L’auteur esquisse de maniere vivace un aspect original de l’histoire des missions catholiques au Congo belge. On savait que le concept missionnaire s’y voulait l’heritier de l’offensive civilisatrice des moines dans l’Europe medievale, mais on avait peu ecrit sur ce sujet de maniere systematique. L’auteur tire ses arguments surtout des recits des voyageurs avertis, des publications de la propagande missionnaire, des correspondances et d’autres documents emanant de l’Eglise et de l‘Etat, et de declarations de Leopold II lui-meme. Les defrichements de grandes superficies de la foret equatoriale degagent l’espace pour des constructions monumentales, destinees a une vie en autarchie et a la domination culturelle. Lors de la construction des eglises, on imite les styles a la mode en Occident, romano-byzantine, neo-romane et neogothique. Dans cette atmosphere de deploiement de bâtiments imposants et d’amenagement de grandes concessions foncieres, on rencontre une armee de moines «saints», de moines «colons» et de moines commercants. Les campagnes anti-esclavagiste et « arabe» ajoutent a cette scene medievale, une touche de croisade. Le but final restant la conversion des paiens. Mots-cles: abbayes, antiesclavagiste, architecture, catholicisme, civilisation, colonie scolaire, colonisation, Congo belge, domaine foncier, Leopold II, missionnaire, Moyen âge, RD Congo The author outlines a seldom-discussed dimension of the history of Catholic missions in the Belgian Congo. It is received knowledge that the missionary ideals were tributary to the civilizing offensive undertaken by the monks in medieval Europe, but little has been written on it in a systematic manner. The author draws his arguments mainly from travellers' notes, publications of the missionary propaganda, letters, Church and State documents, and from Leopold II's own statements. The deforestation of large areas of the equatorial woods illuminated the idea of a space that was deemed necessary for monumental constructions intended for a life in autarchy and cultural domination. The construction of churches mimics the fashionable Western romano-byzantine, neo-romane and Gothic styles. In this atmosphere of deployment of towering buildings and large land concessions, a whole range of ‘holy’ monks, ‘settler’ monks and ‘merchant’ monks emerged. The anti-slavery and anti-‘Arab’ campaigns added to this medieval scene a touch of 'crusade'. The final purpose that remained was the conversion of the pagans. Keywords: abbeys, slavery, architecture, Catholicism, civilization, school colony, colonization, Belgian Congo, land tenure, Leopold II, missionary, middle age, R.D. Congo.
{"title":"Patrimoines missionnaire et colonial. Des images médiévales à l’époque du Congo belge 1890 – 1940","authors":"M. Z. Etambala","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V30I1.64427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V30I1.64427","url":null,"abstract":"L’auteur esquisse de maniere vivace un aspect original de l’histoire des missions catholiques au Congo belge. On savait que le concept missionnaire s’y voulait l’heritier de l’offensive civilisatrice des moines dans l’Europe medievale, mais on avait peu ecrit sur ce sujet de maniere systematique. L’auteur tire ses arguments surtout des recits des voyageurs avertis, des publications de la propagande missionnaire, des correspondances et d’autres documents emanant de l’Eglise et de l‘Etat, et de declarations de Leopold II lui-meme. Les defrichements de grandes superficies de la foret equatoriale degagent l’espace pour des constructions monumentales, destinees a une vie en autarchie et a la domination culturelle. Lors de la construction des eglises, on imite les styles a la mode en Occident, romano-byzantine, neo-romane et neogothique. Dans cette atmosphere de deploiement de bâtiments imposants et d’amenagement de grandes concessions foncieres, on rencontre une armee de moines «saints», de moines «colons» et de moines commercants. Les campagnes anti-esclavagiste et « arabe» ajoutent a cette scene medievale, une touche de croisade. Le but final restant la conversion des paiens. Mots-cles: abbayes, antiesclavagiste, architecture, catholicisme, civilisation, colonie scolaire, colonisation, Congo belge, domaine foncier, Leopold II, missionnaire, Moyen âge, RD Congo The author outlines a seldom-discussed dimension of the history of Catholic missions in the Belgian Congo. It is received knowledge that the missionary ideals were tributary to the civilizing offensive undertaken by the monks in medieval Europe, but little has been written on it in a systematic manner. The author draws his arguments mainly from travellers' notes, publications of the missionary propaganda, letters, Church and State documents, and from Leopold II's own statements. The deforestation of large areas of the equatorial woods illuminated the idea of a space that was deemed necessary for monumental constructions intended for a life in autarchy and cultural domination. The construction of churches mimics the fashionable Western romano-byzantine, neo-romane and Gothic styles. In this atmosphere of deployment of towering buildings and large land concessions, a whole range of ‘holy’ monks, ‘settler’ monks and ‘merchant’ monks emerged. The anti-slavery and anti-‘Arab’ campaigns added to this medieval scene a touch of 'crusade'. The final purpose that remained was the conversion of the pagans. Keywords: abbeys, slavery, architecture, Catholicism, civilization, school colony, colonization, Belgian Congo, land tenure, Leopold II, missionary, middle age, R.D. Congo.","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114067045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
En raison des mouvements migratoires sans precedent qui caracterisent notre monde contemporain, les enjeux identitaires, la problematique de la frontiere et la question de l’hybridite occupent une place privilegiee dans les debats intellectuels et sociopolitiques. Jamais impermeable a ces courants socioculturels, la litterature africaine offre un site valorise pour la reflexion sur le deplacement. Partant de la vie africaine transfrontaliere, le present article participe a ce dialogue en analysant la thematique du panafricanisme, de la deterritorialisation et de l’identite dans les romans d’Ahmadou Kourouma. Mots-cles : Ahmadou Kourouma; Panafricanisme. As a result of unprecedented migration in our contemporary world, identity-related themes, border issues, and hybridization have often occupied center-stage in academic and socio-political debates. Never insulated from these socio-cultural currents, African literature has often been a valorized site of displacement-related discourse. Using the case of cross-border life in Africa as a starting point, this paper contributes to the dialogue by analyzing Ahmadou Kourouma’s thematization of Pan-Africanism, deterritorialization, and identity. Keywords: Ahmadou Kourouma; Panafricanisme.
{"title":"In the realm of the beyond: cross-border life, pan-africanism, and identity in Ahmadou Kourouma’s novels","authors":"A. Asaah","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V30I1.64422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V30I1.64422","url":null,"abstract":"En raison des mouvements migratoires sans precedent qui caracterisent notre monde contemporain, les enjeux identitaires, la problematique de la frontiere et la question de l’hybridite occupent une place privilegiee dans les debats intellectuels et sociopolitiques. Jamais impermeable a ces courants socioculturels, la litterature africaine offre un site valorise pour la reflexion sur le deplacement. Partant de la vie africaine transfrontaliere, le present article participe a ce dialogue en analysant la thematique du panafricanisme, de la deterritorialisation et de l’identite dans les romans d’Ahmadou Kourouma. Mots-cles : Ahmadou Kourouma; Panafricanisme. As a result of unprecedented migration in our contemporary world, identity-related themes, border issues, and hybridization have often occupied center-stage in academic and socio-political debates. Never insulated from these socio-cultural currents, African literature has often been a valorized site of displacement-related discourse. Using the case of cross-border life in Africa as a starting point, this paper contributes to the dialogue by analyzing Ahmadou Kourouma’s thematization of Pan-Africanism, deterritorialization, and identity. Keywords: Ahmadou Kourouma; Panafricanisme.","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116359515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cette etude traite de la variation linguistique sur la partie sud de la riviere Likouala-aux-Herbes, en aval du village d’Epena, Region de la Likouala, Republique du Congo. Le but principal est de confirmer que la langue parlee au sud du District d’Epena (le Dibole) est differente de la langue parlee au nord du District (le Bomitaba). En plus l’etude montre qu’il y a une grande variete linguistique dans l’aire Dibole. Employant des criteres lexicaux et phonologiques, nous avons pu identifier 3 dialectes principaux. Un classement provisoire dans le systeme Guthrie est propose pour le Dibole. Ce document est une version remaniee et revisee d’un rapport technique redige en francais lors de L’Enquete Linguistique du District d’Epena en 1988 et 1989. Ce dernier document en francais a ete publie electroniquement en 2004 par la SIL: Langue et Dialecte au sud du District d’Epena (http://www.sil.org/silesr). Mots-cles: Langues bantoues, Dialectologie, Classification, Zone C (Guthrie), Congo Brazzaville, Dibole, Babole This paper describes the language situation along the Likouala-aux-Herbes River downstream from the town of Epena, Epena District, Likouala Region, of the Republic of Congo (henceforth just ‘Congo’ in this paper). The primary aim of the paper is to confirm that the language spoken south of the town of Epena (Dibole) is distinct from the language spoken in Epena and north (Bomitaba). I show that Dibole has significant dialectal variation in the 14 villages where it is spoken, and that three major dialect groups can be identified. I propose a provisional Guthrie grouping for Dibole. This paper is a significantly revised and updated version of an earlier survey report which is available in French in electronic format from SIL. The research on which this paper was based was conducted in 1988 as part of the Language Survey of Epena District South. Keywords : Bantu, dialectology, classification, Zone C (Guthrie), Congo Brazzaville, Dibole, Babole.
这项研究涉及刚果共和国Likouala地区epena村下游的Likouala-aux- herbes河南部的语言变异。主要目的是确认epena地区南部的parlee语言(Dibole)与地区北部的parlee语言(Bomitaba)不同。此外，研究表明，Dibole地区的语言多样性很大。使用词汇和音位标准，我们能够识别三种主要的方言。在格思里系统中提出了Dibole的临时分类。本文件是1988年和1989年epena地区语言调查期间用法语编写的一份技术报告的订正本。后一份法语文件于2004年由SIL: epena地区南部的语言和方言(http://www.sil.org/silesr)以电子方式出版。班图语，方言，分类，C区(Guthrie)，刚果布拉柴维尔，Dibole, Babole本文描述了刚果共和国Epena镇Epena区Likouala-aux- herbes河下游的语言情况(henceforth在本文中只是“刚果”)。该文件的主要目的是确认Epena镇南部(Dibole)的语言与Epena镇北部(Bomitaba)的语言不同。I show that Dibole has it in the 14个村庄进行重大变动的方言或者说,and that is three major dialect groups can be确定。我建议为Dibole进行临时格思里分组。本文是对以前的一份调查报告进行了重大修订和更新，该报告的法文电子版可从SIL获得。The research on which was this paper基于was in 1988年间在as part of The Language Survey of Epena县南。关键词:班图语，方言，分类，C区(格思里)，刚果布拉柴维尔，Dibole, Babole。
{"title":"Language and dialect in Epena district south","authors":"M. Leitch","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V30I1.64426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V30I1.64426","url":null,"abstract":"Cette etude traite de la variation linguistique sur la partie sud de la riviere Likouala-aux-Herbes, en aval du village d’Epena, Region de la Likouala, Republique du Congo. Le but principal est de confirmer que la langue parlee au sud du District d’Epena (le Dibole) est differente de la langue parlee au nord du District (le Bomitaba). En plus l’etude montre qu’il y a une grande variete linguistique dans l’aire Dibole. Employant des criteres lexicaux et phonologiques, nous avons pu identifier 3 dialectes principaux. Un classement provisoire dans le systeme Guthrie est propose pour le Dibole. Ce document est une version remaniee et revisee d’un rapport technique redige en francais lors de L’Enquete Linguistique du District d’Epena en 1988 et 1989. Ce dernier document en francais a ete publie electroniquement en 2004 par la SIL: Langue et Dialecte au sud du District d’Epena (http://www.sil.org/silesr). Mots-cles: Langues bantoues, Dialectologie, Classification, Zone C (Guthrie), Congo Brazzaville, Dibole, Babole This paper describes the language situation along the Likouala-aux-Herbes River downstream from the town of Epena, Epena District, Likouala Region, of the Republic of Congo (henceforth just ‘Congo’ in this paper). The primary aim of the paper is to confirm that the language spoken south of the town of Epena (Dibole) is distinct from the language spoken in Epena and north (Bomitaba). I show that Dibole has significant dialectal variation in the 14 villages where it is spoken, and that three major dialect groups can be identified. I propose a provisional Guthrie grouping for Dibole. This paper is a significantly revised and updated version of an earlier survey report which is available in French in electronic format from SIL. The research on which this paper was based was conducted in 1988 as part of the Language Survey of Epena District South. Keywords : Bantu, dialectology, classification, Zone C (Guthrie), Congo Brazzaville, Dibole, Babole.","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124858686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les Ngbaka minagende constituent un peuple homogene habitant le centre de l’Ubangi au nord de la province de l’Equateur dans la Republique Democratique du Congo (RDC). L'auteur qui a utilise exclusivement la langue ngbaka lors de ses multiples enquetes durant les annees 1985-1995 a traduit les reponses en francais et les a ordonnees autour de quelques grands themes de la vie quotidienne de ce peuple: les fiancailles, l'education au mariage respectivement de la fille et du garcon, la dot, le mariage, la polygamie, la situation des veuves et des veufs. Puis il entame la suite logique de ce qui precede: grossesse et naissance specifiees en des paragraphes concernant les regles, les prescriptions et interdits alimentaires pour les femmes enceintes, la naissance. Les causes d'une eventuelle sterilite de la femme sont analysees, ainsi que les raisons qui poussent les femmes a l'avortement. Une liste des plantes citees en rapport avec la naissance conclut ce chapitre. Un troisieme chapitre evoque les rites et croyances qui existent chez les Ngbaka autour de la naissance et de l'imposition des noms aux jumeaux. Mots-cles : avortement, dot, grossesse, interdits, mariage, naissance, Ngbaka, plantes medicinales, polygamie, sterilite, veuve. The Ngbaka minagende are a people living in a homogeneous territory situated the center of the Ubangi in the northern Equateur province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). During his many investigations, carrred out in the period 1985-1995, the author used exclusively the Ngbaka language when asking questions to informants. He subsequently translated the answers into French and here arranges them around themes of daily live affairs: The betrothal, marriage education respectively for girls and boys, dowry, polygamy, and the situation of widows and widowers. Then he discusses pregnancy and birth, specifying the rules, requirements and food taboos for pregnant women, and finally the delivery. The perceived causes of possible female infertility are analyzed, as well as the reasons that drive women to abortion. A list of plants mentioned in connection with birth concludes this section. A third section discusses the rites and beliefs that exist among the Ngbaka with regard to birth as well as the imposition of names for twins. Keywords: abortion, dowry, taboo, marriage, birth, Ngbaka, medicinal plants, polygamy, infertility, widow
{"title":"Le mariage et la naissance chez les Ngbaka minagende (RDC)","authors":"M. Henrix","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V30I1.64423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V30I1.64423","url":null,"abstract":"Les Ngbaka minagende constituent un peuple homogene habitant le centre de l’Ubangi au nord de la province de l’Equateur dans la Republique Democratique du Congo (RDC). L'auteur qui a utilise exclusivement la langue ngbaka lors de ses multiples enquetes durant les annees 1985-1995 a traduit les reponses en francais et les a ordonnees autour de quelques grands themes de la vie quotidienne de ce peuple: les fiancailles, l'education au mariage respectivement de la fille et du garcon, la dot, le mariage, la polygamie, la situation des veuves et des veufs. Puis il entame la suite logique de ce qui precede: grossesse et naissance specifiees en des paragraphes concernant les regles, les prescriptions et interdits alimentaires pour les femmes enceintes, la naissance. Les causes d'une eventuelle sterilite de la femme sont analysees, ainsi que les raisons qui poussent les femmes a l'avortement. Une liste des plantes citees en rapport avec la naissance conclut ce chapitre. Un troisieme chapitre evoque les rites et croyances qui existent chez les Ngbaka autour de la naissance et de l'imposition des noms aux jumeaux. Mots-cles : avortement, dot, grossesse, interdits, mariage, naissance, Ngbaka, plantes medicinales, polygamie, sterilite, veuve. The Ngbaka minagende are a people living in a homogeneous territory situated the center of the Ubangi in the northern Equateur province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). During his many investigations, carrred out in the period 1985-1995, the author used exclusively the Ngbaka language when asking questions to informants. He subsequently translated the answers into French and here arranges them around themes of daily live affairs: The betrothal, marriage education respectively for girls and boys, dowry, polygamy, and the situation of widows and widowers. Then he discusses pregnancy and birth, specifying the rules, requirements and food taboos for pregnant women, and finally the delivery. The perceived causes of possible female infertility are analyzed, as well as the reasons that drive women to abortion. A list of plants mentioned in connection with birth concludes this section. A third section discusses the rites and beliefs that exist among the Ngbaka with regard to birth as well as the imposition of names for twins. Keywords: abortion, dowry, taboo, marriage, birth, Ngbaka, medicinal plants, polygamy, infertility, widow","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130847332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Un des domaines investi par l'historiographie coloniale «renaissante» est l’etude sociologique de la propagande coloniale aux premieres heures de l’interet belge pour le Congo. Dans le present article l’objectif est de pousser la reflexion des recentes etudes de Guy Vanthemsche et de Vincent Viaene en etudiant la facette sociologique de la Societe Antiesclavagiste de Belgique (SAEB). Parmi eux, l’historien catholique nationaliste et ultramontain Godefroid Kurth retiendra particulierement l’attention. L’argumentation est structuree en cinq temps: Le contexte imperialiste de l’epoque; le discours moderniste, politique, pedagogique et anti-arabe de Godefroid Kurth; les differentes representations catholiques– conservatrice et liberale – de la communaute swahili en Afrique centrale; la SAEB comme organe de propagande dont l’objectif le plus pressant etait de rassembler des ressources financieres afin d’occuper physiquement les terres interieures du continent africain; la diffusion d’une seule des representations possibles des swahilis aboutissant a la naissance du mythe esclavagiste et a son integration dans le mythe national, illustree a travers les manuels scolaires d’Histoire de Belgique edites par Kurth entre 1906 et 1926. Mots-cles : Abolitionnisme, antiesclavagisme, Kurth, Lavigerie, manuels scolaires, parti colonial, swahili. One of the areas of attention in present-day colonial historiography is the sociological study of colonial propaganda in the early years of the Belgian interest in the Congo. The objective of this article is to further the reflection in this field, as recently exposed by Guy Vanthemsche and Vincent Viaene, by examining the sociological aspects of the Belgian Anti-Slavery Corporation (SAEB). In this context, the Catholic nationalist and ultramontane historian Godefroid Kurth deserves specific attention. The argument unfolds over five angles: the contemporaneous imperial context; the modernist, political, educational and anti-Arab discours of Godefroid Kurth; the different. Catholic representations - conservative and liberal - of the Swahili community in Central Africa; the SAEB as an organ of propaganda with as its most pressing objective to find financial resources for occupying the interior of the continent; the diffusion of one of the only possible representations of swahilis that led to the birth of the slave myth and to its integration in the national myth, illustrated through textbooks on Belgian history published by Kurth between 1906 and 1926. Keywords: Abolition, colonial party, Kurth, Lavigerie, textbooks, Swahili
“复兴”殖民史学的一个领域是对比利时对刚果早期殖民宣传的社会学研究。本文的目的是通过研究比利时反奴隶制社会(SAEB)的社会学方面，推动对Guy Vanthemsche和Vincent Viaene最近研究的反思。其中，民族主义和极端保守的天主教历史学家戈德弗罗伊德·库尔斯(Godefroid Kurth)将受到特别关注。论证分为五个阶段:当时的帝国主义背景;Godefroid Kurth的现代主义、政治、教育和反阿拉伯话语;中非斯瓦希里社区的天主教、保守和自由代表;SAEB作为一个宣传机构，其最紧迫的目标是筹集财政资源，以便实际占领非洲大陆的内陆土地;斯瓦希里人的一种可能表现形式的传播导致了奴隶神话的诞生，并将其融入了国家神话，这在1906年至1926年间由库尔斯编辑的比利时历史教科书中得到了说明。标签:废奴主义，反奴隶制，库尔斯，奶牛场，教科书，殖民党，斯瓦希里语。今天的殖民史学关注的领域之一是比利时对刚果早期殖民宣传的社会学研究。本文的目的是通过考察比利时反奴隶制公司(SAEB)的社会学方面，进一步探讨Guy Vanthemsche和Vincent Viaene最近阐述的这一领域。在这种背景下，天主教民族主义者和极端保守的历史学家戈德弗罗伊德·库尔斯值得特别关注。五个角度展开的争论:当代帝国语境;Godefroid Kurth的现代主义、政治、教育和反阿拉伯论述;the different)。中非斯瓦希里族天主教(保守和自由)代表;SAEB是一个宣传机构，其最紧迫的目标是为占领非洲大陆内地寻找财政资源;尽可能传播of one of the only雅of that led to苏丹·斯拉夫的诞生》头等integration and to its in the national头等,鱼种through textbooks据比利时历史吊Kurth by between 1906年和1926年。关键词:废除，殖民党，库尔斯，拉维gerie，斯瓦希里语，教科书
{"title":"La représentation anti-musulmane des swahilis d'Afrique centrale par Godefroid Kurth","authors":"Quentin De Becker","doi":"10.4314/aq.v30i1.64421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/aq.v30i1.64421","url":null,"abstract":"Un des domaines investi par l'historiographie coloniale «renaissante» est l’etude sociologique de la propagande coloniale aux premieres heures de l’interet belge pour le Congo. Dans le present article l’objectif est de pousser la reflexion des recentes etudes de Guy Vanthemsche et de Vincent Viaene en etudiant la facette sociologique de la Societe Antiesclavagiste de Belgique (SAEB). Parmi eux, l’historien catholique nationaliste et ultramontain Godefroid Kurth retiendra particulierement l’attention. L’argumentation est structuree en cinq temps: Le contexte imperialiste de l’epoque; le discours moderniste, politique, pedagogique et anti-arabe de Godefroid Kurth; les differentes representations catholiques– conservatrice et liberale – de la communaute swahili en Afrique centrale; la SAEB comme organe de propagande dont l’objectif le plus pressant etait de rassembler des ressources financieres afin d’occuper physiquement les terres interieures du continent africain; la diffusion d’une seule des representations possibles des swahilis aboutissant a la naissance du mythe esclavagiste et a son integration dans le mythe national, illustree a travers les manuels scolaires d’Histoire de Belgique edites par Kurth entre 1906 et 1926. Mots-cles : Abolitionnisme, antiesclavagisme, Kurth, Lavigerie, manuels scolaires, parti colonial, swahili. One of the areas of attention in present-day colonial historiography is the sociological study of colonial propaganda in the early years of the Belgian interest in the Congo. The objective of this article is to further the reflection in this field, as recently exposed by Guy Vanthemsche and Vincent Viaene, by examining the sociological aspects of the Belgian Anti-Slavery Corporation (SAEB). In this context, the Catholic nationalist and ultramontane historian Godefroid Kurth deserves specific attention. The argument unfolds over five angles: the contemporaneous imperial context; the modernist, political, educational and anti-Arab discours of Godefroid Kurth; the different. Catholic representations - conservative and liberal - of the Swahili community in Central Africa; the SAEB as an organ of propaganda with as its most pressing objective to find financial resources for occupying the interior of the continent; the diffusion of one of the only possible representations of swahilis that led to the birth of the slave myth and to its integration in the national myth, illustrated through textbooks on Belgian history published by Kurth between 1906 and 1926. Keywords: Abolition, colonial party, Kurth, Lavigerie, textbooks, Swahili","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126578719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les presentes notes grammaticales concernent le parler des Loele, un dialecte mbole qui porte le numero 116 sur la liste des dialectes Mongo. Comme la plupart d’autres parlers mbole, le loele atteste des traits phonologiques et morphologiques d’un interet insoupconne du point de vue de la recherche historique : la regle de Meihnof, l’assimilation nasale partielle, la nasale epenthetique, la caducite du prefixe i- en classes 5 et 8 entrainant des realisations phonetiques particulieres, le prefixe li- plutot que bi- en classe 8, des regles tonales complexes, etc. Bref, un ensemble de phenomenes qui ne sont identifiables que dans des langues eloignees du domaine Mongo, en l’occurrence celles des Grands Lacs, tels que le luganda E15, le kikuyu E51, le kikamba E55. Mots-cles : Bantou central; Contact et evolution des langues; Mongo ;Dialectologie; Mbole; Bankutsu; Bakutu; Nkole. The present grammatical notes apply to the Loele language known as number 116 in the Mongo dialect list. Like most of the Mbole dialects, Loele has phonological and morphological characteristics with an unexpected interest from the point of view of the historical research: the rule of Meinhof, partial nasalization, epenthetic nasal, instability of the i- prefix in classes 5 and 8 generating particular phonetical effects, the li- prefix preferred to bi in class 8, complex tonality rules, etc. In brief, a complex of phenomena that are not better identifiable than in languages more remote from the Mongo region, like these of the Great Lakes, as there are Luganda E15, Kikuyu E51, Kikamba E55. Keywords: Central Bantu; Language contact; Mongo ;Dialectology; Mbole; Bankutsu; Bakutu, Nkole.
这些语法注释与Loele方言有关，Loele方言是一种mbole方言，在Mongo方言列表中排名116。,像其他大多数darter mbole loele证明音位和形态特征的一个兴趣insoupconne历史研究的角度:Meihnof尺子、部分同化、鼻腔、鼻、epenthetique prefixe caducite第i - 5班和8年推的成就、李prefixe phonetiques特殊课堂——而不是bi - 8、复杂声调?不行,等等。简而言之，这是一组只能在远离蒙戈地区的语言中识别的现象，在这种情况下是五大湖的语言，如卢甘达E15，基库尤E51，基坎巴E55。关键词:班头中心;语言的接触与进化;Mongo方言;Mbole;Bankutsu;Bakutu;Nkole。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，该镇的土地面积为。Like most of the Mbole 193,574, Loele has phonological and with an interest from the吧的形态学特征的规则:the point of view of the historical research of Meinhof、鼻腔、偏nasalization epenthetic instability of the i - prefix in 5班8发电phonetical具有法律效应”(the li - prefix优先股to is in class 8、综合体tonality rules》等。简报》,a complex of phenomena that are not可见better than In more languages (remote Mongo from the region, like these are of the Great Lakes),居然还有Luganda E15吉库尤51、Kikamba E55。关键词:中央班图;语言接触;Mongo Dialectology;Mbole;Bankutsu;Bakutu、Nkole。
{"title":"LOMBÔLE (BANTOU C60-70) Le dialecte des Loelé","authors":"M. Montingea","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V28I1.61771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V28I1.61771","url":null,"abstract":"Les presentes notes grammaticales concernent le parler des Loele, un dialecte mbole qui porte le numero 116 sur la liste des dialectes Mongo. Comme la plupart d’autres parlers mbole, le loele atteste des traits phonologiques et morphologiques d’un interet insoupconne du point de vue de la recherche historique : la regle de Meihnof, l’assimilation nasale partielle, la nasale epenthetique, la caducite du prefixe i- en classes 5 et 8 entrainant des realisations phonetiques particulieres, le prefixe li- plutot que bi- en classe 8, des regles tonales complexes, etc. Bref, un ensemble de phenomenes qui ne sont identifiables que dans des langues eloignees du domaine Mongo, en l’occurrence celles des Grands Lacs, tels que le luganda E15, le kikuyu E51, le kikamba E55. Mots-cles : Bantou central; Contact et evolution des langues; Mongo ;Dialectologie; Mbole; Bankutsu; Bakutu; Nkole. The present grammatical notes apply to the Loele language known as number 116 in the Mongo dialect list. Like most of the Mbole dialects, Loele has phonological and morphological characteristics with an unexpected interest from the point of view of the historical research: the rule of Meinhof, partial nasalization, epenthetic nasal, instability of the i- prefix in classes 5 and 8 generating particular phonetical effects, the li- prefix preferred to bi in class 8, complex tonality rules, etc. In brief, a complex of phenomena that are not better identifiable than in languages more remote from the Mongo region, like these of the Great Lakes, as there are Luganda E15, Kikuyu E51, Kikamba E55. Keywords: Central Bantu; Language contact; Mongo ;Dialectology; Mbole; Bankutsu; Bakutu, Nkole.","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121487000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Calixthe Beyala a ete dans le temps accusee de plagiat. L’objet de ce travail est de determiner s’il y a encore des cas d’emprunt illegitime dans ce roman autoreferentiel. Seront donc etudies les phenomenes d’interpenetration, de dialogisme, de transtextualualite, de polyphonie et d’alteration qui caracterisent cette autofiction. Agent transcodeur, reformulateur et creolisant, la narratrice, double de l’auteure, use de diverses strategies discursives pour repenser, refuter et depasser les enonces d’autrui sans pour autant tomber dans l’illegitimite. Mots-cles : Beyala, plagiat, autrui, dialogisme, transtextualite, alteration, parasitisme litteraire, creolisation. Calixthe Beyala has in the past been accused of plagiarism. This article sets out to determine if Beyala is still guilty of illicit borrowing in her self-referential novel, La petite filled du reverbere. Theories on the interpenetration of lives, dialogism, transtextuality, polyphony and alterity will be invoked to study the phenomenon of heterogeneity at play in the novel. The paper concludes that as a transcoding, reformulating and creolizing agent, the narrator, who is the writer’s double, resorts to diverse legimate discursive strategies to rethink, refute and transcend the speech of others but steers clear of plagiarism. Keywords: Beyala, plagiarism, alterity, dialogism, transtextualite, alteration, literary parasitism, creolisation.
Calixthe Beyala曾被指控剽窃。这项工作的目的是确定在这部自我参照的小说中是否还有非法借用的案例。因此，我们将研究这种自传体小说的交叉渗透、对话、跨文本、复调和变化现象。叙述者是作者的替身，是一个转码者、改写者和克里奥尔人，她使用各种散漫的策略来重新思考、驳斥和超越他人的观点，而不陷入文盲状态。关键词:Beyala，剽窃，他人，对话，翻译，改变，文学寄生，克里奥尔化。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的面积为。这篇文章的目的是确定Beyala在她自己的小说《La petite filled du reverbere》中是否仍然犯下了非法收养的罪行。interpenetration Theories on the of lives, dialogism transtextuality, polyphony alterity will be to study the phenomenon of heterogeneity法庭上at play in the novel)。论文的结论是，作为一种转码、改写和creolizing的代理人，叙述者，谁是作家的双重角色，利用各种立法论述策略来重新思考、反驳和超越他人的言论，但明显的是剽窃。关键词:Beyala，剽窃，alterity，对话，transtextualite, alteration，文学寄生，creolisation。
{"title":"TRACES ET ENONCES D'AUTRUI DANS LA PETITE FILLE DU REVERBERE DE CALIXTHE BEYALA","authors":"A. H. Asaah","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V29I1.61793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V29I1.61793","url":null,"abstract":"Calixthe Beyala a ete dans le temps accusee de plagiat. L’objet de ce travail est de determiner s’il y a encore des cas d’emprunt illegitime dans ce roman autoreferentiel. Seront donc etudies les phenomenes d’interpenetration, de dialogisme, de transtextualualite, de polyphonie et d’alteration qui caracterisent cette autofiction. Agent transcodeur, reformulateur et creolisant, la narratrice, double de l’auteure, use de diverses strategies discursives pour repenser, refuter et depasser les enonces d’autrui sans pour autant tomber dans l’illegitimite. Mots-cles : Beyala, plagiat, autrui, dialogisme, transtextualite, alteration, parasitisme litteraire, creolisation. Calixthe Beyala has in the past been accused of plagiarism. This article sets out to determine if Beyala is still guilty of illicit borrowing in her self-referential novel, La petite filled du reverbere. Theories on the interpenetration of lives, dialogism, transtextuality, polyphony and alterity will be invoked to study the phenomenon of heterogeneity at play in the novel. The paper concludes that as a transcoding, reformulating and creolizing agent, the narrator, who is the writer’s double, resorts to diverse legimate discursive strategies to rethink, refute and transcend the speech of others but steers clear of plagiarism. Keywords: Beyala, plagiarism, alterity, dialogism, transtextualite, alteration, literary parasitism, creolisation.","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125644639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cette autobiographie romancee est la reponse a un concours litteraire lance par la revue Africa de Londres pour 1939. L'auteur presente son pere (ne en 1887), un important personnage au village Bonguma, situe au bords de la Ruki a 50 km a l'est de Mbandaka, en R.D. du Congo. Avec son epouse, ils vont vivre a la mission catholique de Bokuma. L'epouse donne naissance a un fils. Ils vivent dans le bonheur jusqu'au moment ou l'homme herite du harem de son pere et laisse la mission. L'homme semble transferer tout son amour a sur son fils et aussi sur sa concubine preferee seulement parce qu'elle se consacre a l'enfant. Il travaille avec une application soutenue a l'education et au bien-etre de son fils. Le fils finit par realiser la sincerite et l'ardeur de l'amour de son pere et lui rend de tout coeur son amour. Il decrit la jalousie et les ruses de la mere et la perversite du peuple, qui parviennent exploiter la situation. Il quitte temporairement son pere pour aller a l'ecole. Des tentatives pour retablir le premier mariage echouent. Pere et fils deviennent tour a tour malades. Le recit termine avec la mort du pere bien-aime. Mots-cles : Bonguma; autobiographie; Congo; Bokuma; Coquilhatville; Groupe Scolaire In 1938-1939, the journal Africa (London) planned a literary composition contest in African languages. Esuke’s autobiography was a submission for this contest. It is the story of the relationship between father and son. The father is a man of distinct consideration in the village of Bonguma. He and his wife move to the Catholic mission of Bokuma. The wife gives birth to a son. They are living in happiness until the time that the man inherits the harem of his father and leaves the mission. The man seems to transfer all his love to his son and to his preferred concubine, who devotes herself to the child. He takes care of his son’s upbringing with great zeal and attention. The son realizes the sincerity and ardour of his father's love, and reciprocates this love. There is the jealousy and the ruses of the mother, there is the perversity of the people, who manage to draw profit from the situation, there is the anxious behaviour of the concubine who seeks to maintain her position with the man. The boy suffers from sickness. He leaves his father temporarily to go to school. It is then the turn of the father to become ill. Then there are several attempts by the father and by the son to reestablish the former regular marriage condition and the constant ill-will of the mother to return to her husband. Finally the death of the father puts an end to the tale. Keywords : Bonguma; autobiography; Congo; Bokuma; Coquilhatville; Groupe Scolaire
{"title":"Emi la Fafa / Mon Père et moi: Récit autobiographique de Joseph Esuke, 1938: Introduction et commentaire de H. Vinck","authors":"H. Vinck, Joseph Esuke","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V28I1.61766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V28I1.61766","url":null,"abstract":"Cette autobiographie romancee est la reponse a un concours litteraire lance par la revue Africa de Londres pour 1939. L'auteur presente son pere (ne en 1887), un important personnage au village Bonguma, situe au bords de la Ruki a 50 km a l'est de Mbandaka, en R.D. du Congo. Avec son epouse, ils vont vivre a la mission catholique de Bokuma. L'epouse donne naissance a un fils. Ils vivent dans le bonheur jusqu'au moment ou l'homme herite du harem de son pere et laisse la mission. L'homme semble transferer tout son amour a sur son fils et aussi sur sa concubine preferee seulement parce qu'elle se consacre a l'enfant. Il travaille avec une application soutenue a l'education et au bien-etre de son fils. Le fils finit par realiser la sincerite et l'ardeur de l'amour de son pere et lui rend de tout coeur son amour. Il decrit la jalousie et les ruses de la mere et la perversite du peuple, qui parviennent exploiter la situation. Il quitte temporairement son pere pour aller a l'ecole. Des tentatives pour retablir le premier mariage echouent. Pere et fils deviennent tour a tour malades. Le recit termine avec la mort du pere bien-aime. Mots-cles : Bonguma; autobiographie; Congo; Bokuma; Coquilhatville; Groupe Scolaire In 1938-1939, the journal Africa (London) planned a literary composition contest in African languages. Esuke’s autobiography was a submission for this contest. It is the story of the relationship between father and son. The father is a man of distinct consideration in the village of Bonguma. He and his wife move to the Catholic mission of Bokuma. The wife gives birth to a son. They are living in happiness until the time that the man inherits the harem of his father and leaves the mission. The man seems to transfer all his love to his son and to his preferred concubine, who devotes herself to the child. He takes care of his son’s upbringing with great zeal and attention. The son realizes the sincerity and ardour of his father's love, and reciprocates this love. There is the jealousy and the ruses of the mother, there is the perversity of the people, who manage to draw profit from the situation, there is the anxious behaviour of the concubine who seeks to maintain her position with the man. The boy suffers from sickness. He leaves his father temporarily to go to school. It is then the turn of the father to become ill. Then there are several attempts by the father and by the son to reestablish the former regular marriage condition and the constant ill-will of the mother to return to her husband. Finally the death of the father puts an end to the tale. Keywords : Bonguma; autobiography; Congo; Bokuma; Coquilhatville; Groupe Scolaire","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125456299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le causatif en lingala, marque par le deverbatif -is-, est soumis a une analyse approfondie. D'abord, la morphologie de quelques verbes irreguliers est decrite. Ensuite, la fonction du causatif en lingala est analysee. Il est premierement explique que le causatif ne peut etre utilise pour l'adjutif, l'imitatif, l'intensif et l'instrumentatif. Deuxiemement il est demontre que l'usage du double causatif, c'est-a-dire deux instances consecutifs du meme morpheme -is-, peut etre soit de nature conceptuelle soit de nature 'formelle'. Dans l’usage formel aucun sens de 'double causation' n’est implique. Troisiemement, differentes facons dont interagissent le causatif et l'applicatif sont exposees. Finalement, l'analyse traite du caractere et du comportement des complements de la construction causative. Mots-cles : lingala, derivation verbale, causatif, applicatif. This study of the causative verbal derivation in Lingala, marked by the postradical morpheme -is-, opens with a discussion of irregular causative morphology in some frequently used verbs. Then, it is demonstrated that, in contrast with what is the case in other Bantu languages, the Lingala extension -is- cannot be used for the adjutive, the imitative, intensive, or the instrumentative. The use of two consecutive instances of the same morpheme -is- is then discussed. This 'double causative' is either conceptually motivated or fulfils a purely grammatical function, i.e. not involving any speaker intention to express double causation. Subsequently, the interaction of the causative and applicative is analysed, and attention is devoted to the behaviour of the complements in a causative construction. Keywords: Lingala, verbal derivation, causative, applicative.
林加拉语的使役词，以“is”为标志，受到了深入的分析。首先，描述了一些不规则动词的形态。然后分析了林加拉语的使役语功能。首先，它解释了使役词不能用于辅助词、模仿词、强化词和工具词。其次，它证明了双重使役词的使用，即同一语素-is-的两个连续实例，可以是概念性的，也可以是“形式”的。在正式用法中，没有“双重原因”的含义。第三，阐述了使役语与应用语相互作用的不同方式。最后，分析了因果结构补充的性质和行为。关键词:林加拉语，动词衍生语，使役语，应用语。This study of the causative词组in派生的林加拉语、奇弗by the postradical morpheme -is opens with a讨论景——不规则causative in诗frequently used verbs形态。因此，它表明，与其他班图语的情况相反，林加拉语的扩展-is不能用于辅助语、模仿语、强化语或工具语。The use of two of The same morpheme论坛,石油-is is - then讨论。这种双重因果关系要么是概念上的动机，要么是纯粹的语法功能，即不涉及任何说话人表达双重因果关系的意图。随后，分析了因果关系和应用关系的相互作用，并将注意力集中在因果关系结构中补充的行为上。关键词:林加拉语，动词衍生语，使役语，应用语。
{"title":"The causative construction in Lingala","authors":"M. Meeuwis","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V29I1.61799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V29I1.61799","url":null,"abstract":"Le causatif en lingala, marque par le deverbatif -is-, est soumis a une analyse approfondie. D'abord, la morphologie de quelques verbes irreguliers est decrite. Ensuite, la fonction du causatif en lingala est analysee. Il est premierement explique que le causatif ne peut etre utilise pour l'adjutif, l'imitatif, l'intensif et l'instrumentatif. Deuxiemement il est demontre que l'usage du double causatif, c'est-a-dire deux instances consecutifs du meme morpheme -is-, peut etre soit de nature conceptuelle soit de nature 'formelle'. Dans l’usage formel aucun sens de 'double causation' n’est implique. Troisiemement, differentes facons dont interagissent le causatif et l'applicatif sont exposees. Finalement, l'analyse traite du caractere et du comportement des complements de la construction causative. Mots-cles : lingala, derivation verbale, causatif, applicatif. This study of the causative verbal derivation in Lingala, marked by the postradical morpheme -is-, opens with a discussion of irregular causative morphology in some frequently used verbs. Then, it is demonstrated that, in contrast with what is the case in other Bantu languages, the Lingala extension -is- cannot be used for the adjutive, the imitative, intensive, or the instrumentative. The use of two consecutive instances of the same morpheme -is- is then discussed. This 'double causative' is either conceptually motivated or fulfils a purely grammatical function, i.e. not involving any speaker intention to express double causation. Subsequently, the interaction of the causative and applicative is analysed, and attention is devoted to the behaviour of the complements in a causative construction. Keywords: Lingala, verbal derivation, causative, applicative.","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128454151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
De tous les grands royaumes precoloniaux de la R. D. du Congo, seul celui des Kuba a survecu l’epoque coloniale. A moins d’expliquer cette survie par le hasard d’une heureuse succession de coincidences il faut cependant bien faire appel a au moins une sinon a plusieurs constantes de longue duree. Ces constantes auraient ete presentes lors de l’arrivee des premiers visiteurs etrangers d’outre-mer et elles existeraient toujours aujourd’hui. Il est facile d’en enumerer au moins trois: la solidite de l’organisation politique centrale a la veille de la conquete coloniale, le caractere quasi-sacre du roi aux yeux de ses sujets, et la reputation extraordinaire des arts kuba. Mots-cles : Bakuba; Kuba; Congo (R.D.C); arts Among all the large pre-colonial kingdoms of the D. R.. of Congo, only that of the Kuba survived the colonial period. Unless this survival is explained by a happy succession of coincidences one needs it to call upon at least one if not several constants of long duration along with more transitory factors. These constants would have been present at the time of the arrival of the first foreign visitors of overseas and they still exist al today. Indeed it is easy to enumerate at least three of them: the solidity of the central political organization on the eve of the colonial conquest, the quasi-sacred character of the king in the eyes of his subjects, and the extraordinary reputation of Kuba arts. Keywords : Bakuba; Kuba; Congo (D.R.C.); arts
在刚果民主共和国所有伟大的前殖民王国中，只有库巴王国幸存下来。除非我们用一系列幸运的巧合来解释这种生存，否则至少有一个(如果不是几个)长期常数是必要的。这些常量在第一批海外外国游客到来时就存在，今天仍然存在。其中至少有三个很容易列举出来:殖民征服前夕中央政治组织的稳固性，国王在臣民眼中近乎神圣的地位，以及库巴艺术的非凡声誉。关键词:Bakuba;Kuba;刚果(bat);= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，该地区的总面积为，其中土地和(0.964平方公里)水。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查局的数据，该县的总面积为，其中土地和(1.)水。除非你this is生存过by a happy继承of one needs to call it upon coincidences不变》来几种if not one of long long存续期with more transitory理。这些常数将是etre present al ' arrivee de l ' arrivee des first foreign visitors of overseas，它们仍然存在于今天。事实上，至少可以很容易地列出其中三个:中央政治组织在殖民征服之初的团结，国王在他的臣民的眼睛里的神圣性质，以及库巴艺术的杰出声誉。关键词:Bakuba;Kuba;刚果(D.R.C.);艺术
{"title":"LA SURVIE DU ROYAUME KUBA A L'EPOQUE COLONIALE ET LES ARTS","authors":"J. Vansina","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V28I1.61763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V28I1.61763","url":null,"abstract":"De tous les grands royaumes precoloniaux de la R. D. du Congo, seul celui des Kuba a survecu l’epoque coloniale. A moins d’expliquer cette survie par le hasard d’une heureuse succession de coincidences il faut cependant bien faire appel a au moins une sinon a plusieurs constantes de longue duree. Ces constantes auraient ete presentes lors de l’arrivee des premiers visiteurs etrangers d’outre-mer et elles existeraient toujours aujourd’hui. Il est facile d’en enumerer au moins trois: la solidite de l’organisation politique centrale a la veille de la conquete coloniale, le caractere quasi-sacre du roi aux yeux de ses sujets, et la reputation extraordinaire des arts kuba. Mots-cles : Bakuba; Kuba; Congo (R.D.C); arts Among all the large pre-colonial kingdoms of the D. R.. of Congo, only that of the Kuba survived the colonial period. Unless this survival is explained by a happy succession of coincidences one needs it to call upon at least one if not several constants of long duration along with more transitory factors. These constants would have been present at the time of the arrival of the first foreign visitors of overseas and they still exist al today. Indeed it is easy to enumerate at least three of them: the solidity of the central political organization on the eve of the colonial conquest, the quasi-sacred character of the king in the eyes of his subjects, and the extraordinary reputation of Kuba arts. Keywords : Bakuba; Kuba; Congo (D.R.C.); arts","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114927176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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