Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-13020003
Noel M. Morada
asean has not collectively responded to the Rakhine crisis since 2017 from the perspective of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle and has failed to put a stop to the atrocities against the Rohingyas in Myanmar. This article argues that there is less support in the region for invoking the non-interference principle in dealing with Myanmar on the Rohingya issue even as some members have called for its relaxation and use of constructive engagement instead. As international pressure in pursuit of justice and accountability increased, so did calls from within the region for asean to do more beyond just providing humanitarian assistance to affected communities in Rakhine. Even so, asean consciously avoids pressing too hard on the issue of accountability as this could force the government and the military in Myanmar to totally disengage with asean and the international community on the Rakhine crisis, as well as push Nay Pyi Daw further into China’s embrace and thus undermine asean’s strategic interests in the region.
{"title":"asean and the Rakhine Crisis: Balancing Non-interference, Accountability, and Strategic Interests in Responding to Atrocities in Myanmar","authors":"Noel M. Morada","doi":"10.1163/1875-984X-13020003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13020003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000asean has not collectively responded to the Rakhine crisis since 2017 from the perspective of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle and has failed to put a stop to the atrocities against the Rohingyas in Myanmar. This article argues that there is less support in the region for invoking the non-interference principle in dealing with Myanmar on the Rohingya issue even as some members have called for its relaxation and use of constructive engagement instead. As international pressure in pursuit of justice and accountability increased, so did calls from within the region for asean to do more beyond just providing humanitarian assistance to affected communities in Rakhine. Even so, asean consciously avoids pressing too hard on the issue of accountability as this could force the government and the military in Myanmar to totally disengage with asean and the international community on the Rakhine crisis, as well as push Nay Pyi Daw further into China’s embrace and thus undermine asean’s strategic interests in the region.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74253979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-13020005
E. Stensrud
This article addresses the somewhat paradoxical situation that during the reform years in Myanmar, Western optimism about democratisation existed side-by-side with increasingly dire reports about the human rights abuses against the Rohingya. In order to understand this puzzle, the article analyses the Norwegian government’s policy shift towards Myanmar, and its deepening engagement up until the landmark 2015 elections. The article argues that the widespread characterisation of the conflict in Rakhine as ‘intercommunal’, rooted in poverty and underdevelopment in Rakhine State, enabled the narrative of progress and democratisation to be upheld. This prevented actors from seeing the treatment of Rohingya through an ‘atrocity prevention lens’, and thereby from seeing Myanmar as a case where the responsibility to protect should be applied.
{"title":"The Rohingya Crisis, the Democratisation Discourse, and the Absence of an Atrocity Prevention Lens","authors":"E. Stensrud","doi":"10.1163/1875-984X-13020005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13020005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article addresses the somewhat paradoxical situation that during the reform years in Myanmar, Western optimism about democratisation existed side-by-side with increasingly dire reports about the human rights abuses against the Rohingya. In order to understand this puzzle, the article analyses the Norwegian government’s policy shift towards Myanmar, and its deepening engagement up until the landmark 2015 elections. The article argues that the widespread characterisation of the conflict in Rakhine as ‘intercommunal’, rooted in poverty and underdevelopment in Rakhine State, enabled the narrative of progress and democratisation to be upheld. This prevented actors from seeing the treatment of Rohingya through an ‘atrocity prevention lens’, and thereby from seeing Myanmar as a case where the responsibility to protect should be applied.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74665711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-13010006
Nadira Kourt
The Chinese authorities are carrying out a multidimensional campaign of repression of the Uighurs and other Muslim communities in Xinjiang, which may amount to crimes against humanity and genocide. These ongoing crimes require urgent attention and response of the international community, including the United Nations (UN). To counter China’s great influence within the organisation, all avenues need to be explored to protect minorities in Xinjiang.
{"title":"United Nations’ Response to Mass Atrocities in China","authors":"Nadira Kourt","doi":"10.1163/1875-984X-13010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13010006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Chinese authorities are carrying out a multidimensional campaign of repression of the Uighurs and other Muslim communities in Xinjiang, which may amount to crimes against humanity and genocide. These ongoing crimes require urgent attention and response of the international community, including the United Nations (UN). To counter China’s great influence within the organisation, all avenues need to be explored to protect minorities in Xinjiang.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"4 1","pages":"33-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90467040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-13010005
R. Foot
There has been a lack of recourse to the language of ‘The Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P) in respect of reports that the Chinese government is perpetrating mass atrocity crimes against the Muslim minorities that reside in Xinjiang. What does this suggest about the overall normative power of R2P, and is the neglect of R2P reflective of a more general weakening in provisions designed to deal with wide-scale human rights abuses?
{"title":"R2P Sidelined: The International Response to China’s Repression of Muslim Minorities in Xinjiang","authors":"R. Foot","doi":"10.1163/1875-984X-13010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13010005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000There has been a lack of recourse to the language of ‘The Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P) in respect of reports that the Chinese government is perpetrating mass atrocity crimes against the Muslim minorities that reside in Xinjiang. What does this suggest about the overall normative power of R2P, and is the neglect of R2P reflective of a more general weakening in provisions designed to deal with wide-scale human rights abuses?","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88187159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-13010001
Cecilia Jacob, A. Gallagher, Charles T. Hunt
This short article introduces the forum on the Uighur population in China and R2P. It provides context to demonstrate why it is important to analyse the current situation in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China through an R2P lens and states the objectives of the forum. It then provides a brief summary of the contributions in the forum that take into account the domestic context, legal arguments and analysis of the international political context in which R2P is operationalised.
{"title":"Pursuing Accountability and Protection for the Uighur and Muslim Minorities in China","authors":"Cecilia Jacob, A. Gallagher, Charles T. Hunt","doi":"10.1163/1875-984X-13010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13010001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This short article introduces the forum on the Uighur population in China and R2P. It provides context to demonstrate why it is important to analyse the current situation in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China through an R2P lens and states the objectives of the forum. It then provides a brief summary of the contributions in the forum that take into account the domestic context, legal arguments and analysis of the international political context in which R2P is operationalised.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73289139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-13010003
Sophie Ryan
This article considers the legal tests for establishing genocide and crimes against humanity in relation to the situation in Xinjiang. It suggests that the currently available evidence is likely sufficient to establish atrocity crimes and that the situation in Xinjiang requires urgent international attention, regardless of the precise legal label applied to it.
{"title":"Atrocity Crimes in Xinjiang: Moving beyond Legal Labels","authors":"Sophie Ryan","doi":"10.1163/1875-984X-13010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13010003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article considers the legal tests for establishing genocide and crimes against humanity in relation to the situation in Xinjiang. It suggests that the currently available evidence is likely sufficient to establish atrocity crimes and that the situation in Xinjiang requires urgent international attention, regardless of the precise legal label applied to it.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"43 1","pages":"20-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75621629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-13010002
Michael Clarke
The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (xuar) is the site of the largest mass repression of an ethnic and/or religious minority in the world today characterised by extra-judicial detention of Uyghurs in ‘re-education’ centres, pervasive surveillance, and repression of Uyghur ethnic identity. While Beijing frames such draconian measures as necessary ‘counter-terrorism’ measures, the intersection between concern for the ‘welfare’ of subject populations and the desire to eradicate ‘defective’ elements of cultural identity central to the ‘re-education’ system in Xinjiang betray the fundamentally colonial nature of the Chinese Communist Party’s (ccp) endeavours in the region.
{"title":"Settler Colonialism and the Path toward Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang","authors":"Michael Clarke","doi":"10.1163/1875-984X-13010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13010002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (xuar) is the site of the largest mass repression of an ethnic and/or religious minority in the world today characterised by extra-judicial detention of Uyghurs in ‘re-education’ centres, pervasive surveillance, and repression of Uyghur ethnic identity. While Beijing frames such draconian measures as necessary ‘counter-terrorism’ measures, the intersection between concern for the ‘welfare’ of subject populations and the desire to eradicate ‘defective’ elements of cultural identity central to the ‘re-education’ system in Xinjiang betray the fundamentally colonial nature of the Chinese Communist Party’s (ccp) endeavours in the region.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"10 1","pages":"9-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81534475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-13010007
Zheng Chen
{"title":"China, the UN, and Human Protection: Beliefs, Power, Image by Rosemary Foot","authors":"Zheng Chen","doi":"10.1163/1875-984X-13010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13010007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"191 1","pages":"97-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83063754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-13010008
R. Illingworth
{"title":"The Responsibility to Protect and the Failures of the United Nations Security Council by Patrick M. Butchard","authors":"R. Illingworth","doi":"10.1163/1875-984X-13010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13010008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"319 1","pages":"100-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77647792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-13010004
A. Garwood-Gowers
In this contribution the author examines options for legal accountability in relation to possible crimes against humanity and genocide against the Uighurs. While China’s reluctance to accede to international adjudication mechanisms means there are limited avenues for accountability, recent developments in relation to the International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction over crimes with a transboundary element may open the door to possible investigation and prosecution of Chinese nationals. However, more immediate steps to respond to the situation in Xinjiang will focus on securing access for an independent fact-finding investigation and persuading China to uphold its responsibility to protect.
{"title":"China and the Uighurs: Options for Legal Accountability","authors":"A. Garwood-Gowers","doi":"10.1163/1875-984X-13010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984X-13010004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In this contribution the author examines options for legal accountability in relation to possible crimes against humanity and genocide against the Uighurs. While China’s reluctance to accede to international adjudication mechanisms means there are limited avenues for accountability, recent developments in relation to the International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction over crimes with a transboundary element may open the door to possible investigation and prosecution of Chinese nationals. However, more immediate steps to respond to the situation in Xinjiang will focus on securing access for an independent fact-finding investigation and persuading China to uphold its responsibility to protect.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82115713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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