk and allele A 1.76-fold (95%CI: 1.21–2.57, P = 0.004) comparing with allele C. Similarly, compared with TT or GT genotype the GG genotype of IRX3 SNP rs3751723 displayed 3.22-fold (95%CI: 1.40–7.39, P = 0.018) increased onset of obesity, with the frequency of G allele 1.67-fold (95%CI: 1.15–2.41, P = 0.007). Gender and Social statuses were not significantly associated, the different genotypes affect both male and female; AA = 1.21 (95%CI: 0.57–2.55, P = 0.41) and AC = 1.14 (95%CI: 0.65–1.98, P = 0.65) respectively. Moreover, only Baloch ethnic group in GG genotype of IRX3 variant display 3.16-times (95%CI: 0.86–11.5, P = 0.08) increase obesity risk.

Conclusion

Our study suggested that studied polymorphism of both genes are strongly associated with obesity in Quetta population. Moreover, lack of knowledge about obesity genetics is one of the major hurdles in its management at individual level in Pakistan.