Childhood in the Past最新文献

英文中文

The Anthropology of the Fetus. Biology, Culture and Society 胎儿人类学。生物学、文化与社会

Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Childhood in the Past

Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2020.1738632

R. Gowland

引用次数: 7

Editorial 社论

Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Childhood in the Past

Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2020.1744829

E. Murphy

It is with much pleasure that I welcome you to the spring issue of Volume thirteen of Childhood in the Past, the journal of the Society for the Study of Childhood in the Past (SSCIP). The issue starts with a thought-provoking invited piece by Farah Mendlesohn which explores the genre of books for children in relation to historical fiction. Farah delivered the Society’s inaugural biennial lecture in 2017 in Staffordshire University, UK, and we are delighted that she was able to write this piece so that all those who could not attend the lecture can learn more about her interesting research. 2019 was another busy year for SSCIP. The twelfth international SSCIP conference, was organized by Katie Hemer and Sophie Newman on 30th October to 1st November, and hosted by the Sheffield Centre for the Archaeology of Childhood in the University of Sheffield. The theme of the conference was ‘Adolescence’ with the aim of exploring how scholars from diverse fields of research can offer nuanced insight into the lives of those occupying this unique stage in the life course in the past. The conference commenced on the Wednesday evening with a keynote presentation by Jane Eva Baxter of DePaul University, USA, on the topic of the late nineteenth/ early twentieth-century invention of adolescence, followed by a wine reception. The following two action-packed days saw the delivery of some nineteen papers and five posters across six thematic sessions What is Adolescence? Shifting Perceptions Over Time and Space; The Written Lives of Adolescents; The Material Culture of Adolescence; Little Adults? Rites of Passage from Childhood to Adulthood; Deviancy, Rebellion, and Punishment, and Advances in Accessing Adolescence in Bioarchaeology. On the Friday morning Mary Lewis of the University of Reading, UK, delivered a keynote talk on the topic of the bioarchaeology of adolescence. The conference also saw the introduction of a prize for the best student podium presentation kindly sponsored by the journal Antiquity. This was awarded to Katherine Woodhouse of Loughborough University, UK, for her paper entitled ‘Rebels With a Cause: Conversion and “Meaningful” Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Methodist Narratives of Female Adolescence’. The conference was a truly international affair which brought together scholars from eight countries and crossed three continents. The Society is very grateful to the conference organizers for all their efforts in arranging the event on this fascinating theme within past childhood research. In addition to the annual conference, a SSCIP-sponsored session entitled ‘Health and Welfare of Children in the Past’ was organized by Esme Hookway and Kirsty Squires of Staffordshire University at the 84th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology which took place on the 10th–14th April in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Speakers from New Zealand, Mexico, and the UK came together to explore a range of topics, including childhood health and disease, the car

我非常高兴地欢迎您阅读《过去的童年》第十三卷春季版，这是过去的童年研究学会（SSCIP）的期刊。本期以Farah Mendlesohn受邀撰写的一篇发人深省的文章开始，该文章探讨了与历史小说相关的儿童书籍类型。法拉于2017年在英国斯塔福德郡大学发表了该学会的首届两年一度的讲座，我们很高兴她能够写下这篇文章，让所有无法参加讲座的人都能更多地了解她有趣的研究。2019年是SSCIP繁忙的一年。第十二届SSCIP国际会议由Katie Hemer和Sophie Newman于10月30日至11月1日组织，由谢菲尔德大学谢菲尔德儿童考古中心主办。会议的主题是“青春期”，目的是探索来自不同研究领域的学者如何对过去生活过程中占据这一独特阶段的人的生活提供细致入微的见解。会议于周三晚上开始，美国德保禄大学的Jane Eva Baxter就19世纪末/20世纪初青春期的发明发表了主题演讲，随后举行了葡萄酒招待会。在接下来的两天里，在六个主题会议上发表了大约十九篇论文和五张海报。什么是青春期？观念随时间和空间的变化；青少年的书面生活；青春期的物质文化；小大人？从童年到成年的成人仪式；偏差、反抗和惩罚，以及生物考古学中接近青春期的进展。周五上午，英国雷丁大学的Mary Lewis就青春期的生物考古学发表了主题演讲。会议还推出了由《古董》杂志赞助的最佳学生演讲奖。英国拉夫堡大学的Katherine Woodhouse因其题为“有原因的反叛者：18世纪卫理公会女性青春期叙事中的皈依和“有意义的”反叛”的论文而获得该奖项。这次会议是一次真正的国际性会议，来自八个国家、横跨三大洲的学者齐聚一堂。学会非常感谢会议组织者在过去的儿童研究中为安排这一迷人主题的活动所做的一切努力。除了年会之外，斯塔福德郡大学的Esme Hookway和Kirsty Squires在4月10-14日于新墨西哥州阿尔伯克基举行的美国考古学会第84届年会上组织了一场由SSCIP赞助的题为“过去儿童的健康和福利”的会议。来自新西兰、墨西哥和英国的演讲者聚集在一起探讨了一系列主题，包括儿童健康和疾病、儿童护理、葬礼治疗和工作场所儿童福利。贝尔法斯特女王大学的Ian Gonzalez Alaña（独立研究员）、Mélie Le Roy和Eileen Murphy组织了一次由SSCIP赞助的题为“青少年葬礼的系统方法”的会议。非典型、变异还是规范？9月4日至7日在瑞士伯尔尼举行的欧洲考古学家协会第25届年会上，“超越范式”。这是一次非常受欢迎的会议，有22次口头演讲和4张海报，来自大约13个国家的研究人员聚集在一起，分享他们在欧洲和北非从史前到现代早期的童年埋葬经验。

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引用次数: 0

From Invisible to Visible: New Methods and Data for the Archaeology of Infant and Child Burials in Pre-Roman Italy and Beyond 从看不见到看不见：前罗马时期及以后意大利婴幼儿墓葬考古的新方法和新数据

Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Childhood in the Past

Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2020.1738633

Laura Lockau

引用次数: 3

The Archaeology of American Childhood and Adolescence 美国儿童与青少年考古

Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Childhood in the Past

Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2020.1738631

Christopher P. Barton

Children and childhoods have been a neglected topic within historical archaeology, often with a limited or only passing reference to children when a toy is uncovered at a site. However, since the 2000s, the study has started to gain favour in the field as archaeologist’s transition away from simply noting the presence of children into more in-depth discussions of children as social agents. Negotiating the archaeology of children and childhood in America is difficult given the spectrum of definitions, ideologies and social constructs; for example, how does the author define children or childhood? What are the temporal and spatial ranges of the study? And how is the intersectionality of identities such as class, ethnicity, gender, and race addressed by the author? On one hand, the threat is that the author can be overly ambitious and attempt to cover every subtopic, every time period, and every culture, thus presenting the audience with a disjointed bricolage of writing that only touches upon important issues without providing a thorough analysis. On the other hand, the author runs the risk of neglecting the diversity of the past and thus can create a work that homogenizes the study of children and childhood. The key for the scholar is to discuss the heterogeneity and intersectionality of the past while also narrowing the scope of the work into a concise narrative. For the most part, Jane Eva Baxter is able to accomplish this difficult task in her book, The Archaeology of American Childhood and Adolescence. This book is very much a sequel to Baxter’s 2005 book, The Archaeology of Childhood: Children, Gender, and Material Culture, in which she discussed similar topics but without the explicit purview of ‘American Childhood’. While restricting the range of childhood and adolescence to one nation helps to narrow the focus of the book, it also brings up a question: is there a monolithic identity of being American? Baxter attempts to answer this question by stating that,

在历史考古学中，儿童和童年一直是一个被忽视的话题，当一个玩具在一个地方被发现时，儿童往往是有限的或只是短暂的提及。然而，自2000年代以来，随着考古学家从简单地注意到儿童的存在转变为更深入地讨论儿童作为社会代理人，这项研究开始在该领域获得青睐。考虑到定义、意识形态和社会结构的范围，在美国讨论儿童和童年的考古学是困难的;例如，作者如何定义儿童或童年?研究的时间和空间范围是什么?作者是如何处理阶级、民族、性别和种族等身份的交叉性的?一方面，威胁是作者可能过于雄心勃勃，试图涵盖每一个小主题，每一个时期，每一种文化，从而呈现给观众一个杂乱无章的写作，只触及重要问题，而没有提供彻底的分析。另一方面，作者冒着忽视过去的多样性的风险，因此可以创作一部同质化儿童和童年研究的作品。学者的关键是讨论过去的异质性和交叉性，同时也将工作的范围缩小到一个简洁的叙述。在很大程度上，简·伊娃·巴克斯特在她的书《美国童年和青春期的考古学》中完成了这一艰巨的任务。这本书在很大程度上是巴克斯特2005年著作《童年考古学:儿童、性别和物质文化》的续集，在那本书中，她讨论了类似的话题，但没有明确的“美国童年”的范围。虽然将童年和青春期的范围限制在一个国家有助于缩小这本书的焦点，但它也提出了一个问题:作为美国人是否有一个单一的身份认同?巴克斯特试图回答这个问题，他说，

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引用次数: 6

Children at Work: Looking for Evidence in Past Societies 工作中的孩子：在过去的社会中寻找证据

Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Childhood in the Past

Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2019.1638558

Mélie Le Roy, C. Polet

A large part of existing production activities within various past populations, from prehistoric to modern times, is now well known among the scientific community. Activities are one of the main notions that help to characterize past societies. During the Palaeolithic period, we usually refer to hunter-gatherer-forager groups, suggesting that the main activity related to their subsistence consists of hunting, gathering, and foraging. Similarly, for the next period, peoples were designated as farmers-breeders, and their everyday life included farming, breeding, or other similar activities. This concept also applies to more recent populations. One example that we usually talk about is pre-industrial societies, which refers to the period before the industrial revolution that occurred in the West during the first half of the nineteenth century. Regardless of the period, several indicators allow us to define and describe the different chores that were performed in past societies. From the tools to the activity markers on human bones during their lifetime to the production of artefacts, a wide area is open for study and discussion. To date, it has been possible to determine that certain individuals specialized in archery (Thomas 2014) or were part of horse riding populations (Pálfi and Dutour 1996; Baillif-Ducros et al. 2012) based on activity markers. Ceramic workshops can even be identified through specific manufacturers or designs (Murphy and Poblome 2016). Studies have also considered the social structure of these different activities, such as the ‘division of work’ according to gender, as mentioned by Leroi-Gourhan and Brézillon (1973) on the Magdalenian site of Pincevent or by Binford (1991) for the Nunamiut people. The International Labour Organization (2012) defines child labour as: ‘any form of work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, interferes with their schooling and that is harmful to physical and mental development’. This current definition carries a negative connotation that may not have existed in the past. However, we will try to avoid this denomination (except if we refer to the exploitation of children) and instead use the terms ‘activity’ and ‘work’. One may, then, wonder what were children’s roles within group production activities? This issue has rarely been considered for the immature cohort and the importance of the contribution that children of past societies made to the economy is still widely unexplored (Buchet et al. 2006). However, ethnography and history have long established the active participation of children in community work (Wileman 2005; AIDELF 2006). Archaeological evidence exists, such as in a mining network, where children, who are physically smaller, could reach

从史前到现代，在过去各种人口中存在的大部分生产活动，现在已为科学界所熟知。活动是帮助描述过去社会特征的主要概念之一。在旧石器时代，我们通常指的是狩猎-采集-觅食群体，这表明与他们的生存相关的主要活动包括狩猎、采集和觅食。同样，在接下来的时期，人们被指定为农民-育种者，他们的日常生活包括耕作、育种或其他类似的活动。这个概念也适用于最近的人群。我们经常谈论的一个例子是前工业社会，它指的是19世纪上半叶西方发生工业革命之前的时期。无论哪个时期，有几个指标使我们能够定义和描述过去社会中不同的家务劳动。从工具到人类骨骼在其一生中的活动标记，再到人工制品的生产，一个广泛的领域是开放的研究和讨论。迄今为止，已经有可能确定某些人专门从事射箭(Thomas 2014)或骑马人群的一部分(Pálfi和Dutour 1996;baillifl - ducros et al. 2012)基于活动标记。陶瓷车间甚至可以通过特定的制造商或设计来识别(Murphy和Poblome 2016)。研究还考虑了这些不同活动的社会结构，例如Leroi-Gourhan和br zillon(1973年)在马格达莱尼的平event遗址提到的根据性别的“工作分工”，或者Binford(1991年)对努纳米特人的研究。国际劳工组织(2012年)将童工定义为:“任何形式的剥夺儿童童年、潜力和尊严的工作，干扰他们的学业，有害身心发展的工作”。这个当前的定义带有过去可能不存在的负面含义。然而，我们将尽量避免使用这个名称(除非我们指的是对儿童的剥削)，而是使用“活动”和“工作”这两个术语。那么，人们可能会想知道，儿童在群体生产活动中的角色是什么?这个问题很少被考虑到不成熟的群体，过去社会的孩子对经济的贡献的重要性仍然广泛未被探索(Buchet et al. 2006)。然而，民族志和历史早就证实了儿童积极参与社区工作(Wileman 2005;AIDELF 2006)。考古证据是存在的，比如在一个采矿网络中，体型较小的儿童可以到达

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引用次数: 1

In a City of Mills and Canals: Mortality among Pre-teen and Teenage Irish Workers in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Industrial Lowell, Massachusetts 在米尔斯和运河之城：19世纪中期马萨诸塞州洛厄尔工业区青少年和青少年爱尔兰工人的死亡率

Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Childhood in the Past

Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2019.1638557

E. Murphy, C. Donnelly, David McKean

ABSTRACT Lowell, Massachusetts, is considered as the birthplace of the industrial revolution in the United States. Established in 1822 by a group of Bostonian entrepreneurs, the new textile factories harnessed the Merrimack River to power their waterwheels using a system of canals. This work attracted groups of emigrant Irish workers from Boston, a process that continued into the middle of the century, particularly in the wake of the Great Irish Famine (1845–1852). We are fortunate that two volumes known as The Hanavor Burial Records exist that provide a window into the lives and deaths of the early Irish settlers in Lowell. Some 1450 entries dating to the period between 1849 and 1865 provide details of the occupation of the deceased. This study focuses on Irish pre-teen and teenage workers; their age-at-death profile, the nature of the work they undertook, and the causes of their deaths are examined.

马萨诸塞州的洛厄尔被认为是美国工业革命的发源地。由一群波士顿企业家于1822年建立的新纺织工厂利用梅里马克河为水车提供动力。这项工作吸引了大批来自波士顿的爱尔兰移民工人，这一过程一直持续到19世纪中叶，特别是在爱尔兰大饥荒(1845-1852)之后。我们很幸运，有两卷被称为《哈纳沃埋葬记录》的书存在，它们为了解洛厄尔早期爱尔兰定居者的生活和死亡提供了一扇窗口。约有1450条可追溯至1849年至1865年的条目，提供了死者职业的详细信息。这项研究的重点是爱尔兰的青少年前和青少年工人;对他们的死亡年龄、所从事的工作性质和死亡原因进行了审查。

引用次数: 2

Children in the mines? Tracing potential childhood labour in salt mines from the Early Iron Age in Hallstatt, Austria 矿井里的孩子？追踪奥地利哈尔斯塔特铁器时代早期盐矿中潜在的童工

Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Childhood in the Past

Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2019.1638554

Doris Pany-Kucera, Anton Kern, H. Reschreiter

ABSTRACT The analysis of subadult skeletons from the Iron Age Hallstatt graveyard and archaeological findings from the contemporaneous salt mine close-by, yield promising new insights. The cemetery is located in a barely accessible mountain valley, next to the highly organised Iron Age salt mining manufacture. The way of mining is largely known from finds in the ancient mines, including distinct, repeated tasks for the miners. The finding of small-sized leather shoes and a child's cap in these salt mines posed the question whether children were involved in the mining process. Therefore, the 40 available subadult skeletons were analysed systematically for joint changes maybe related to early workload. Signs of osteoarthritis, on selected joint surfaces of long bones and the vertebrae, high skeletal robusticity, vertebral osteochondritis and compression, and osteochondritis dissecans were among the skeletal lesions observed. The cervical vertebrae and the distal femoral joints were affected to the greatest extent.

对铁器时代哈尔斯塔特墓地的亚成人骨骼和附近同时期盐矿的考古发现的分析，产生了有希望的新见解。墓地位于一个难以进入的山谷中，紧挨着铁器时代高度组织的盐矿生产。采矿的方式很大程度上是从古代矿山的发现中了解到的，包括矿工们不同的、重复的任务。在这些盐矿中发现的小尺寸皮鞋和儿童帽提出了一个问题，即儿童是否参与了采矿过程。因此，我们系统地分析了40个可用的亚成人骨骼，以寻找可能与早期工作负荷有关的关节变化。观察到的骨骼病变包括骨关节炎的迹象，在长骨和椎骨的特定关节表面，骨骼健壮性高，椎体骨软骨炎和压迫以及夹层性骨软骨炎。颈椎和股骨远端关节受影响最大。

引用次数: 4

Non-adult Fracture Patterns in Late and Post-medieval Flanders, a Comparison of a Churchyard and a Church Assemblage 中世纪晚期和后中世纪弗兰德斯的非成人骨折模式:一个教堂墓地和一个教堂组合的比较

Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Childhood in the Past

Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2019.1638556

Katrien Van de Vijver

ABSTRACT The study of trauma in non-adults (<18 years) from archaeological assemblages is relatively recent, partly because immature bones present distinct injury patterns, while rapid healing and remodelling can erase macroscopic evidence. However, non-adult trauma provides information about age-related differences in risk, and the lifestyles and social roles of immature individuals. This study recorded possible fractures in 135 non-adults from a churchyard and a church assemblage from medieval and post-medieval Flanders, to evaluate the presence of fractures and analyse type, prevalence, age distribution, and socio-economic differences. Eighteen individuals presented lesions, including typical non-adult injuries. Prevalence was generally low , but some trends emerged. The churchyard had a higher prevalence, and these individuals likely had a lower social background compared to the church, suggesting socio-economic differences. In the churchyard assemblage older non-adults showed an increased prevalence, possibly related to occupational risks since many children and particularly adolescents, worked as servants, labourers, or apprentices.

从考古组合中对非成人(<18岁)创伤的研究相对较新，部分原因是未成熟骨骼呈现出独特的损伤模式，而快速愈合和重塑可以消除宏观证据。然而，非成人创伤提供了与年龄相关的风险差异，以及不成熟个体的生活方式和社会角色的信息。本研究记录了来自中世纪和后中世纪弗兰德斯的一个教堂墓地和一个教堂建筑群的135名非成年人可能发生的骨折，以评估骨折的存在，并分析骨折的类型、患病率、年龄分布和社会经济差异。18人出现病变，包括典型的非成人损伤。患病率普遍较低，但出现了一些趋势。教堂墓地的患病率更高，与教堂相比，这些人的社会背景可能较低，这表明社会经济差异。在教堂墓地集会中，年龄较大的非成年人的患病率增加，可能与职业风险有关，因为许多儿童，特别是青少年，作为仆人，劳工或学徒工作。

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引用次数: 2

Throwing Activities Among Neolithic Populations from the Meuse River Basin (Belgium, 4500–2500 BC) with a Focus on Adolescents 默兹河流域(比利时，公元前4500-2500年)新石器时代人群的投掷活动，重点是青少年

Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Childhood in the Past

Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2019.1638555

C. Polet, Merlin Leunda Martiarena, S. Villotte, M. Vercauteren

ABSTRACT The anterior band of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) is an important stabilizer for valgus stress at the elbow. When practised intensively and repetitively, activities using overhead throwing motions can injure this ligament and its insertion. If these activities occur when the epiphyses are not yet fully fused, traction forces can result in bony detachments in the area of the MCL insertion. This study was based on commingled graves found in 16 Middle and Late Neolithic caves from Belgium. We recorded the presence of MCL lesions on 196 humeri and studied the relation between lesions, siding, and robusticity. 5.1% of the humeri displayed MCL lesions, which affected only the right robust humeri. Our results suggest a social division in throwing activities in Belgium during the Neolithic. They also suggest that throwing practice started from a young age, which invites us to re-examine the role of teenagers in prehistoric societies.

内侧副韧带（MCL）前带是治疗肘部外翻应力的重要稳定器。当密集和重复练习时，使用头顶投掷动作的活动可能会损伤韧带及其插入。如果这些活动发生在骨骺尚未完全融合时，牵引力可能导致MCL插入区域的骨分离。这项研究基于在比利时16个新石器时代中晚期洞穴中发现的混合坟墓。我们记录了196个肱骨MCL病变的存在，并研究了病变、侧壁和坚固性之间的关系。5.1%的肱骨显示MCL病变，仅影响右侧强健的肱骨。我们的研究结果表明，新石器时代比利时的投掷活动存在社会分化。他们还认为，投掷练习从小就开始了，这让我们重新审视青少年在史前社会中的作用。

引用次数: 4

Across the Generations: The Old and the Young in Past Societies 跨越几代人：过去社会中的老年人和年轻人

Q3 ANTHROPOLOGY

Childhood in the Past

Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/17585716.2019.1638559

R. Gowland

Initial studies of age in the past focused specifically on childhood to ensure that this hitherto marginalized demographic was made ‘visible’ within the archaeological record. The more holistic con...

过去对年龄的初步研究特别关注儿童时期，以确保迄今为止被边缘化的人口在考古记录中“可见”。更全面的con。。。

引用次数: 4

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