Pub Date : 2018-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2018.1517944
A. Perliger, D. Milton
ABSTRACT Since September 11, there has been marked rise in research on the transnational aspect of terrorist organizations, such as Hezbollah, Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. However, there has been little focus on when and why nations sometimes cooperate in counterterrorism, while at other times they deal with the challenge of terrorism separately. Our contribution here is two-fold. First, we develop a conceptual framework that identifies the different ways in which polities cooperate when they are executing CT policies. Second, using a newly collected dataset of CT campaigns and state cooperation from 1970 to 2007, we test the theoretical framework in an effort to explain under which conditions countries choose to cooperate or fight alone. The results indicate that traditional power-centric explanations for cooperation matter, but not to the exclusion of less-tangible factors such as identity and the nature of the violence used by the terrorist group.
{"title":"Fighting together? understanding bilateral cooperation in the realm of counterterrorism","authors":"A. Perliger, D. Milton","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1517944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1517944","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since September 11, there has been marked rise in research on the transnational aspect of terrorist organizations, such as Hezbollah, Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. However, there has been little focus on when and why nations sometimes cooperate in counterterrorism, while at other times they deal with the challenge of terrorism separately. Our contribution here is two-fold. First, we develop a conceptual framework that identifies the different ways in which polities cooperate when they are executing CT policies. Second, using a newly collected dataset of CT campaigns and state cooperation from 1970 to 2007, we test the theoretical framework in an effort to explain under which conditions countries choose to cooperate or fight alone. The results indicate that traditional power-centric explanations for cooperation matter, but not to the exclusion of less-tangible factors such as identity and the nature of the violence used by the terrorist group.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"11 1","pages":"199 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1517944","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48960491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2018.1517942
Sanjin Uležić
ABSTRACT Focusing on the contemporary iteration of the republican armed struggle in Northern Ireland this work posits that a scaled-down approach to the strategic outlook was developed by violent dissident republicans as a reaction to resource constraints and a post-conflict context. The adjusted strategic outlook became predicated on a strategy of provocation with the intent being to draw out some form of governmental response while maintaining a heightened state of emergency. As the post-conflict normalization in Northern Ireland represented a relatively easy target for the armed groups, this strategy of provocation could rely on rudimentary tactics, both violent and non-violent. This work concludes by exploring one such tactic that straddles the divide between the two, hoax devices, which have become a staple in the repertoire of violent dissident republicans.
{"title":"“Doing a number”: adaptation of political violence in the aftermath of the Northern Irish conflict","authors":"Sanjin Uležić","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1517942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1517942","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Focusing on the contemporary iteration of the republican armed struggle in Northern Ireland this work posits that a scaled-down approach to the strategic outlook was developed by violent dissident republicans as a reaction to resource constraints and a post-conflict context. The adjusted strategic outlook became predicated on a strategy of provocation with the intent being to draw out some form of governmental response while maintaining a heightened state of emergency. As the post-conflict normalization in Northern Ireland represented a relatively easy target for the armed groups, this strategy of provocation could rely on rudimentary tactics, both violent and non-violent. This work concludes by exploring one such tactic that straddles the divide between the two, hoax devices, which have become a staple in the repertoire of violent dissident republicans.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"11 1","pages":"221 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1517942","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41662684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2018.1517943
Tyler Welch
ABSTRACT This paper analyses a large content sample of Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) English-language magazines. Dabiq (15 issues, 2014–2016) and Rumiyah (13 issues, 2016–2017) represent the largest cohesive text sample of ISIS propaganda targeted at English speakers. This qualitative analysis, creates a typology to explain and categorize articles within the sample. Magazine articles are divided into five categories: (1) Islamic theological justification and inspiration for violence, (2) descriptions of community, belonging, and meaning, (3) stories of progress or heroism, (4) establishment of a common enemy, i.e., the West and Muslim “apostate s,” and (5) instructional and inspirational articles empowering individual violent action. A focus on unity and community was more common in Dabiq, while instructional articles encouraging lone wolf attacks appeared more often in Rumiyah. Moreover, tales of heroism and progress are far more common in Dabiq, while Rumiyah issues focus on Islamic justification and call for loyalty and sacrifice. This follows the shift in ISIS’s operational focus from administering a physical caliphate to inspiring attacks locally and abroad. Knowing exactly what types of messages and narratives are being circulated in ISIS propaganda has important implications for understanding the psychology of terrorism, radicalization, securitization, and counterterrorism.
{"title":"Theology, heroism, justice, and fear: an analysis of ISIS propaganda magazines Dabiq and Rumiyah","authors":"Tyler Welch","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1517943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1517943","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyses a large content sample of Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) English-language magazines. Dabiq (15 issues, 2014–2016) and Rumiyah (13 issues, 2016–2017) represent the largest cohesive text sample of ISIS propaganda targeted at English speakers. This qualitative analysis, creates a typology to explain and categorize articles within the sample. Magazine articles are divided into five categories: (1) Islamic theological justification and inspiration for violence, (2) descriptions of community, belonging, and meaning, (3) stories of progress or heroism, (4) establishment of a common enemy, i.e., the West and Muslim “apostate s,” and (5) instructional and inspirational articles empowering individual violent action. A focus on unity and community was more common in Dabiq, while instructional articles encouraging lone wolf attacks appeared more often in Rumiyah. Moreover, tales of heroism and progress are far more common in Dabiq, while Rumiyah issues focus on Islamic justification and call for loyalty and sacrifice. This follows the shift in ISIS’s operational focus from administering a physical caliphate to inspiring attacks locally and abroad. Knowing exactly what types of messages and narratives are being circulated in ISIS propaganda has important implications for understanding the psychology of terrorism, radicalization, securitization, and counterterrorism.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"11 1","pages":"186 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1517943","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45480695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-04DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2018.1470661
T. Holt, Joshua D. Freilich, S. Chermak, G. LaFree
Abstract Research on radicalization to accept extremist ideologies has expanded dramatically over the last decade, particularly attempts to theorize pathways to violence. These models are complex, and contain aspects of key criminological frameworks including social learning and social control theories. At the same time, they do reconcile the inherent differences in these frameworks, requiring research to examine how these models could be combined and the utility in using an integrated model to account for radicalization as a whole. This analysis uses four case studies developed from two of the most well-known open-source terrorism databases to assess these frameworks, using two far-right and two jihadist perpetrators, with one engaged in violence and the other non-violent activity in each ideological grouping. The implications of this analysis for our understanding of radicalization and the utility of criminological theories are considered in depth.
{"title":"Examining the utility of social control and social learning in the radicalization of violent and non-violent extremists","authors":"T. Holt, Joshua D. Freilich, S. Chermak, G. LaFree","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1470661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1470661","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research on radicalization to accept extremist ideologies has expanded dramatically over the last decade, particularly attempts to theorize pathways to violence. These models are complex, and contain aspects of key criminological frameworks including social learning and social control theories. At the same time, they do reconcile the inherent differences in these frameworks, requiring research to examine how these models could be combined and the utility in using an integrated model to account for radicalization as a whole. This analysis uses four case studies developed from two of the most well-known open-source terrorism databases to assess these frameworks, using two far-right and two jihadist perpetrators, with one engaged in violence and the other non-violent activity in each ideological grouping. The implications of this analysis for our understanding of radicalization and the utility of criminological theories are considered in depth.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"11 1","pages":"125 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1470661","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45497734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-04DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2018.1470659
Victor Asal, A. Vitek
Abstract This project aims at predictors of violence among domestic extremist organizations, which historically have received sparse investigative attention, especially in regard to violent rhetoric. The United States is host to hundreds of such organizations, the majority of which are non-violent, and despite there being designation organizations such as the Southern Poverty Law centre, as well as a rich qualitative literature detailing group operational dynamics, the question of what variables influence the use of violence by these groups as a whole has yet to be taken up in detail. This paper utilizes data gathered on all designated extremist groups currently operating in New York State which is coded using variables drawn from “Minorities at Risk Operational Behavior” (MAROB). While the goal is eventually to gather data on the entire US, exploratory analysis of the New York data indicates that violent rhetoric has the most significant impact on group violence, while the impact of ideological variables highlighted by existing literature are minimal.
{"title":"Sometimes they mean what they say: understanding violence among domestic extremists","authors":"Victor Asal, A. Vitek","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1470659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1470659","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This project aims at predictors of violence among domestic extremist organizations, which historically have received sparse investigative attention, especially in regard to violent rhetoric. The United States is host to hundreds of such organizations, the majority of which are non-violent, and despite there being designation organizations such as the Southern Poverty Law centre, as well as a rich qualitative literature detailing group operational dynamics, the question of what variables influence the use of violence by these groups as a whole has yet to be taken up in detail. This paper utilizes data gathered on all designated extremist groups currently operating in New York State which is coded using variables drawn from “Minorities at Risk Operational Behavior” (MAROB). While the goal is eventually to gather data on the entire US, exploratory analysis of the New York data indicates that violent rhetoric has the most significant impact on group violence, while the impact of ideological variables highlighted by existing literature are minimal.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"11 1","pages":"74 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1470659","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46939720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-04DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2018.1470660
L. Macnair, Richard Frank
Abstract This study applies the semi-automated method of sentiment analysis in order to examine any quantifiable changes in the linguistic, topical, or narrative patterns that are present in the English-language Islamic State-produced propaganda magazines Dabiq (15 issues) and Rumiyah (10 issues). Based on a sentiment analysis of the textual content of these magazines, it was found that the overall use of language has remained largely consistent between the two magazines and across a timespan of roughly three years. However, while the majority of the language within these magazines is consistent, a small number of significant changes with regard to certain words and phrases were found. Specifically, the language of Islamic State magazines has become increasingly hostile towards certain enemy groups of the organization, while the language used to describe the Islamic State itself has become significantly more positive over time. In addition to identifying the changes and stabilities of the language used in Islamic State magazines, this study endeavours to test the effectiveness of the sentiment analysis method as a means of examining and potentially countering extremist media moving forward.
{"title":"Changes and stabilities in the language of Islamic state magazines: a sentiment analysis","authors":"L. Macnair, Richard Frank","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1470660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1470660","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study applies the semi-automated method of sentiment analysis in order to examine any quantifiable changes in the linguistic, topical, or narrative patterns that are present in the English-language Islamic State-produced propaganda magazines Dabiq (15 issues) and Rumiyah (10 issues). Based on a sentiment analysis of the textual content of these magazines, it was found that the overall use of language has remained largely consistent between the two magazines and across a timespan of roughly three years. However, while the majority of the language within these magazines is consistent, a small number of significant changes with regard to certain words and phrases were found. Specifically, the language of Islamic State magazines has become increasingly hostile towards certain enemy groups of the organization, while the language used to describe the Islamic State itself has become significantly more positive over time. In addition to identifying the changes and stabilities of the language used in Islamic State magazines, this study endeavours to test the effectiveness of the sentiment analysis method as a means of examining and potentially countering extremist media moving forward.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"11 1","pages":"109 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1470660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44472182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-04DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2018.1471833
{"title":"Letter from the Editorial Team","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1471833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1471833","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"11 1","pages":"73 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1471833","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42741011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-16DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2018.1432867
Michael J. Egnoto, Darrin J. Griffin, Fei Qiao
Abstract In 2014, the University of Alabama community became the victim of a cyber-threat for a school shooting that started on social media. This active shooter threat was used as an opportunity to embrace the rarity and unpredictability of a crisis, and publicly accessible social media data were captured and analysed using established linguistic analysis software. Through the lens of intergroup threat theory, social media and publicly sent messages were analysed so that it was possible to test predictions that in-group (individuals on campus) messages would differ in their use of language compared to out-group (mass media) messages. The results indicated that individuals differed significantly from mass media in the following ways: individuals used more personal and fewer plural pronouns, more religious language, and less cognitive complexity than mass media. Also, as might be expected, individuals engaged in more reassurance giving and information seeking than did the mass media. Implications and directions for future research are discussed, with an emphasis on understanding the nature of resilience.
{"title":"Grandstanding or foreshadowing: analysing the University of Alabama active shooter threats with intergroup threat theory","authors":"Michael J. Egnoto, Darrin J. Griffin, Fei Qiao","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1432867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1432867","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 2014, the University of Alabama community became the victim of a cyber-threat for a school shooting that started on social media. This active shooter threat was used as an opportunity to embrace the rarity and unpredictability of a crisis, and publicly accessible social media data were captured and analysed using established linguistic analysis software. Through the lens of intergroup threat theory, social media and publicly sent messages were analysed so that it was possible to test predictions that in-group (individuals on campus) messages would differ in their use of language compared to out-group (mass media) messages. The results indicated that individuals differed significantly from mass media in the following ways: individuals used more personal and fewer plural pronouns, more religious language, and less cognitive complexity than mass media. Also, as might be expected, individuals engaged in more reassurance giving and information seeking than did the mass media. Implications and directions for future research are discussed, with an emphasis on understanding the nature of resilience.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"11 1","pages":"171 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1432867","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48246771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-07DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2018.1454971
Gary Uzonyi
Abstract Why do states intervene militarily to support regimes that are committing genocide or politicide? Previous literature examines why states intervene to stop such atrocities, but overlooks why some states support murderous regimes. I argue that states support lethal regimes when such support is militarily and strategically beneficial. In particular, I posit that third-parties are likely to support their allies in time of civil war, despite murderous policies. Statistical analysis of all genocides and politicides between 1955 and 2005 supports this argument. Importantly, I also find that third-parties are no less likely to support lethal regimes in the post-Cold War era. These findings question whether normative change in the international environment is influencing state decision-making on important military calculations.
{"title":"Pro-government international military intervention during genocide and politicide","authors":"Gary Uzonyi","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1454971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1454971","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Why do states intervene militarily to support regimes that are committing genocide or politicide? Previous literature examines why states intervene to stop such atrocities, but overlooks why some states support murderous regimes. I argue that states support lethal regimes when such support is militarily and strategically beneficial. In particular, I posit that third-parties are likely to support their allies in time of civil war, despite murderous policies. Statistical analysis of all genocides and politicides between 1955 and 2005 supports this argument. Importantly, I also find that third-parties are no less likely to support lethal regimes in the post-Cold War era. These findings question whether normative change in the international environment is influencing state decision-making on important military calculations.","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"11 1","pages":"160 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1454971","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43981945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-15DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2018.1432870
Nicholas M. Barnes
{"title":"Recruitment and remilitarization","authors":"Nicholas M. Barnes","doi":"10.1080/17467586.2018.1432870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1432870","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38896,"journal":{"name":"Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide","volume":"11 1","pages":"121 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17467586.2018.1432870","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42870147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：