Ecological Genetics and Genomics最新文献

Male sterility (MS) is powerful tool for improvement of various traits of economic importance. MS has not been characterized in Solanum villosum, and molecular mechanism underlying mutation change have not yet been studied. In this study, Sanger sequence platform was employed to amplify the MS genic region using mt ATPase marker. The molecular mechanism governing sterility was studied, and the results detected the amplification region at 1150bp. The sequence query was 97 % identical with atp subunit 6 gene loci. Significance mutation detected in this study was deletion GG (delGG) and deletion C (delC) occurring between 536bp and 542bp position in atp6 gene transcript. The mutation score was 16 for delGG and 17 for delC, with a 90 % mutation confidence interval. The study observed that SNP changes due to base deletions in the atp6 gene region were the main cause of male sterility in the studied mutants due to anticipated frameshifts of the open reading frame (ORF) of the mitochondrial atp6 gene, this is regarded as cytoplasmic male sterility type (CMS). Deformed and low pollen count was morphological changes confirmed this study that associated with sterility. Disruption of the ATP synthesis in mitochondria, limits the energy supply for pollen grain formation and anticipated pollen sterility however, mitochondria nuclear gene interaction governing the CMS should be further studied in case of S.villosum. These findings shed-light on molecular mechanism underlying the CMS and can be utilized as a molecular marker for agronomic traits improvement of S.villosum.

Arbutin is a hydroquinone glucoside and a natural product present in microorganisms and plants. Arbutin inhibits the tyrosinase activity in skin cells and due to this property; this compound has been highly exploited in derma-pharmaceutical applications. Arbutin also possesses broad biological activities, which includes; anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties. In this study, the arbutin biosynthesis gene was PCR amplified from the genomic DNA of deep sea halophilic bacteria, Shigella sp. NIOT-DSB91. The amplified gene was cloned and nucleotide sequences were determined. Sequencing results revealed that ascF gene is encoded by polynucleotides of 1458 bp. The ascF gene encodes proteins of 485 amino acids with calculated molecular mass of 51026 Da. In silico sequence and phylogenetic analysis of nucleotides and amino acids revealed that the ascF gene sequences of Shigella sp. NIOT-DSB91 were conserved in many eubacteria.

Amaranths are a type of plant that belongs to the NAD-malic enzyme-type C4 metabolism category. They have a unique C4 anatomy, which is present in their bracts, cotyledons, and leaves. This allows them to produce food through the C4 photosynthetic pathway and rapidly adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions. In this study, 120 amaranth genotypes were evaluated for physio-morphological traits, genetic variability, and growth performance assessment from Ethiopia. The results of the analysis of variance showed that all examined physio-morphological parameters, except the rate of photosynthesis and stomata conductance, had mean squares that varied considerably (P < 0.001) owing to genotypes. The estimates of genetic variability, heritability, and expected genetic advance indicated an incredible extent of genetic diversity among amaranth genotypes, with a significant selection pressure for these traits in the population to produce better genotypes for improved amaranth. Selection based on desirable features such as leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit, transpiration rate, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, leaf area, plant height, leaf number, and root weight can be useful in achieving the intended genetic gains for improvement since these traits appear to be more controlled by additive gene activity. Thus, selection in amaranth genotypes may consider these desired yield-related features. Moreover, the study showed that certain genotypes (ALE-073) exhibited better intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), transpiration rate (E), and leaf number (LN), resulting in better grain yield. Understanding the relationship between LA and E can help in selecting crops for high E and may provide an avenue to improve leaf yield. Furthermore, some of the selected genotypes in this study could be used as potential parents for improving the genetic gain in amaranth breeding programs. The study concluded that there was additive gene action present since the Ch a, Ch b, TCh, and Tca markers exhibited 100 % heritability. This showed that the use of these characteristics for selection, which indicated a potentially exploitable variation, would be more effective and successful in the long run in breeding programs than the use of other traits for splitting generations.

The species of genus Citrus mostly originated in Southeast Asia, a region with a remarkable diversity of Citrus species. They have been cultivated and harnessed worldwide and are commonly known as mandarins, oranges, lemons, and pomelos. The major products of the plants include the juice from fruits, leaves, and the rind as flavour enhancement of food in many regional culinary cultures. Different parts of the plants are commonly used in traditional medicines with a long history ascribed to the potential medicinal benefits, including antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of studies on Citrus species in the following aspects. First, we reviewed studies on various Citrus species in different geographic regions of Asia including their uses in medicinal, culinary, and other cultural purposes. The phylogeny of the Citrus species was proposed to be complicated, which might be attributed to the extensive interbreeding between ancestral taxa and/or being cultivated for different economic strains. Secondly, we summarized and discussed the studies of Citrus depressa in Japan and Taiwan, emphasizing the maintenance of genetic diversity and the potential health benefits of bioactive compounds. Finally, we reviewed the studies discovering the species or cultivars that may provide a source of disease-resistant genes to help Citrus plants from Huanglongbing (HLB), a common disease of Citrus species. The use of the latest genomic biotechnology to introduce disease-resistant genes to cultivars will significantly reduce the damage to the soil and environment from using chemical reagents for disease prevention.

Parasitic plant Striga gesneroides reduces cowpea productivity in sub-Saharan Africa, leading to substantial yield losses. This weed is the major reason for land abandonment by many farmers. While various methods have been proposed for managing Striga invasion and parasitism, host-plant resistance remains the most effective and affordable option for small-scale farmers in the sub-region. This study aims to expedite the improvement of Striga resistance breeding through marker-assisted selection by identifying genomic regions and candidate genes associated with Striga resistance indicator traits using association mapping. A panel of 188 cowpea accessions assembled from five gene banks in West Africa were phenotyped for two years under Striga-infested and non-infested research conditions. These accessions were equally genotyped using the medium-density genotyping of the Diversity Arrays Technology sequencing (DArTseq) platform to obtain marker information. High broad-sense heritability estimates were observed for Striga resistance status (SRS), number of Striga per plot (NSPlot), and Pod weight (PW) while low heritability estimates were observed for fodder weight (FW) and Plant Aspect (PASP). Twenty-four SNP markers were identified across SRS, NSPlot, FW, PASP, and PW under Striga-infested conditions. Under non-infested conditions, 17 SNPs were identified across FW, PASP, and PW. Gene annotation of the significant SNPs revealed candidate genes such as ubiquitin ligase activity, cell wall reinforcement protein, and pathogenesis-related protein. These genes function in plant growth regulation, development, and defense mechanisms. This study offers valuable insights for marker selection, validation, and deployment in cowpea improvement for Striga resistance in SSA.

During an investigations on Monosporascus cannonballus, the causal agent of root rot and vine decline of melons, in 1999, a previously unknown rhizosphere fungus was encountered in the desert soils of southern California. The fungus, herein named Desertella arida Stanghellini & Mohammadi sp. nov., was associated with roots of diverse plants including brassica (Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)) and plantain (Plantago ovata Forsk). The fungus forms extensive multinucleate, septate hyphae (6–17 μm in diameter) bearing hundreds of large spherical to pear-shaped unicellular asexual spores (50–120 μm in diameter), either singly or in large clusters. The spores are beige to cream-colored, thin-walled, and contain a dense, granular cytoplasm. Further investigation on the distribution of D. arida in soils of desert habitats in the southwestern USA led to the discovery of a second fungus belonging to a different species herein named Desertella americanense Mohammadi & Stanghellini sp. nov., in California, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah. The two species are morphologically similar. Spores from both fungi in native soil survived heat treatment up to 100 °C. Both species are culturable and colonized roots of monocots and dicots forming abundant hyphae and spores as early as 10 days post-inoculation. Desertella arida significantly enhanced shoot growth in broccoli, lettuce, Plantago ovata and flax. In conclusion, we discovered two desert-dwelling ascomycete fungi that were associated with the roots of native plant species in southern California. They were culturable on a synthetic medium, heat-tolerant and promoted growth on several crop species. These fungi appeared to exist in other neighboring states such as Arizona and Nevada.

Vigna is a genus of approximately 100 wild species found in tropical and sub-tropical region. The three varieties of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) (VBN3, VBN6 & CO8) was widely cultivated in Tamil Nadu. Soil salinity is a significant issue in food production because excessive salt concentrations in soil inhibit plant development, delaying maturity and reducing crop yield or causing wilting. In the present study, we investigate the effective screening of saline tolerance in green gram, carried out the mechanism of physiological, biochemical and genetic variation using molecular markers of salinity stress of green gram under different concentration of NaCl (control, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM). The result shows that, the salinity stress significantly reduced the physiological, biochemical and plant growth characteristics. Besides, the gene-targeted like Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) and CAAT box derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers were used to examine the genetic variability under saline stress of green gram. Herein, the SCoT and CBDP primers produced 54 and 90 polymorphic bands with an average of 5.7 and 7.8 bands per primer, respectively. The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) revealed genetic diversity within species was greater than between them, indicating that all of the saline-treated samples from the three varieties displayed genetic variation. The present study concludes that the increased concentration of NaCl reduced the plant growth and significantly affects the physiological, biochemical and genetic variation.

By prioritizing high yields in ideal conditions, traditional breeding might miss out that genotypes with superior yield and stability. Thus,this study seeks to identify stable genotypes that offer more predictable and reliable yields; under both stress and resourceful environments, leading to not only greater food security but financial stability as well. Incorporating both fixed (AMMI&GGI) and random effects models (BLUP & MTSI), not only leveraged theoretical but also empirical comparisons-weakness of each model is covered by all 4 models-to select elites hybrids Maize. Furthermore, a multi-environment trial assessed 41 hybrids across 4 research stations in 2 winter seasons using RCB design. Likewise, compiled cutting-edge statistical methods for GEI analyses from the “metan” package (R-Software), selected hybrids with consistent performance with meticulous analysis. AMMI(Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction)analysis revealed that of significant (p ≤ 0.05) effects of genotype, environment, & genotype-environment interaction (GEI), explaining yield variance with interaction effects were captured by 3 interaction principal components (IPCs). Moreover,GEI graphics of AMMI biplots elucidates four hybrids(MRM-4062, Super-22, PAC-744, and Gen-4118) with high yield stability and above-average performance. Additionally, eight hybrids (4118, 4558, 5454, NMH1258, PAC 746, PAC 745 Gold, and SUPER 9090) exhibited superior yield, regardless of their stability. Nepalgunj exhibited the lowest GEI value. Conversely, Rampur displayed an above-average GEI, indicating a strong ability to modulate varieties performance. Besides this, GGE biplot revealed two potential mega-environments based on yield similarities. Nine high-yielding hybrids (SUPPER 6768, SUPPER 9396, PAC750, MBS5622, PAC745 Gold, MRM4065, NMH8392, Gen-4118, and Gen-4558) were identified as vertex hybrids, signifying their superior performance across wide environments. Even supposing, mixed effects model, both the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) weighted with average absolute score standardized by yields (WAASBY) models, Gen-4118 ranked highest in terms of average yield, followed by NMH-8392, TMH2858, and others, and Multi-Trait Stability Index (MTSI) identified SUPPER-9090 as the most stable and high-yielding genotype, followed by NMH4040, Super-22, Gen-4118, MBS-1144, and NMH1255. In a nutshell, Gen-4118, Super-9090, MRM-4062, NMH1258, NMH-8392, TMH2858, PAC 746, PAC 745 Gold emerge as the highest-yielding and most consistently high-performinghybrids, offering promise for commercial farming across diverse environments. Clearly,this study has potential to mitigate risks for farmers (economic burden, crop failure) and bolster food security/climate resilience. What's more, it paves the way for future research on cold tolerance genes for even greater crop improvement.

Mucuna pruriens, a widely available but underutilized legume in India, stands out for its nutritional and medicinal potential. Understanding the genetic diversity of M. pruriens is vital for its conservation and utilization in breeding programs aimed at enhancing its nutritional and agronomic traits. In this regard, molecular markers like ISSRs offer a reliable and informative tool for assessing genetic diversity. In the present study, 23 M. pruriens accessions from northeastern India were evaluated using ISSR markers, revealing high levels of polymorphism and significant genetic diversity. A total of 512 amplicons were generated across 33 ISSR primers, with an average polymorphic percentage of 98.05 %. PIC values ranged from 0.22 to 0.50, indicating substantial genetic variation within the accessions. Supplementary indicators such as EMR and MI were employed to evaluate the marker system's efficacy. EMR ranged from 6 to 22, averaging 14.95, while MI ranged from 2.64 to 9.02, averaging 6.04, with a positive correlation observed between EMR and MI. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient classified the accessions into two major groups, with the northeastern Indian accessions displaying higher diversity compared to those from other regions of India. Interestingly, geographical proximity did not consistently correlate with genetic similarity, suggesting complex patterns of gene flow and historical germplasm exchange. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the genetic diversity of M. pruriens and highlights the importance of conserving and utilizing this underutilized legume for addressing global food security challenges.

In the present study, multi-environmental trials were performed on 19 newly developed barley genotypes at five test regions across the warm climate in Iran for two consecutive years. The results of additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), GGE biplot (GGE) model, and several BLUP-based stability parameters and integrated models (WAASB and WAASBY) were used to reveal GEI patterns and identify superior genotypes with stable grain yield across test environments. Statistical analyses revealed that grain yield was influenced by significant environments (E), genotypes (G), and GEI effects. Among AMMI-, BLUP-, and grain mean-based stability parameters, the harmonic means of genotypic values (HMGV), relative performance of genotypic value (RPGV), and harmonic mean of RPGV parameters indicated a dynamic concept of stability. Moreover, results of GGE biplot analysis identified three mega-environments with different winner genotypes in test environments. Regardless of the different years, the Ahvaz, Darab, and Moghan regions were identified as Type-II environments due to their highest discrimination power and representative ability. The grouping pattern considerably followed the ranking of genotypes in GGE biplot analysis and WAASB model. In conclusion, our results revealed that genotypes G9 and G10 had grain yield higher than the reference genotype and relative stability in specific environments with favorable environmental conditions. Genotype G5 had general adaptability and stability across all test environments. This genotype can be recommended for cultivation in a wide range of environments in the warm climate of Iran.