Abstract:This article seeks to clarify the varied utilities of multispectral imaging (MSI) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for the purposes of fragment recovery and analysis. The two technologies are discussed in detail, with the aim of explaining their functionality and required methodology to a humanities-oriented audience. For purposes of comparison, two medieval manuscript fragments—one a palimpsest, the other damaged by abrasion and staining—were imaged using both MSI and HSI systems. The data sets were then compared using several metrics and the results outlined. MSI was found to have significantly better spatial resolution (the amount of fine detail that the system is capable of capturing), while HSI had vastly better spectral resolution (the number of wavelengths discerned by the system). The MSI system also displayed a superior signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and edge response, meaning that images were clearer and sharper. MSI images enabled the identification, transcription, and approximate dating of the palimpsested fragment, but the less visually clear HSI data set failed to fully do so. However, the superior spectral resolution of the HSI system allowed for the noninvasive and nondestructive identification of inks and pigments and enabled our team to differentiate between even those that appear to be identical to the naked eye. In this case, the red pigment used on the palimpsest was identified from the hyperspectral data but could not be from the multispectral. Our conclusion is that HSI systems can offer valuable information about material composition and history and may shed light on provenance. Neither system is universally superior; the choice of which one to employ depends upon what questions a scholar seeks to ask of the object.
{"title":"Fragments under the Lens: A Case Study of Multispectral versus Hyperspectral Imaging for Manuscript Recovery","authors":"Alexander J. Zawacki, Kyle Ann Huskin, H. Davies, T. Kleynhans, D. Messinger, G. Heyworth","doi":"10.1353/dph.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dph.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article seeks to clarify the varied utilities of multispectral imaging (MSI) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for the purposes of fragment recovery and analysis. The two technologies are discussed in detail, with the aim of explaining their functionality and required methodology to a humanities-oriented audience. For purposes of comparison, two medieval manuscript fragments—one a palimpsest, the other damaged by abrasion and staining—were imaged using both MSI and HSI systems. The data sets were then compared using several metrics and the results outlined. MSI was found to have significantly better spatial resolution (the amount of fine detail that the system is capable of capturing), while HSI had vastly better spectral resolution (the number of wavelengths discerned by the system). The MSI system also displayed a superior signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and edge response, meaning that images were clearer and sharper. MSI images enabled the identification, transcription, and approximate dating of the palimpsested fragment, but the less visually clear HSI data set failed to fully do so. However, the superior spectral resolution of the HSI system allowed for the noninvasive and nondestructive identification of inks and pigments and enabled our team to differentiate between even those that appear to be identical to the naked eye. In this case, the red pigment used on the palimpsest was identified from the hyperspectral data but could not be from the multispectral. Our conclusion is that HSI systems can offer valuable information about material composition and history and may shed light on provenance. Neither system is universally superior; the choice of which one to employ depends upon what questions a scholar seeks to ask of the object.","PeriodicalId":387346,"journal":{"name":"Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130579309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Digital Medieval Studies: Practice and Preservation ed. by Laura K. Morreale and Sean Gilsdorf (review)","authors":"P. Evans","doi":"10.1353/dph.2023.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dph.2023.0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":387346,"journal":{"name":"Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133865988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article explores a form of sensory stimulation in late medieval English devotional lyric, referred to here as textual sensing, with a specific focus on deictic ambiguities surrounding the first-person pronoun I. Drawing on concepts from virtuality studies, and focusing on examples of religious lyrics from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, I argue that these lyrics' uses of first-person voice activate their audiences' bodily instincts, thereby generating sensations of recognizing voices in the flesh. These appeals to sensory perception do not simply represent physical sensing as a conceptual act; they also strikingly simulate sensory experience. Furthermore, the first-person voice effects inhere in the texts' verbal and syntactic arrangements and are therefore at work regardless of the circumstances under which the poems are encountered: whether on the page or sung; read aloud or in silence; in company or in solitude. I argue that Middle English devotional lyrics can be understood as a form of virtual environment, allowing their audiences to experience the imagined voices of poetic personas as somatic objects generated by virtual bodies. By exploring how the subject I in Middle English lyric can catalyze vivid sensory experiences of textual voices, this article expands our understanding of the ways in which verbal media forms can imagine—and transcend—textual bodies.
{"title":"Virtual Listening in Lyric Space: First-Person Voice Effects in Late Medieval English Lyric","authors":"Melissa S. Tu","doi":"10.1353/dph.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dph.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article explores a form of sensory stimulation in late medieval English devotional lyric, referred to here as textual sensing, with a specific focus on deictic ambiguities surrounding the first-person pronoun I. Drawing on concepts from virtuality studies, and focusing on examples of religious lyrics from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, I argue that these lyrics' uses of first-person voice activate their audiences' bodily instincts, thereby generating sensations of recognizing voices in the flesh. These appeals to sensory perception do not simply represent physical sensing as a conceptual act; they also strikingly simulate sensory experience. Furthermore, the first-person voice effects inhere in the texts' verbal and syntactic arrangements and are therefore at work regardless of the circumstances under which the poems are encountered: whether on the page or sung; read aloud or in silence; in company or in solitude. I argue that Middle English devotional lyrics can be understood as a form of virtual environment, allowing their audiences to experience the imagined voices of poetic personas as somatic objects generated by virtual bodies. By exploring how the subject I in Middle English lyric can catalyze vivid sensory experiences of textual voices, this article expands our understanding of the ways in which verbal media forms can imagine—and transcend—textual bodies.","PeriodicalId":387346,"journal":{"name":"Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133504679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The madness of Charles VI of France is well documented, with various chroniclers having described his symptoms and erratic behaviour. In this article I consider books he is known to have taken out of the royal library and texts presented to him or commenting on his role in current affairs. I ask how these may have contributed to his paranoid fears and his delusions about his own identity and in what ways the visual imagery of his heraldic and personal emblems might have seemed to reflect his fears and fantasies. His reading of the assassination of Julius Caesar in the Fet des Romains and of the corruption and travails at the court of Pepin the Short as described in Berthe aux grants pies, as well as the various texts presenting the statue with feet of clay from Nebuchadnezzar's dream, could have contributed to his fears of assassination or betrayal from within his own court or to his delusion of having a breakable glass body. Likewise, his familiarity with the legend of Saint George and appeals made for him to sponsor a crusade bearing the saint's arms could have led to his adoption of George as the name he often claimed as his own. And his reading of bestiaries could have colored his emblems of the tiger and the peacock plume with further sinister associations. Consideration of this possible evidence provides intriguing insights into the workings of the afflicted king's mind during his psychotic episodes.
{"title":"An Iconography of Trauma: The Fraught Identity of King Charles VI in Its Literary and Cultural Context","authors":"S. Huot","doi":"10.1353/dph.2023.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dph.2023.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The madness of Charles VI of France is well documented, with various chroniclers having described his symptoms and erratic behaviour. In this article I consider books he is known to have taken out of the royal library and texts presented to him or commenting on his role in current affairs. I ask how these may have contributed to his paranoid fears and his delusions about his own identity and in what ways the visual imagery of his heraldic and personal emblems might have seemed to reflect his fears and fantasies. His reading of the assassination of Julius Caesar in the Fet des Romains and of the corruption and travails at the court of Pepin the Short as described in Berthe aux grants pies, as well as the various texts presenting the statue with feet of clay from Nebuchadnezzar's dream, could have contributed to his fears of assassination or betrayal from within his own court or to his delusion of having a breakable glass body. Likewise, his familiarity with the legend of Saint George and appeals made for him to sponsor a crusade bearing the saint's arms could have led to his adoption of George as the name he often claimed as his own. And his reading of bestiaries could have colored his emblems of the tiger and the peacock plume with further sinister associations. Consideration of this possible evidence provides intriguing insights into the workings of the afflicted king's mind during his psychotic episodes.","PeriodicalId":387346,"journal":{"name":"Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125319164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article explores three understudied Middle English versions of the popular anti-Judaic Marian miracle tale of Theophilus. I demonstrate how these versions of Theophilus draw upon widely known medieval imagery of Ecclesia and Synagoga to depict Theophilus's journey as one of soteriological regression. A comparative analysis of the two related Northern Homily Cycle versions of Theophilus demonstrates how Synagoga is evoked in the portrayal of Theophilus's despair, which is shown to be a supersessionist issue in his misunderstanding of the Holy Spirit and Trinitarian theology. These two versions then depict Theophilus engaging with Davidic lineage in relation to Marian power, the manner of which unsettles the Christian supersessionist project of the texts and, I argue, earns him physical retribution. I show how these insecurities are resolved in the later Rawlinson version of Theophilus with an invocation of Synagoga in her "return" to Christianity, taken from eschatological readings of Song of Songs 6:13.
{"title":"Supersessionist Time and the Turn of Synagoga in the Northern Homily Cycle and Rawlinson Versions of the Theophilus Legend","authors":"Hope Doherty-Harrison","doi":"10.1353/dph.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dph.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article explores three understudied Middle English versions of the popular anti-Judaic Marian miracle tale of Theophilus. I demonstrate how these versions of Theophilus draw upon widely known medieval imagery of Ecclesia and Synagoga to depict Theophilus's journey as one of soteriological regression. A comparative analysis of the two related Northern Homily Cycle versions of Theophilus demonstrates how Synagoga is evoked in the portrayal of Theophilus's despair, which is shown to be a supersessionist issue in his misunderstanding of the Holy Spirit and Trinitarian theology. These two versions then depict Theophilus engaging with Davidic lineage in relation to Marian power, the manner of which unsettles the Christian supersessionist project of the texts and, I argue, earns him physical retribution. I show how these insecurities are resolved in the later Rawlinson version of Theophilus with an invocation of Synagoga in her \"return\" to Christianity, taken from eschatological readings of Song of Songs 6:13.","PeriodicalId":387346,"journal":{"name":"Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116193056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Chrétien de Troyes's Yvain does not seem too preoccupied with sexual consent. Indeed, as feminist critics have notably underscored, Yvain's wife is twice pressured and tricked into accepting his pretensions. Yet by looking to points of confluence between this romance and reflections on consent in both medieval learned culture—in particular, canon law and Abelardian philosophy—and modern theory, this article counters that the romance is not so much uninterested in consent as it is interrogating the concept, exploring its limitations and contradictions in powerful ways that even prove instructive for modern theory. The article proceeds in three movements. First, it wades into the heated critical debate over the literary and ethical satisfactoriness of the romance's abrupt conclusion. I suggest that we can read the romance's dénouement as treating the problem of how well the concept of consent can distinguish legally or morally tolerable relations from intolerable ones. Second, it backs up this counterintuitive notion that the romance is concerned with the concept of consent by showing how different adventures intersect with important issues in medieval and modern thinking on the subject. Finally, it focuses on the romance's most profound, and profoundly ambivalent, representation of consent: the elaborate episode in which Yvain chases a mortally wounded Esclados into his castle and comes out married to his wife. I argue that this scene is calling attention to the complex and contradictory relationship of consent to compulsion; it casts consent as the meaningful alternative to the injustice of physical force but simultaneously shows that consent is complicit with force. By so doing, Yvain invites the modern critic to confront, not to dodge, the intractable ambivalence of consent's relationship to sexual justice.
{"title":"Yes and No Means Yes and No: Sexual Consent in Yvain ou le Chevalier au lion","authors":"Charles Samuelson","doi":"10.1353/dph.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dph.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Chrétien de Troyes's Yvain does not seem too preoccupied with sexual consent. Indeed, as feminist critics have notably underscored, Yvain's wife is twice pressured and tricked into accepting his pretensions. Yet by looking to points of confluence between this romance and reflections on consent in both medieval learned culture—in particular, canon law and Abelardian philosophy—and modern theory, this article counters that the romance is not so much uninterested in consent as it is interrogating the concept, exploring its limitations and contradictions in powerful ways that even prove instructive for modern theory. The article proceeds in three movements. First, it wades into the heated critical debate over the literary and ethical satisfactoriness of the romance's abrupt conclusion. I suggest that we can read the romance's dénouement as treating the problem of how well the concept of consent can distinguish legally or morally tolerable relations from intolerable ones. Second, it backs up this counterintuitive notion that the romance is concerned with the concept of consent by showing how different adventures intersect with important issues in medieval and modern thinking on the subject. Finally, it focuses on the romance's most profound, and profoundly ambivalent, representation of consent: the elaborate episode in which Yvain chases a mortally wounded Esclados into his castle and comes out married to his wife. I argue that this scene is calling attention to the complex and contradictory relationship of consent to compulsion; it casts consent as the meaningful alternative to the injustice of physical force but simultaneously shows that consent is complicit with force. By so doing, Yvain invites the modern critic to confront, not to dodge, the intractable ambivalence of consent's relationship to sexual justice.","PeriodicalId":387346,"journal":{"name":"Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116143608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beowulf and the North before the Vikings by Tom Shippey (review)","authors":"P. Ramey","doi":"10.1353/dph.2023.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dph.2023.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":387346,"journal":{"name":"Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127042633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visual Translation: Illuminated Manuscripts and the First French Humanists by Anne D. Hedeman","authors":"Anne Rochebouet","doi":"10.1353/dph.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dph.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":387346,"journal":{"name":"Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128441980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uncertain Refuge: Sanctuary in the Literature of Medieval England by Elizabeth Allen (review)","authors":"Gayle Fallon","doi":"10.1353/dph.2022.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dph.2022.0020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":387346,"journal":{"name":"Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures","volume":"166 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127568383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Continental England: Form, Translation, and Chaucer in the Hundred Years' War by Elizaveta Strakhov (review)","authors":"Samantha Katz Seal","doi":"10.1353/dph.2022.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dph.2022.0022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":387346,"journal":{"name":"Digital Philology: A Journal of Medieval Cultures","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125064724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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