Ecological Genetics and Genomics最新文献

Little millet is an important cereal known as a “nutra-grain' because of its numerous health benefits. Due to lack of genomic information, the present study analyzed the cross-transferability of finger millet SSR markers to little millet. SSR analysis using genomic DNA with 18 available markers in little millet revealed that 12 SSR markers had unique amplicons with the expected size, indicating 66.66 % cross-transferability. This indicates the conservation of the repetitive motifs AG, CTG, GTT, ACG, CGG, (GA)₂₆, (TC)21, (CA)₇N₁₂ (GA)₁₅, and (GA)₇AA (GA)₁₉ in both species. Genetic analysis with these transferable twelve SSR markers in 16 little millet genotypes revealed a total of 39 alleles with an average of 3.25 alleles per primer. The highest number of alleles (8) was found at GB-FM -53, while the lowest number of alleles (2) was found at GB-FM -67, GB-FM -87, GB-FM -98 and UGEP-101. Out of the total twelve amplified primers, four primers GB-FM -53, GB-FM -67, GB-FM -70 and UGEP-93 were found to be highly effective and best based on highest SSR primer index value, observed and effective number of alleles, Nei genetic diversity, Shannon information index and polymorphic information content. Finger millet SSR markers distinguished sixteen genotypes of little into two major clusters, where two genotypes, WV-151 and WV-152, were highly diverse. This study establishes the high cross-transferability of finger millet SSR markers to little millet facilitating genomic research and breeding efforts for genetically neglected little millet.

Palmarosa, also known as rosagrass, is an important source of essential oils used worldwide in the fragrance, cosmetic, and soap industries. Palmarosa is a multi-harvest, perennial aromatic crop that grows 1.8–2.4 m tall. Steam distillation yields an essential oil with a rose-like perfume. It contains geraniol (65–85 %), geranyl acetate (6–12 %), citral (1–2%), citronellol (6.4 %), linalool (2–4%), and trace amounts of α-pinene, myrcene, terpinolene, borneol, caryophyllene, farnesol, and geranyl butyrate. The oil percentage ranges between 0.4 and 0.7 %, depending on the season or environment, crop stage, and crop management parameters. Different cultivated varieties, including PRC-1, Vaishnavi, Trishna, Tripta, CIMAP-Harsh, OPD-1, OPD-2, RRL (B)-77, IW 31245, IW 3629, and IW 3244, have been developed and made commercially available. Biotechnological strategies, such as metabolic engineering or cell culture techniques, can help improve chemical compounds for commercial products. It can be cultivated in degraded, marginal, and salt-affected soil and produces a greater economic return than traditional crops; yet, however, the plant requires significant fertility and water availability to reach its full potential. Because palmarosa oil gives a lingering rose aroma to mixes, it is useful for flavoring tobacco and soap. It is also a source of very high-quality geraniol. Geraniol is highly valued as both a smell and a building block for complex chemicals, and its manufacturing generates employment opportunities in associated industries.

Non-native species invading habitats often cause ecosystem damage and biodiversity losses. Elevating temperature and CO₂ concentrations promote the invasiveness that is highly associated with the nitrogen fixation rates and traits that foster the adaptation of the non-native species, resulting in invasive plants as a cosmopolitan problem. Nevertheless, recent studies revealed a high carbon sequestration capacity of invasive plants in land and coastal habitats, arousing a question if invasive plants always a notorious invader. Badlands are characterized with poor soil development and nutrition, which restrict the growth of plants and soil microbes. Interestingly, leguminous plant with symbiotic nitrogen-fixation bacteria help them explore habitats with low nutrition. Leucaena with high seed yields and deep roots acts as a pioneer in badland ecosystems, usually forming a dominant vegetation with bamboos. Roots exudates likely attract microbes beneficial to the plant growth. Even so, microbial metabolism and respiration tend to increase the CO₂ emission from the soils. Nevertheless, biologists discovered that carbon precipitated by roots is more effective in forming mineral-associated soil organic carbon than leaf and root litter inputs. Soil microbial biomass ultimately transforms into necromass with specific properties, constituting an important source of soil organic matter, which compensates largely the CO₂ from microbial metabolism. Furthermore, deep roots of Leucaena likely interact with soil microbes through various biogeochemical processes, promoting soil formation, altering rocks and soil minerals, and providing carbon to deeper layers. From the viewpoint of carbon sequestration, invasive Leucaena can make more significant contribution to the badland ecosystem than native species.

This investigation aimed to study the polymorphism and association of important egg production linked candidate genes and layer performances in Kadaknath. The Genomic DNA samples were obtained from blood of 112 birds that were chosen at random. RestrictionFragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of three candidate genes viz., cGH, MTNR1C and VIPR-1 was determined using SacI, MboI and HhaI restriction enzymes, respectively. The alleles were separated on 2 % AGE and their molecular sizes were estimated.

Two out of the three genes studied i.e. cGH and MTNR1C showed polymorphism however VIPR-1 revealed monomorphic patterns. The different genotypes obtained were then associated with layer performance traits using least-squares analysis of variance. The cGH/SacI genotype was found to have a substantial impact on egg production up to 40 weeks (EP40) and age at sexual maturity (ASM) via association analysis. The cGH gene's AC genotype was linked to the lowest ASM (192.41 ± 11.84 days) and greatest EP40 (36.72 ± 8.86). The EP40 was also affected significantly by MTNR1C/MboI genotypes and birds with AA genotype attained higher body weight at 20 weeks (BW20) and had the highest EP40 (49.29 ± 6.84). The findings suggest that the markers identified can be used in Marker Assisted Selection primarily to select Kadaknath birds for higher BW20 (p ≤ 0.05) and may be used to select birds for lower ASM and higher EP40 with relatively lower level of significance (p ≤ 0.15). It emphasizes on adapting candidate gene PCR-RFLP genotype based selection for faster genetic improvement in layer economic traits of Kadaknath.

Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) is an etiological agent of Contagious Agalactia (CA) in small ruminants and belongs to Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Until today, six strains genomes and candidates of Mcc were sequenced in Germany, USA, France and China. The aim of the present study is to analyze the genomic sequence of Mcc MOR20 strain and to compare it with the other sequenced strains. Indeed, the genome sequence of Mcc MOR20 strain was obtained using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. NGS sequencing reads were assembled de novo using CLC genomics v12 (Qiagen). The variant calling on MOR20 strain was conducted using SNIPPY tools. The phylogenomic analysis of Mcc MOR20 strain was performed using BuscoPhylo pipeline. Thus, the genome of Mcc MOR20 characterized by 960,401 bp and encoded for 820 protein-coding genes, 15 rRNA genes (5S, 16S, and 23S), 34 tRNA genes, and three ncRNA genes. In addition, Mcc MOR20 is genetically closer to Mcc isolate human case with percentage of 98.58 %. In addition, the Mcc MOR20 show a genomic relationship with Mccp clade, and they share the same must of potential virulence genes that were identified, including variable surface lipoproteins and metabolic enzymes. The results of this study could be of interest for contagious agalactia vaccine development and the conserved gene might be taken as candidate for new markers for Mcc diagnosis.

Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of anguillid eels is crucial for effective management. In this study, we used the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop marker to identify anguillid glass eels and assessed their genetic diversity across six sampling sites spanning three Southeast Asian countries. We also examined the population structures of Anguilla marmorata and A. celebesensis. We validated nine distinct species and subspecies of anguillid eels from 465 specimens collected in Indonesia (n = 246), the Philippines (n = 119), and Vietnam (n = 100). High gene diversities were observed across the species, ranging from 0.979 (A. celebesensis) to 1.000 (A. bicolor bicolor, A. marmorata, and A. interioris). Correspondingly, nucleotide diversity values were relatively low, varying from 0.036 (A. marmorata) to 0.057 (A. interioris). A. marmorata (n = 162) displayed a broad distribution, being observed across all six sites, with a significant yet low average fixation index of 0.05755. Pairwise comparisons of FST values between Cimandiri and other locations (except for Cagayan) were relatively high and statistically significant (p < 0.01), indicating significant genetic differentiation of Cimandiri samples compared to most locations in this study. On the other hand, A. celebesensis (n = 110), exhibited a non-significant and low fixation index (0.007), indicating no genetic differentiation in samples from Poso and Poigar Rivers, Indonesia. Our findings highlight the essential need for coordinated management strategies among regions that share common stocks. Additionally, this study underscores the efficacy of the mtDNA D-loop in precisely identifying glass eel species/subspecies and elucidating the genetic diversity and population structure of tropical anguillid eels.

Genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analyses are recognized as the two most effective approaches for assessing genotype × environment interaction. In this investigation, forty-three spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) half-sib seed progenies were evaluated for the stability of agro-morphological and biochemical characteristics. For leaf-to-stem ratio, limonene and carvone contents, the analysis of variance uncovered the presence of a significant genotype-by-environment interaction, this finding illustrates that Mentha spicata genotypes exhibited diverse levels of performance across the three environments. The genotypes OPSP-95, OPSP-96, OPSP-78, OPSP-46, and OPSP-86 excelled in carvone per cent in each environment, as indicated by the “which-won-where” polygon. The optimal genotypes for carvone content determined by the genotype ranking are as follows OPSP-46, OPSP-35, OPSP-86, OPSP-78, OPSP-66 and OPSP-106 and for limonene content OPSP-86, OPSP-66, OPSP-47, OPSP-56, OPSP-59 and OPSP-106. Three genotypes OPSP-50, OPSP-112, and OPSP-16 showed both high oil yield per plot couples with stability across tested environments. Based on the mean trait stability index, genotypes OPSP-92, OPSP-76, OPSP-96, OPSP-94, OPSP-95, and OPSP-117 were stable and best based on all observed characters across the three environments. Spearmint genotypes that are stable and high-yield can be cultivated commercially and utilized as base populations for upcoming breeding initiatives.

The current study used two harvesting periods (2020-21 and 2021–2022) to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers applied to the soil on Kalmegh growth, productivity, and economic viability. The study looked at a variety of growth parameters, including plant height, the number of primary and secondary branches, plant spread, leaf area, dry matter accumulation, and fresh, dry, and seeded herbage output. T6 (RDF + VAM + Vermicompost) produced much higher growth metrics and yields than other treatments, exhibiting consistently better performance. The improved outcomes were attributed to the combined effects of inorganic fertilizers, mycorrhizal association (VAM), and organic supplementation (vermicompost). T2 (RDF + vermicompost) displayed a similar performance. On the other hand, the T7 control group had the lowest values across all metrics. The economic study determined that T6 was the most economically viable choice due to its higher gross and net returns. This emphasizes the importance of coordinated nutrient management in achieving optimal agricultural output and economic sustainability. According to the study's findings, T6, which has a balanced mix of inorganic and organic amendments, is a promising technique for increasing kalmegh variety CIM Megha production. This technique provides higher crops, financial rewards, and improved soil nutrient levels.

The research was conducted in north Wello and south Gonder zones of Amhara region with the aim of investigating phenotypic diversity of cattle. The study areas were selected based on prior experience where Smada cattle breed breeding track can be found and other areas were selected based on agroecology, area and population distribution. Both morphological and metric value were recorded from 178 male and 272 female. The morphological data were entered to SPSS for conducting chi-square test procedure. The morphometric data were subjected to SAS GLM procedures by fitting sex, agro ecology, districts and agro ecology interaction with districts. Except body length (BL) and ear length (EL) other morphometric characteristics of cattle has variation (P < 0.05) based on the sex of cattle. Population difference also observed within agro ecology of the study areas. Accordingly, in highland part of the study areas; BL, heart girth (HG) and pelvic width (PW) are better (P < 0.05) than midland of the study areas. However, population difference (P < 0.05) along districts lacks consistency. Black and red coat color covers major observation along the study areas. Black coat color is not preferred culturally, and the price of such cattle is lower. The red coat color is the next observed and culturally preferred color for farmers. Including such coat color in trait preference of farmers for conducting improvement programs along with other traits is crucial. Moreover, cattle population along districts has no variation based on morphometric and morphological results. Therefore, considering this cattle population as Smada cattle breed is recommended.

Drosophila bipectinata and D. malerkotliana are found to be distributed all along the Oriental-Australian continents and have common phylogenetic descent. The genetic divergence of these two species have been studied by using genetic markers like chromosome inversions and allozyme variants to establish the extent of variation they have experienced since their speciation. In this study, microsatellite variations have been considered to observe the genetic differentiation among the seven natural populations of D. bipectinata and six populations of D. malerkotliana. Results pertaining to both the species indicate that the level of average heterozygosity increases from north to south. Distinct genetic differentiation has been observed between north and south populations of both the species giving an indication that north and south populations have undergone genetic structuring due to absence of gene flow between them and varying environmental conditions. Based on the frequencies of microsatellite variants of the two species, we have computed the level of variation between these two species. The analysis in this regard shows an almost similar trend of genetic variation being experienced by these two species which could be a kind of parallel evolution occurring due to similar ecological niches occupied by them and similar impact of evolutionary forces.