Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2021.1913507
David Schweingruber
ABSTRACT The breach of the Capitol Building on 6 January 2021 was an unprecedented event in United States history, but the behaviour of the people on the Capitol grounds and inside the Capitol Building was consistent with the findings of sociological research on behaviour in riots and other temporary gatherings. This article describes key sociological findings and illustrates these with examples from the January 6 event. Myths about behaviour in temporary gatherings are also addressed.
{"title":"The Capitol breach: perspective from the Sociology of Collective Action","authors":"David Schweingruber","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2021.1913507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1913507","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The breach of the Capitol Building on 6 January 2021 was an unprecedented event in United States history, but the behaviour of the people on the Capitol grounds and inside the Capitol Building was consistent with the findings of sociological research on behaviour in riots and other temporary gatherings. This article describes key sociological findings and illustrates these with examples from the January 6 event. Myths about behaviour in temporary gatherings are also addressed.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"14 1","pages":"110 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2021.1913507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45926644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2021.1913506
J. Jasper
ABSTRACT The Capitol breach that occurred on 6 January 2021 immediately revived images of protest crowds as irrational, emotional, violent, and out of control. This frame had flourished for millennia, but had been displaced by more sympathetic ideas about protest in recent decades. Inspired by the civil rights and feminist movements, scholars had come to see street protest as politics by extraordinary means for those closed off from more mainstream channels of influence. Journalists, politicians, and police did not entirely change their minds along with researchers, but they had softened their views somewhat: protestors are not necessarily criminals to be attacked. In a society where protest is common, Americans had developed more nuanced thinking and feelings about crowds – all of which went out the window on January 6th. In this paper I trace some of the history of European and American ideas about crowds in order to show how easy – and how mistaken – it is to see a crowd of protestors as “a hostile crowd” or “a violent crowd,” or simply “the mob.”
{"title":"Fear of the angry mob","authors":"J. Jasper","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2021.1913506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1913506","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Capitol breach that occurred on 6 January 2021 immediately revived images of protest crowds as irrational, emotional, violent, and out of control. This frame had flourished for millennia, but had been displaced by more sympathetic ideas about protest in recent decades. Inspired by the civil rights and feminist movements, scholars had come to see street protest as politics by extraordinary means for those closed off from more mainstream channels of influence. Journalists, politicians, and police did not entirely change their minds along with researchers, but they had softened their views somewhat: protestors are not necessarily criminals to be attacked. In a society where protest is common, Americans had developed more nuanced thinking and feelings about crowds – all of which went out the window on January 6th. In this paper I trace some of the history of European and American ideas about crowds in order to show how easy – and how mistaken – it is to see a crowd of protestors as “a hostile crowd” or “a violent crowd,” or simply “the mob.”","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"14 1","pages":"121 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2021.1913506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46758810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2021.1913203
J. Hendry, A. Lemieux
ABSTRACT Atomwaffen Division (AWD) was an American neo-nazi extremist organization active between 2015 and 2020. Even after its disbanding, AWD’s influence can be felt in the symbols and media produced by other organizations in the white power space. This paper contributes to the ongoing study of violent extremism and media by categorizing, defining, and analysing AWD’s official video releases and visual/audio style. First, we explore the history and significance of AWD’s video media output, noting how AWD took advantage of existing internet aesthetics to connect their messaging to its target audience. Then, we analyse AWD’s official video releases, showing how they express white power ideology in ways which have continued to be influential after the group’s dissolution, along with ongoing implications.
{"title":"The visual and rhetorical styles of Atomwaffen Division and their implications","authors":"J. Hendry, A. Lemieux","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2021.1913203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1913203","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Atomwaffen Division (AWD) was an American neo-nazi extremist organization active between 2015 and 2020. Even after its disbanding, AWD’s influence can be felt in the symbols and media produced by other organizations in the white power space. This paper contributes to the ongoing study of violent extremism and media by categorizing, defining, and analysing AWD’s official video releases and visual/audio style. First, we explore the history and significance of AWD’s video media output, noting how AWD took advantage of existing internet aesthetics to connect their messaging to its target audience. Then, we analyse AWD’s official video releases, showing how they express white power ideology in ways which have continued to be influential after the group’s dissolution, along with ongoing implications.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"14 1","pages":"138 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2021.1913203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47438045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2021.1917771
Tom McCauley
ABSTRACT While it is common to refer to “the radical right,” I argue that there are in fact two distinct right-wing movements in the USA: one that fears loss of racial supremacy, and one that fears loss of cultural supremacy. It is the latter that drove the January 2021 Capitol riot, and without understanding the difference between the two, it will be impossible to make sense of that event, to understand contemporary trends, such as the increase in minority support for Donald Trump, and to frame effective policy initiatives against a new radical threat.
{"title":"Race war or culture war: the diversity in right-wing extremism","authors":"Tom McCauley","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2021.1917771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1917771","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While it is common to refer to “the radical right,” I argue that there are in fact two distinct right-wing movements in the USA: one that fears loss of racial supremacy, and one that fears loss of cultural supremacy. It is the latter that drove the January 2021 Capitol riot, and without understanding the difference between the two, it will be impossible to make sense of that event, to understand contemporary trends, such as the increase in minority support for Donald Trump, and to frame effective policy initiatives against a new radical threat.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"14 1","pages":"192 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2021.1917771","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46205918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2021.1895262
A. Hoyle, Helma van den Berg, B. Doosje, Martijn Kitzen
ABSTRACT Contemporary hostile actors are increasingly attempting to destabilize targeted states’ civilian domains via malign influence activities. With this civilian focus, societal destabilization is at least partly psychological. However, empirical evidence of a psychological dimension to societal destabilization is lacking. We assess the potential of five pertinent psychological factors to indicate societal destabilization using data captured about citizens living in the Ukrainian regions of Donetsk, Luhansk, and Crimea, prior to the outbreak of conflict in 2014. Analysts state that Russian influence activities contributed to societal destabilization in these regions. Using preregistered analyses, we contrast the self-reported levels of our selected psychological factors in these citizens against the self-reported levels of citizens from contextually and culturally similar societies. We confirmed that levels of political and social trust were significantly lower, and the perception of economic instability was significantly higher in citizens of Donetsk, Luhansk, and Crimea. Although observational, the results point to the relevance of these psychological factors for understanding societal destabilization provoked by influence activities.
{"title":"On the brink: identifying psychological indicators of societal destabilization in Donetsk, Luhansk and Crimea","authors":"A. Hoyle, Helma van den Berg, B. Doosje, Martijn Kitzen","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2021.1895262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1895262","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Contemporary hostile actors are increasingly attempting to destabilize targeted states’ civilian domains via malign influence activities. With this civilian focus, societal destabilization is at least partly psychological. However, empirical evidence of a psychological dimension to societal destabilization is lacking. We assess the potential of five pertinent psychological factors to indicate societal destabilization using data captured about citizens living in the Ukrainian regions of Donetsk, Luhansk, and Crimea, prior to the outbreak of conflict in 2014. Analysts state that Russian influence activities contributed to societal destabilization in these regions. Using preregistered analyses, we contrast the self-reported levels of our selected psychological factors in these citizens against the self-reported levels of citizens from contextually and culturally similar societies. We confirmed that levels of political and social trust were significantly lower, and the perception of economic instability was significantly higher in citizens of Donetsk, Luhansk, and Crimea. Although observational, the results point to the relevance of these psychological factors for understanding societal destabilization provoked by influence activities.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"15 1","pages":"40 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2021.1895262","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48358400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2021.1895261
Erin M. Kearns, Christopher M. Federico, Victor Asal, J. I. Walsh, Allison E. Betus, A. Lemieux
ABSTRACT What factors impact how people mobilize against state human rights abuses? Drawing on Image Theory, we examine how perceptions of an out-group, government abuse, and sociopolitical orientations impact political action. Using an online survey-embedded experiment with a sample of 2,932 U.S. adults, we manipulated two factors: (1) the level of government abuse and (2) the risk of punishment for taking action against the state, while also including social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) as covariates. Participants indicated their propensity to engage in and justify both protest and violence. Participants rated the out-group as oppressive and evil. State abuse of human rights was associated with more oppressive and evil out-group images. Oppressive out-group images increased protest engagement and justification, whereas evil out-group images increased violence engagement and justification. Abuse increased all forms of action and justifications for them. Oppressive and evil images mediated many of the relationships between abuse, SDO, and RWA on one hand and political action on the other.
{"title":"Intergroup images mediate the relationships between government abuse, sociopolitical orientations, and political action","authors":"Erin M. Kearns, Christopher M. Federico, Victor Asal, J. I. Walsh, Allison E. Betus, A. Lemieux","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2021.1895261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1895261","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT What factors impact how people mobilize against state human rights abuses? Drawing on Image Theory, we examine how perceptions of an out-group, government abuse, and sociopolitical orientations impact political action. Using an online survey-embedded experiment with a sample of 2,932 U.S. adults, we manipulated two factors: (1) the level of government abuse and (2) the risk of punishment for taking action against the state, while also including social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) as covariates. Participants indicated their propensity to engage in and justify both protest and violence. Participants rated the out-group as oppressive and evil. State abuse of human rights was associated with more oppressive and evil out-group images. Oppressive out-group images increased protest engagement and justification, whereas evil out-group images increased violence engagement and justification. Abuse increased all forms of action and justifications for them. Oppressive and evil images mediated many of the relationships between abuse, SDO, and RWA on one hand and political action on the other.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"15 1","pages":"17 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2021.1895261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41623501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-14DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2021.1895263
James A. Piazza
ABSTRACT This study tests whether social media disinformation contributes to domestic terrorism within countries. I theorize that disinformation disseminated by political actors online through social media heightens political polarization within countries and that this, in turn, produces an environment where domestic terrorism is more likely to occur. I test this theory using data from more than 150 countries for the period 2000–2017. I find that propagation of disinformation through social media drives domestic terrorism. Using mediation tests I also verify that disinformation disseminated through social media increases domestic terrorism by, among other processes, enhancing political polarization within society.
{"title":"Fake news: the effects of social media disinformation on domestic terrorism","authors":"James A. Piazza","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2021.1895263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1895263","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study tests whether social media disinformation contributes to domestic terrorism within countries. I theorize that disinformation disseminated by political actors online through social media heightens political polarization within countries and that this, in turn, produces an environment where domestic terrorism is more likely to occur. I test this theory using data from more than 150 countries for the period 2000–2017. I find that propagation of disinformation through social media drives domestic terrorism. Using mediation tests I also verify that disinformation disseminated through social media increases domestic terrorism by, among other processes, enhancing political polarization within society.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"15 1","pages":"55 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2021.1895263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49136181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-27DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2021.1876900
David C. Hofmann, Brynn Trofimuk, Shayna Perry, Caitlin Hyslop-Margison
ABSTRACT The study of Canadian right-wing extremism from a security context is in its infancy, with only a handful of empirical and theoretical studies emerging on the topic within the last decade. With the increase of right-wing extremism violence in Canada such as the 2014 Moncton shooting and the 2017 Quebec City mosque attack, there is a pressing need to better understand the breadth, depth, and extent of Canadian right-wing extremism. The current paper presents the preliminary findings from a larger cross-Canadian research project on right-wing extremism and focuses exclusively on Atlantic Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland & Labrador, and Prince Edward Island). A comprehensive scoping of open-source documents of right-wing extremist incidents in Atlantic Canada from January 2000 to December 2019 and their related attributes were compiled into a dataset, and then used to explore the distribution, breadth, type, and extent of right-wing extremist activity in the Maritime provinces. Given the focus of previous research upon urban aspects of Canadian right-wing extremism, and that Atlantic Canada is more rural in comparison to the rest of Canada, the breakdown of occurrences of different types of right-wing extremist activities based upon rurality are also examined.
{"title":"An exploration of right-wing extremist incidents in Atlantic Canada","authors":"David C. Hofmann, Brynn Trofimuk, Shayna Perry, Caitlin Hyslop-Margison","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2021.1876900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1876900","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The study of Canadian right-wing extremism from a security context is in its infancy, with only a handful of empirical and theoretical studies emerging on the topic within the last decade. With the increase of right-wing extremism violence in Canada such as the 2014 Moncton shooting and the 2017 Quebec City mosque attack, there is a pressing need to better understand the breadth, depth, and extent of Canadian right-wing extremism. The current paper presents the preliminary findings from a larger cross-Canadian research project on right-wing extremism and focuses exclusively on Atlantic Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland & Labrador, and Prince Edward Island). A comprehensive scoping of open-source documents of right-wing extremist incidents in Atlantic Canada from January 2000 to December 2019 and their related attributes were compiled into a dataset, and then used to explore the distribution, breadth, type, and extent of right-wing extremist activity in the Maritime provinces. Given the focus of previous research upon urban aspects of Canadian right-wing extremism, and that Atlantic Canada is more rural in comparison to the rest of Canada, the breakdown of occurrences of different types of right-wing extremist activities based upon rurality are also examined.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"14 1","pages":"259 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2021.1876900","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48573377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2021.1899375
G. Ligon, Lauren M. Zimmerman
Episodic ataxias (EA) include a group of autosomal dominant disorders characterized by paroxysmal attacks of imbalance and incoordination. Currently, there are nine recognized forms of episodic ataxia (EA1–EA9) [1,2], with causative genes known for 6 of them. Particularly, pathogenic variants in KCNA1, CACNA1A, CACNB4, SLC1A3, UBR4 and FGF14 genes have been described for EA1, EA2, EA5, EA6, EA8 and EA9 respectively. EA2 is the most common episodic ataxia syndrome, characterized by paroxysmal attacks of ataxia, vertigo and nausea, sometimes associated with dysarthria, diplopia, tinnitus, dystonia, headache and hemiplegia [3,4]. These symptoms may last from minutes to days. Onset is typically in childhood or early adolescence and frequency of attacks may range from once or twice a year to three or four times a week. Attacks can be provoked by psychological stress or exertion. Between attacks, patients are asymptomatic, but they commonly develop interictal signs that may include nystagmus and ataxia [3,4]. Patients with EA2 respond well to acetazolamide treatment [5]. In 2009, we evaluated a 17-years old Italian boy who presented, since childhood, recurrent episodes of ataxia, nausea and incoordination, induced by exertion and, sometimes, psychological stress. The episodes occurred with a mean frequency of five times per month and lasted for 30-45 minutes. Between attacks, he was asymptomatic. There was no family history of neurological disorders. Past history revealed only congenital nystagmus. In the interictal neurological examination, the patient presents nystagmus horizontally beating on lateral gaze. No other oculomotor findings could be observed. Brain MRI was unremarkable, particularly cerebellar atrophy was not present. Suspecting Episodic Ataxia type 2, a genetic test was proposed. Informed consent was obtained for genetic testing in accordance with the Institution’s ethics committee board requirements. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood by standard techniques. All exons and flanking introns of CACNA1A were amplified from the proband. We used denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) in combination with direct Sanger sequencing to identify specific nucleotide changes or small indels. In the proband, a single heterozygous nucleotide substitution was detected in exon 5 (c.758 A > G; reference transcript NM_001127221.1), substituting a histidine for an arginine (p. His253Arg; reference protein sequence NP_001120693.1) in the putative protein. This variant was not present in GnomAD. In addition, the variant was absent in the proband’s parents, suggesting a de novo origin, and it was classified as “likely pathogenic” according to ACMG criteria. The patient was started on acetazolamide 250 mg twice a day, with clinical improvement: attacks were less severe and their frequency decreased to one every six months. Since then, he has been evaluated regularly every year. After ten years of follow up, he still reports benefits from
{"title":"Letter from the editor","authors":"G. Ligon, Lauren M. Zimmerman","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2021.1899375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2021.1899375","url":null,"abstract":"Episodic ataxias (EA) include a group of autosomal dominant disorders characterized by paroxysmal attacks of imbalance and incoordination. Currently, there are nine recognized forms of episodic ataxia (EA1–EA9) [1,2], with causative genes known for 6 of them. Particularly, pathogenic variants in KCNA1, CACNA1A, CACNB4, SLC1A3, UBR4 and FGF14 genes have been described for EA1, EA2, EA5, EA6, EA8 and EA9 respectively. EA2 is the most common episodic ataxia syndrome, characterized by paroxysmal attacks of ataxia, vertigo and nausea, sometimes associated with dysarthria, diplopia, tinnitus, dystonia, headache and hemiplegia [3,4]. These symptoms may last from minutes to days. Onset is typically in childhood or early adolescence and frequency of attacks may range from once or twice a year to three or four times a week. Attacks can be provoked by psychological stress or exertion. Between attacks, patients are asymptomatic, but they commonly develop interictal signs that may include nystagmus and ataxia [3,4]. Patients with EA2 respond well to acetazolamide treatment [5]. In 2009, we evaluated a 17-years old Italian boy who presented, since childhood, recurrent episodes of ataxia, nausea and incoordination, induced by exertion and, sometimes, psychological stress. The episodes occurred with a mean frequency of five times per month and lasted for 30-45 minutes. Between attacks, he was asymptomatic. There was no family history of neurological disorders. Past history revealed only congenital nystagmus. In the interictal neurological examination, the patient presents nystagmus horizontally beating on lateral gaze. No other oculomotor findings could be observed. Brain MRI was unremarkable, particularly cerebellar atrophy was not present. Suspecting Episodic Ataxia type 2, a genetic test was proposed. Informed consent was obtained for genetic testing in accordance with the Institution’s ethics committee board requirements. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood by standard techniques. All exons and flanking introns of CACNA1A were amplified from the proband. We used denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) in combination with direct Sanger sequencing to identify specific nucleotide changes or small indels. In the proband, a single heterozygous nucleotide substitution was detected in exon 5 (c.758 A > G; reference transcript NM_001127221.1), substituting a histidine for an arginine (p. His253Arg; reference protein sequence NP_001120693.1) in the putative protein. This variant was not present in GnomAD. In addition, the variant was absent in the proband’s parents, suggesting a de novo origin, and it was classified as “likely pathogenic” according to ACMG criteria. The patient was started on acetazolamide 250 mg twice a day, with clinical improvement: attacks were less severe and their frequency decreased to one every six months. Since then, he has been evaluated regularly every year. After ten years of follow up, he still reports benefits from","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"14 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2021.1899375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43640883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-10DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2020.1853192
Carlos Augusto Jaramillo- Gutierrez, A. Londoño-Pineda, Oscar Alonso Vélez Rojas
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to explore how sustainable livelihoods are affected by the presence of non-conventional anti-personnel landmines placed in rural areas by understanding the impact of anti-personnel landmines on different types of capital (natural, physical, financial, social, and human) that sustain rural livelihoods. This study focuses on Colombia because most of the anti-personnel landmines that have been laid by Colombian guerrilla groups are non-conventional, which makes it difficult to detect them. To solve this situation, new protocols have been generated that have allowed 225 municipalities to be certified as free of suspicion of anti-personnel mines. However, it is necessary to ascertain whether these certifications have mitigated the uncertainty generated in those who inhabit these territories. For this reason, a conceptual model is proposed, which should be validated in future research.
{"title":"Non-conventional anti-personnel landmines and sustainable livelihoods in Colombian rural areas","authors":"Carlos Augusto Jaramillo- Gutierrez, A. Londoño-Pineda, Oscar Alonso Vélez Rojas","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2020.1853192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2020.1853192","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to explore how sustainable livelihoods are affected by the presence of non-conventional anti-personnel landmines placed in rural areas by understanding the impact of anti-personnel landmines on different types of capital (natural, physical, financial, social, and human) that sustain rural livelihoods. This study focuses on Colombia because most of the anti-personnel landmines that have been laid by Colombian guerrilla groups are non-conventional, which makes it difficult to detect them. To solve this situation, new protocols have been generated that have allowed 225 municipalities to be certified as free of suspicion of anti-personnel mines. However, it is necessary to ascertain whether these certifications have mitigated the uncertainty generated in those who inhabit these territories. For this reason, a conceptual model is proposed, which should be validated in future research.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"14 1","pages":"247 - 258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2020.1853192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46611683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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