In this study, I will present as complete a collection as I can of Celtic nt-stems in order to answer the general question what types of nt-stems occur in Celtic, and specifically to use that collection to determine the most probable pre-form of Old Irish námae ‘enemy’ and its Gaulish cognates, about which there has been a lively discussion ever since 1923. I will also discuss in detail the system of adjectives and abstracts of which Old Irish lethan ‘broad’ : lethet ‘breadth’ is representative.
{"title":"Old Irish Námae 'Enemy' and the Celtic NT-Stems","authors":"Lionel S. Joseph","doi":"10.1353/eri.0.a903266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eri.0.a903266","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, I will present as complete a collection as I can of Celtic nt-stems in order to answer the general question what types of nt-stems occur in Celtic, and specifically to use that collection to determine the most probable pre-form of Old Irish námae ‘enemy’ and its Gaulish cognates, about which there has been a lively discussion ever since 1923. I will also discuss in detail the system of adjectives and abstracts of which Old Irish lethan ‘broad’ : lethet ‘breadth’ is representative.","PeriodicalId":38655,"journal":{"name":"Eriu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66308837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper consists of two notes. The first argues that Scottish Gaelic sgitheach and Modern Irish sceach both have their origins in plural forms of Early Irish scé ‘thorn tree’, a paradigm in which we would expect to find alternation between iä and e. Similar paradigm splits and instances of paradigmatic levelling are discussed, with examples from Old, Middle and Early Modern Irish. The second note draws on the evidence of Scottish Gaelic dìthean ‘flower’ to clarify the earlier form of the word attested in Early Modern Irish manuscripts as dithan or dithen ‘corn marigold’. It is argued that dìthean most likely goes back to Early Irish díán. This discussion also sheds some light on the form of the Early Irish word for ‘purple foxglove’.
{"title":"Paradigm Splits and Hiatus Forms: The Origins of Modern Irish Sceach and Scottish Gaelic Sgitheach 'Thorn Tree', and the Old Irish Precursor of Scottish Gaelic Dìthean 'Flower'","authors":"M. Hoyne","doi":"10.1353/eri.0.a900887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eri.0.a900887","url":null,"abstract":"This paper consists of two notes. The first argues that Scottish Gaelic <em>sgitheach</em> and Modern Irish <em>sceach</em> both have their origins in plural forms of Early Irish <em>scé</em> ‘thorn tree’, a paradigm in which we would expect to find alternation between <em>iä</em> and <em>e</em>. Similar paradigm splits and instances of paradigmatic levelling are discussed, with examples from Old, Middle and Early Modern Irish. The second note draws on the evidence of Scottish Gaelic <em>dìthean</em> ‘flower’ to clarify the earlier form of the word attested in Early Modern Irish manuscripts as <em>dithan</em> or <em>dithen</em> ‘corn marigold’. It is argued that <em>dìthean</em> most likely goes back to Early Irish <em>díán</em>. This discussion also sheds some light on the form of the Early Irish word for ‘purple foxglove’.","PeriodicalId":38655,"journal":{"name":"Eriu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49447141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article provides an edition of a poem beginning A Éamainn, an agad féin! which is preserved today in National Library of Scotland MS Adv. 72.1.42. The focus of its anonymous author is twofold, namely (i) to praise Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill (ob. 1649), nephew of Aodh Ó Néill, second Earl of Tyrone, for his extraordinary martial abilities, particularly throughout the 1640s following his return to Ireland from Spanish Flanders in July 1642; (ii) to upbraid the audacity of ‘Éamann’ for his criticism of Piaras Feiritéar, poet and military leader from the Dingle Peninsula, Co. Kerry, who himself composed a poem in support of Ó Néill’s auspicious military credentials.
摘要:本文提供了一首以a Éamainn开头的诗的版本。现保存于苏格兰国家图书馆，MS adv72.1.42。这本书的匿名作者有两个重点，即(i)赞扬Eoghan Ruadh Ó nsamill(生于1649年)，第二代蒂隆伯爵Aodh Ó nsamill的侄子，他非凡的军事能力，特别是在1642年7月他从西班牙佛兰德斯返回爱尔兰之后的整个1640年代;(ii)谴责“Éamann”对Piaras feiritsamar的大胆批评，Piaras feiritsamar是来自丁格尔半岛，克里公司的诗人和军事领袖，他自己写了一首诗来支持Ó nsamill吉祥的军事证书。
{"title":"A Éamainn, An Agad Féin!: Dán Cointinne Agus Dán Ómóis In Éineacht","authors":"Meidhbhín Ní Úrdail","doi":"10.1353/eri.2022.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eri.2022.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article provides an edition of a poem beginning A Éamainn, an agad féin! which is preserved today in National Library of Scotland MS Adv. 72.1.42. The focus of its anonymous author is twofold, namely (i) to praise Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill (ob. 1649), nephew of Aodh Ó Néill, second Earl of Tyrone, for his extraordinary martial abilities, particularly throughout the 1640s following his return to Ireland from Spanish Flanders in July 1642; (ii) to upbraid the audacity of ‘Éamann’ for his criticism of Piaras Feiritéar, poet and military leader from the Dingle Peninsula, Co. Kerry, who himself composed a poem in support of Ó Néill’s auspicious military credentials.","PeriodicalId":38655,"journal":{"name":"Eriu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66309249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article is not so much concerned with how the historical present is used in Classical Modern Irish (and to a lesser extent also in Early Irish) as with how it is not used. The historical present is introduced here with examples from Early and Classical Modern Irish before the Bardic terminology used to discuss it is explained. Attention is drawn to information in the Bardic grammatical tracts concerning general restrictions on the use of the historical present and to references to specific verbs which may not be used in the historical present. It is shown that the historical present does not occur in negative and relative clauses and that it is usually avoided after conjunctions, and it is argued that atelic verbs cannot (normally) be used in the historical present.
{"title":"Restrictions on the Use of the Historical Present in Irish: The Evidence of the Grammatical and Syntactical Tracts","authors":"M. Hoyne","doi":"10.1353/eri.2022.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eri.2022.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article is not so much concerned with how the historical present is used in Classical Modern Irish (and to a lesser extent also in Early Irish) as with how it is not used. The historical present is introduced here with examples from Early and Classical Modern Irish before the Bardic terminology used to discuss it is explained. Attention is drawn to information in the Bardic grammatical tracts concerning general restrictions on the use of the historical present and to references to specific verbs which may not be used in the historical present. It is shown that the historical present does not occur in negative and relative clauses and that it is usually avoided after conjunctions, and it is argued that atelic verbs cannot (normally) be used in the historical present.","PeriodicalId":38655,"journal":{"name":"Eriu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66309292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This is the seventh in a series of editions of the poems of Gofraidh Óg (son of Gofraidh son of Brian) Mac an Bhaird, who flourished in the 1640s and 1650s. It is in praise of An Calbhach Ruadh (son of Maghnas son of Conn Óg son of Conn) Ó Domhnaill and, in supplementary quatrains, of his wife, Eibhilín daughter of Báitéar Mac Suibhne. A quatrain in praise of Donnchadh (son of Niall son of Donnchadh) Mac Suibhne is also appended. An apologue likens An Calbhach’s struggle to that of Conn Céadchathach, forced at first to concede territory to hostile forces but ultimately triumphing and winning all. The poem was previously edited by Owen McKernan in Éigse in the 1940s. It is edited anew here from Stonyhurst College MS A II 20, with readings from National Library of Ireland MSS G 167 and G 299, Trinity College Dublin MS H 6. 7 (1411) and British Library MS Egerton 112, and with a full discussion of these and other extant witnesses.
摘要：这是Gofraidhóg（布莱恩之子）Mac an Bhaird诗歌系列的第七本，他在1640年代和1650年代蓬勃发展。它赞扬了An Calbhach Ruadh（Connóg的儿子Maghnas的儿子）óDomhnaill，并在补充绝句中赞扬了他的妻子，BáItéar Mac Suibhne的女儿Eibhilín。还附上了一首赞美Donnchadh（DonnchadhNiall之子）MacSuibhne的绝句。一位道歉者将安·卡尔巴赫的斗争比作康纳·塞亚德查塔赫的斗争，他起初被迫向敌对势力让出领土，但最终取得了胜利并赢得了所有胜利。这首诗曾由欧文·麦克尔南于20世纪40年代在《Éigse》杂志上编辑。本文由Stonyhurst College MS A II 20重新编辑，阅读材料来自爱尔兰国家图书馆MSS G 167和G 299，都柏林三一学院MS H 6。7（1411）和大英图书馆MS Egerton 112，并对这些和其他现存证人进行了充分的讨论。
{"title":"Gofraidh Óg Mac An Bhaird Cecinit: 7. Treóin An Cheannais Clann Dálaigh","authors":"Eoin MacCárthaigh","doi":"10.1353/eri.2022.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eri.2022.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This is the seventh in a series of editions of the poems of Gofraidh Óg (son of Gofraidh son of Brian) Mac an Bhaird, who flourished in the 1640s and 1650s. It is in praise of An Calbhach Ruadh (son of Maghnas son of Conn Óg son of Conn) Ó Domhnaill and, in supplementary quatrains, of his wife, Eibhilín daughter of Báitéar Mac Suibhne. A quatrain in praise of Donnchadh (son of Niall son of Donnchadh) Mac Suibhne is also appended. An apologue likens An Calbhach’s struggle to that of Conn Céadchathach, forced at first to concede territory to hostile forces but ultimately triumphing and winning all. The poem was previously edited by Owen McKernan in Éigse in the 1940s. It is edited anew here from Stonyhurst College MS A II 20, with readings from National Library of Ireland MSS G 167 and G 299, Trinity College Dublin MS H 6. 7 (1411) and British Library MS Egerton 112, and with a full discussion of these and other extant witnesses.","PeriodicalId":38655,"journal":{"name":"Eriu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47962933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leanann sé seo ar varium in Ériu 71 (2021), 155–9, agus tá an cur chuige céanna anseo arís agam. Is é sin dornán éanainmneacha in ord aibítre a úsáid mar áis chun eagar a chur ar thagairtí éagsúla don éanlaith atá aimsithe agam san fhilíocht. Cadhan: Seo an Ghaeilge oifigiúil ar ‘brent goose’ (Branta bernicla) anois agus is é ‘gé ghiúrainn’ an leagan oifigiúil i gcás an ‘barnacle goose’ (Branta leucopsis). Chonacthas sampla aonair san fhilíocht de éan gioghrann = ‘barnacle goose’ sa varium ar a leanann sé seo (s.v. gioghra), ach ní hionann sin is a rá go mbeadh idirdhealú i dtólamh ag na filí idir an dá chineál gé, ná go bhfuil aon locht ar ‘barnacle goose’ i roinnt de na haistriúcháin thíos. Is dócha nach n-aithneodh Tadhg Ó Cobhthaigh cineál amháin thar an gcineál eile pé scéal é, agus a chumas mar éaneolaí bainte de ag tinneas an ghrá, mar is léir ón rann deiridh sa dán Corrach do chodlas a-réir:
这在爱尔兰的varium上继续着71（2021），155-9，我在这里也有同样的方法。这是使用鸟类的字母顺序作为工具来编辑我在野外发现的鸟类的不同参考。储备：这是官方的“布伦特鹅”（Branta bernicla）床单，“紧急鹅”床单是“藤壶鹅”（Branta leucopsis）的官方版本。一个例子表明，在以下变体（即游戏）中，游戏的有效性=“鹅鸽”，但这并不意味着行可以容忍两种类型的游戏之间的歧视，也不意味着下面的一些翻译包含“鹅鸽子”的任何错误。Ten From Hold可能没有意识到它是另一对故事中的一种，以及它作为爱巢中圈养鸟类的能力，正如Corky专栏的最后一节所证明的那样：
{"title":"Varia II: Éanainmneacha agus éanseanchas i bhfilíocht na scol II","authors":"Eoin MacCárthaigh","doi":"10.1353/eri.2022.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eri.2022.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Leanann sé seo ar varium in Ériu 71 (2021), 155–9, agus tá an cur chuige céanna anseo arís agam. Is é sin dornán éanainmneacha in ord aibítre a úsáid mar áis chun eagar a chur ar thagairtí éagsúla don éanlaith atá aimsithe agam san fhilíocht. Cadhan: Seo an Ghaeilge oifigiúil ar ‘brent goose’ (Branta bernicla) anois agus is é ‘gé ghiúrainn’ an leagan oifigiúil i gcás an ‘barnacle goose’ (Branta leucopsis). Chonacthas sampla aonair san fhilíocht de éan gioghrann = ‘barnacle goose’ sa varium ar a leanann sé seo (s.v. gioghra), ach ní hionann sin is a rá go mbeadh idirdhealú i dtólamh ag na filí idir an dá chineál gé, ná go bhfuil aon locht ar ‘barnacle goose’ i roinnt de na haistriúcháin thíos. Is dócha nach n-aithneodh Tadhg Ó Cobhthaigh cineál amháin thar an gcineál eile pé scéal é, agus a chumas mar éaneolaí bainte de ag tinneas an ghrá, mar is léir ón rann deiridh sa dán Corrach do chodlas a-réir:","PeriodicalId":38655,"journal":{"name":"Eriu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66309305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In 1919 Lambert McKenna published a poem beginning Mairg nach molann máthair Dé in a collection entitled Dánta do chum Aonghus Fionn Ó Dálaigh. The poem edited here, which survives in TCD 1340 (H. 3. 19), begins with the same first line and as a result has been overlooked up to now. Unlike the poem published by McKenna, in which the author emphasises the difficulty in finding original praise for the Virgin Mary, our poem is straightforward in its direct and immediate praise of her.
摘要:1919年，兰伯特·麦肯纳在一本名为Dánta do chum Aonghus Fionn Ó Dálaigh的小说集中发表了一首诗，诗的开头是“mairach molann máthair d”。这里编辑的这首诗，保存在TCD 1340 (H. 3)。19)，以同样的第一行开始，因此至今一直被忽视。与麦肯纳发表的那首诗不同，作者强调很难找到对圣母玛利亚的原创赞美，我们的诗直截了当地直接赞美了她。
{"title":"‘Woe is he Who Does Not Praise the Mother Of God’: Another Poem Beginning Mairg Nach Molann Máthair Dé","authors":"E. Ó. Raghallaigh","doi":"10.1353/eri.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eri.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In 1919 Lambert McKenna published a poem beginning Mairg nach molann máthair Dé in a collection entitled Dánta do chum Aonghus Fionn Ó Dálaigh. The poem edited here, which survives in TCD 1340 (H. 3. 19), begins with the same first line and as a result has been overlooked up to now. Unlike the poem published by McKenna, in which the author emphasises the difficulty in finding original praise for the Virgin Mary, our poem is straightforward in its direct and immediate praise of her.","PeriodicalId":38655,"journal":{"name":"Eriu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66309235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the various accentual environments in which clusters of nasal plus voiced stop were assimilated to an unlenited nasal, focusing principally on nd > nn. It is argued that the chronological differentiation offered in GOI between (a) Early Old Irish nd > nn in proclitics and (b) Classical Old Irish nd > nn in stressed words is not sufficient. Instead, the accentual status of each syllable surrounding the cluster needs to be considered separately, and the chronological sequence needs to be enlarged to three stages: (a) Early Old Irish nd > nn between two pretonic syllables, (b) Classical Old Irish nd > nn between a stressed and a post-tonic or between two post-tonic syllables, and (c) Middle Irish nd > nn between a pretonic and a stressed syllable, occurring specifically in the article form ind and nasalised nd-. Some apparent exceptions to (c), suggesting pre-Middle Irish assimilation in this environment, are redefined as properly belonging to environment (a), and the appendix presents a complete sample, with statistical analysis, of relevant spellings (mainly of the article) from four texts of different dates of composition as preserved in the late Middle Irish manuscript Lebor na hUidre.
这篇文章探讨了不同的重音环境，其中集群的鼻音加上浊音顿音被同化为一个无限制的鼻音，主要集中在和bbbbn。有人认为，在GOI中提供的(a)早期古爱尔兰语和> nn在政治上和(b)古典古爱尔兰语和> nn在重读词上的时间区分是不够的。相反，集群周围每个音节的重音状态需要单独考虑，并且时间顺序需要扩大到三个阶段:(a)早期古爱尔兰语和> nn在两个前置音节之间，(b)古典古爱尔兰语和> nn在一个重音和后主音音节之间或两个后主音音节之间，以及(c)中古爱尔兰语和> nn在一个前置音节和一个重读音节之间，具体出现在冠词形式ind和鼻音化的and -中。(c)的一些明显的例外，表明在这种环境中前中世纪爱尔兰人的同化，被重新定义为适当地属于环境(a)，附录提供了一个完整的样本，并进行了统计分析，来自晚期中世纪爱尔兰手稿Lebor na hUidre中保存的四个不同写作日期的文本(主要是文章)的相关拼写。
{"title":"When did nd become nn in which Early Irish environments?","authors":"Jürgen Uhlich","doi":"10.1353/eri.0.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eri.0.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the various accentual environments in which clusters of nasal plus voiced stop were assimilated to an unlenited nasal, focusing principally on nd > nn. It is argued that the chronological differentiation offered in GOI between (a) Early Old Irish nd > nn in proclitics and (b) Classical Old Irish nd > nn in stressed words is not sufficient. Instead, the accentual status of each syllable surrounding the cluster needs to be considered separately, and the chronological sequence needs to be enlarged to three stages: (a) Early Old Irish nd > nn between two pretonic syllables, (b) Classical Old Irish nd > nn between a stressed and a post-tonic or between two post-tonic syllables, and (c) Middle Irish nd > nn between a pretonic and a stressed syllable, occurring specifically in the article form ind and nasalised nd-. Some apparent exceptions to (c), suggesting pre-Middle Irish assimilation in this environment, are redefined as properly belonging to environment (a), and the appendix presents a complete sample, with statistical analysis, of relevant spellings (mainly of the article) from four texts of different dates of composition as preserved in the late Middle Irish manuscript Lebor na hUidre.","PeriodicalId":38655,"journal":{"name":"Eriu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66308830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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