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A Scheduling Algorithm for Appliance Energy Consumption Optimization in a Dynamic Pricing Environment 动态定价环境下的家电能耗优化调度算法
IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15010001
Hamza Touhs, Anas Temouden, A. Khallaayoun, Mhammed Chraibi, Hamza El Hafdaoui
This research delves into the intricate landscape of energy scheduling and optimization within microgrid and residential contexts, addressing pivotal aspects such as real-time scheduling systems, challenges in dynamic pricing, and an array of optimization strategies. This paper introduces a cutting-edge scheduling algorithm, harnessing the power of artificial neural networks driven by Long Short-Term Memory Networks, and highlights its exceptional performance, boasting a significantly lower Mean Absolute Error of 5.32 compared to conventional models. This heightened predictive accuracy translates into tangible improvements in both energy efficiency and cost savings. This study underscores the delicate balance between user satisfaction, cost reduction, and efficient scheduling for sustainable energy consumption, showcasing a remarkable 38% enhancement in optimized schedules. Further granularity revealed substantial gains in energy efficiency and cost reduction across different scheduling intensities: 11.11% in light schedules, 20.09% in medium schedules, and an impressive 38.85% in heavy schedules. However, this research does not shy away from highlighting challenges related to data quality, computational demands, and generalizability. Future research trajectories encompass the development of adaptive models tailored to diverse data qualities, enhancements in scalability for and adaptability to various microgrid configurations, the integration of real-time data, the accommodation of user preferences, the exploration of energy storage and renewables, and an imperative focus on enhancing algorithm transparency.
这项研究深入探讨了微电网和住宅范围内错综复杂的能源调度和优化问题,解决了实时调度系统、动态定价挑战和一系列优化策略等关键问题。本文介绍了一种先进的调度算法,该算法利用了由长短期记忆网络驱动的人工神经网络的力量,并强调了其卓越的性能,与传统模型相比,其平均绝对误差显著降低至 5.32。这种预测准确性的提高在能源效率和成本节约方面都带来了实实在在的改善。这项研究强调了用户满意度、降低成本和高效调度之间的微妙平衡,以实现可持续的能源消耗,在优化调度方面取得了 38% 的显著提升。进一步细化后发现,在不同的调度强度下,能源效率和成本降低都有大幅提高:在轻度调度中提高了 11.11%,在中度调度中提高了 20.09%,在重度调度中提高了 38.85%,令人印象深刻。不过,这项研究并没有回避与数据质量、计算需求和通用性相关的挑战。未来的研究方向包括:开发针对不同数据质量的自适应模型、增强对各种微电网配置的可扩展性和适应性、整合实时数据、适应用户偏好、探索能源存储和可再生能源,以及重点提高算法的透明度。
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引用次数: 0
Cost Minimization for Charging Electric Bus Fleets 电动巴士车队充电成本最小化
IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-12-16 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14120351
Daniel Mortensen, Jacob Gunther, Greg Droge, Justin Whitaker
Recent attention for reduced carbon emissions has pushed transit authorities to adopt battery electric buses (BEBs). One challenge experienced by BEB users is extended charge times, which create logistical challenges and may force BEBs to charge when energy is more expensive. Furthermore, BEB charging leads to high power demands, which can significantly increase monthly power costs and may push the electrical infrastructure beyond its present capacity, requiring expensive upgrades. This work presents a novel method for minimizing the monthly cost of BEB charging while meeting bus route constraints. This method extends previous work by incorporating a more novel cost model, effects from uncontrolled loads, differences between daytime and overnight charging, and variable rate charging. A graph-based network-flow framework, represented by a mixed-integer linear program, encodes the charging action space, physical bus constraints, and battery state of the charge dynamics. The results for three scenarios are considered: uncontested charging, which uses equal numbers of buses and chargers; contested charging, which has more buses than chargers; and variable charge rates. Among other findings, we show that BEBs can be added to the fleet without raising the peak power demand for only the cost of the energy, suggesting that conversion to electrified transit is possible without upgrading power delivery infrastructure.
最近,人们对减少碳排放的关注推动了公交机构采用电池电动公交车(BEB)。BEB 用户面临的一个挑战是充电时间延长,这给物流带来了挑战,并可能迫使 BEB 在能源更昂贵时充电。此外,BEB 充电会导致高电力需求,从而大幅增加每月电力成本,并可能使电力基础设施超出其现有能力,从而需要进行昂贵的升级。这项研究提出了一种新方法,在满足公交线路限制的同时,最大限度地降低 BEB 充电的月度成本。该方法扩展了之前的工作,纳入了更新颖的成本模型、不可控负载的影响、白天和夜间充电的差异以及可变费率充电。基于图的网络流框架由混合整数线性程序表示,对充电行动空间、物理公交限制和充电动态的电池状态进行了编码。我们考虑了三种情况的结果:无争议充电,即使用相同数量的公共汽车和充电器;有争议充电,即公共汽车数量多于充电器数量;以及可变充电率。除其他发现外,我们还表明,只需支付能源成本,就能在不提高峰值电力需求的情况下将 BEBs 添加到车队中,这表明无需升级电力输送基础设施就能实现向电气化公交的转换。
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引用次数: 0
A Methodology for Applying Skew in an Automotive Interior Permanent Magnet Rotor for Robust Electromagnetic and Noise, Vibration and Harshness Performance 在汽车内饰永磁转子中应用偏斜的方法,以实现稳健的电磁和噪声、振动与不平顺性能
IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14120350
Thomas Cawkwell, Ahmed Haris, Juan Manuel Gonzalez, Leon Kevin Rodrigues, Vladimir Shirokov
Interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors in traction applications often employ discrete rotor skewing constructions to reduce torsional excitations and back-EMF harmonics. Although skewing is very effective in reducing cogging torque, the impact on torque ripple is not well understood and can vary significantly over the operating envelope of a motor. Skewing also leads to the creation of a non-zero axial force that may compromise the bearing life if not considered. This paper introduces a holistic methodology for analyzing the effect of skewing, aiming to minimize torsional excitations, axial forces and back-EMF harmonics whilst mitigating the impact on performance and costs. Firstly, analytical models are employed for calculating cogging torque, torque ripple and axial forces. Then, 2D and 3D finite element analysis are used to incorporate the influence of non-linear material behavior. A detailed structural model of the powertrain is employed to calculate the radiated noise and identify key areas allowing a motor designer to reduce noise, vibration and harshness (NVH). A meticulous selection process for the skewing angle, the number of skew stacks and the orientation of skew stacks is developed, giving particular attention to the effect of the selected pattern on NVH in both forward and reverse rotating directions.
牵引应用中的内部永磁(IPM)电机通常采用离散转子偏斜结构,以减少扭转激励和反向电磁场谐波。虽然偏斜结构在减少齿槽转矩方面非常有效,但其对转矩纹波的影响并不十分明确,而且在电机的工作范围内会有很大的变化。偏斜还会产生非零轴向力,如果不加以考虑,可能会影响轴承寿命。本文介绍了一种分析偏斜影响的整体方法,旨在最大限度地减少扭转激励、轴向力和反向电磁场谐波,同时减轻对性能和成本的影响。首先,采用分析模型计算齿槽转矩、转矩纹波和轴向力。然后,采用二维和三维有限元分析,以纳入非线性材料行为的影响。动力总成的详细结构模型用于计算辐射噪声,并确定关键区域,使电机设计师能够降低噪声、振动和声振粗糙度(NVH)。对倾斜角、倾斜叠片的数量和倾斜叠片的方向进行了细致的选择,并特别关注了所选模式对正反两个旋转方向的 NVH 的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating Investment Plans for Expanding Battery and Electric Vehicle Production in Europe 调查欧洲扩大电池和电动汽车生产的投资计划
IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14120347
Hong Yang, Lewis Fulton
There has been significant EV sales growth in Europe, benefiting from its policies for promoting electric vehicles (EVs) and investments in manufacturing. This study investigates the investment announcements for EV and battery production announced by manufacturers and compares them to four scenarios with different EV penetration levels in Europe. This study projects the required capacities and estimates the investment needs to meet different EV sale targets in each scenario. The investigations show that, for Europe to achieve 60% new EV sales by 2030 and to be on track for 100% by 2035, its 4.8 million planned production capacity of EVs would fall short of the needed 9.2 million in 2030. The gap could close to 2.0 million when tentative announcements are counted. The results for batteries indicate that tentative plans are adequate and firm plans can satisfy most scenarios by 2030. More investments into EV production, along with policy support and incentives, are needed for more rapid scenarios.
得益于欧洲电动汽车(EV)推广政策和制造业投资,欧洲电动汽车销量大幅增长。本研究调查了制造商宣布的电动汽车和电池生产投资公告,并将其与欧洲不同电动汽车普及水平的四种情景进行了比较。本研究预测了所需的产能,并估算了在每种情景下实现不同电动汽车销售目标所需的投资。调查显示,欧洲要想在 2030 年实现 60% 的新电动汽车销售量,并在 2035 年实现 100% 的销售量,其 480 万辆电动汽车的计划产能将无法满足 2030 年 920 万辆的需求。如果将暂定公告计算在内,差距可能缩小到 200 万辆。电池方面的结果表明,到 2030 年,暂定计划已经足够,确定计划可以满足大多数情况。需要对电动汽车生产进行更多投资,同时提供政策支持和激励措施,以实现更快的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable E-Fuels: Green Hydrogen, Methanol and Ammonia for Carbon-Neutral Transportation 可持续的电子燃料:绿色氢气、甲醇和氨,实现碳中和交通
IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14120349
Vennapusa Jagadeeswara Reddy, N. P. Hariram, Rittick Maity, Mohd Fairusham Ghazali, Sudhakar Kumarasamy
Increasingly stringent sustainability and decarbonization objectives drive investments in adopting environmentally friendly, low, and zero-carbon fuels. This study presents a comparative framework of green hydrogen, green ammonia, and green methanol production and application in a clear context. By harnessing publicly available data sources, including from the literature, this research delves into the evaluation of green fuels. Building on these insights, this study outlines the production process, application, and strategic pathways to transition into a greener economy by 2050. This envisioned transformation unfolds in three progressive steps: the utilization of green hydrogen, green ammonia, and green methanol as a sustainable fuel source for transport applications; the integration of these green fuels in industries; and the establishment of mechanisms for achieving the net zero. However, this research also reveals the formidable challenges of producing green hydrogen, green ammonia, and green methanol. These challenges encompass technological intricacies, economic barriers, societal considerations, and far-reaching policy implications necessitating collaborative efforts and innovative solutions to successfully develop and deploy green hydrogen, green ammonia, and green methanol. The findings unequivocally demonstrate that renewable energy sources play a pivotal role in enabling the production of these green fuels, positioning the global transition in the landscape of sustainable energy.
日益严格的可持续发展和去碳化目标推动了对采用环保、低碳和零碳燃料的投资。本研究提出了一个清晰的绿色氢气、绿色合成氨和绿色甲醇生产与应用的比较框架。通过利用公开数据源(包括文献),本研究深入探讨了绿色燃料的评估。基于这些见解,本研究概述了到 2050 年过渡到绿色经济的生产流程、应用和战略途径。这一设想中的转型分三步逐步展开:利用绿色氢气、绿色氨气和绿色甲醇作为运输应用的可持续燃料来源;将这些绿色燃料融入工业;以及建立实现净零排放的机制。然而,这项研究也揭示了生产绿色氢气、绿色氨气和绿色甲醇所面临的艰巨挑战。这些挑战包括错综复杂的技术问题、经济障碍、社会因素和深远的政策影响,因此有必要通力合作,采用创新的解决方案,成功开发和应用绿色氢气、绿色氨气和绿色甲醇。研究结果明确表明,可再生能源在生产这些绿色燃料方面发挥着关键作用,为全球向可持续能源转型奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Intelligent Vehicle Driving Risk Assessment in Multi-Vehicle Interaction Scenarios 多车交互场景下的智能汽车驾驶风险评估综述
IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14120348
Xiaoxia Xiong, Shiya Zhang, Yuexia Chen
With the rapid breakthroughs in artificial intelligence technology and intelligent manufacturing technology, automotive intelligence has become a research hotspot, and much progress has been made. However, a skeptical attitude is still held towards intelligent vehicles, especially when driving in a complex multi-vehicle interaction environment. The interaction among multi-vehicles generally involves more uncertainties in vehicle motion and entails higher driving risk, and thus deserves more research concerns and efforts. Targeting the safety assessment issue of complex multi-vehicle interaction scenarios, this article summarizes the existing literature on the relevant data collection methodologies, vehicle interaction mechanisms, and driving risk evaluation methods for intelligent vehicles. The limitations of the existing assessment methods and the prospects for their future development are analyzed. The results of this article can provide a reference for intelligent vehicles in terms of timely and accurate driving risk assessment in real-world multi-vehicle scenarios and help improve the safe driving technologies of intelligent vehicles.
随着人工智能技术和智能制造技术的快速突破,汽车智能化已成为研究热点,并取得了很大进展。然而,人们对智能汽车仍持怀疑态度,尤其是在复杂的多车交互环境中行驶时。多车交互通常涉及更多车辆运动的不确定性,具有更高的驾驶风险,因此值得更多的研究关注和努力。本文针对复杂多车交互场景下的安全评估问题,总结了现有文献中相关的数据采集方法、车辆交互机制以及智能车辆驾驶风险评估方法。分析了现有评估方法的局限性及其未来发展前景。本文的研究成果可为智能汽车在实际多车场景下及时、准确地进行驾驶风险评估提供参考,有助于提高智能汽车的安全驾驶技术。
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引用次数: 0
Public Perception of the Introduction of Autonomous Vehicles 公众对引入自动驾驶汽车的看法
IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14120345
A. Aldakkhelallah, Abdulrahman S. Alamri, Stelios Georgiou, Milan Simic
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) will transform transport, but public opinion will play a key role in decisions on how widely and quickly they are adopted. The purpose of the study presented here was to investigate community’s views on that transition. As a method for primary data collection on public awareness, attitudes, and readiness to use autonomous cars, survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia. Following that, we used statistical tools to analyse responses. Our findings indicate that the participants are largely receptive to using new technologies and had favourable attitudes towards the transition. Ordinal logistic regression model showed a wide variation in public opinion regarding the expected benefits that may accompany the transition. Our findings reveal that awareness of AVs’ benefits is positively correlated with the age of participants. Perceived costs on one side, and convenience and safety on the other, were found to have had a substantial impact on the opinions of the participants. Investigation presented here shows a sample of the public’s perception of AVs in Saudi Arabia. This can guide the development of AVs and their deployment in that region as well as worldwide.
自动驾驶汽车(AVs)将改变交通方式,但公众舆论将在决定自动驾驶汽车的应用范围和速度方面发挥关键作用。本研究的目的是调查社区对这一转变的看法。作为收集公众对自动驾驶汽车的认识、态度和使用准备情况的原始数据的一种方法,我们在沙特阿拉伯进行了调查。随后,我们使用统计工具对答复进行了分析。我们的调查结果表明,参与者在很大程度上接受使用新技术,并对过渡持积极态度。顺序逻辑回归模型显示,公众对过渡可能带来的预期效益的看法存在很大差异。我们的研究结果表明,对自动驾驶汽车好处的认识与参与者的年龄呈正相关。我们发现,对成本的认识以及对便利性和安全性的认识对参与者的观点产生了重大影响。本文介绍的调查显示了沙特阿拉伯公众对自动驾驶汽车的看法样本。这可以为该地区乃至全球的自动驾驶汽车发展和部署提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Research on Stability Control Algorithm of Distributed Drive Bus under High-Speed Conditions 高速条件下分布式驱动总线稳定性控制算法研究
IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14120343
Shaopeng Zhu, Bangxuan Wei, Chen Ping, Minjun Shi, Chen Wang, Hui-yan Chen, Minglu Han
Aiming at the instability problem of a four-wheel independent drive electric bus under high-speed conditions, this paper first designs a vehicle yaw stability controller based on a linear two-degree-of-freedom model and a linear quadratic programming (LQR) algorithm. A vehicle roll stability controller is then designed based on a linear three-degree-of-freedom model and a model predictive control algorithm (MPC). Moreover, a coordinated control rule based on the lateral load transfer rate (LTR) is designed for the coupled problem of yaw and roll dynamics. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is verified by simulation. The obtained results show that when the vehicle is running at a high speed of 90 km/h, the stability control algorithm can control the yaw rate tracking error within 0.05 rad/s. In addition, the control algorithm can reduce the maximum amplitude of the side slip angle, the maximum value of the roll angle, the maximum value of the roll angular velocity, and the amplitude of the lateral acceleration by more than 96%, 81.1%, 65.0%, and 11.1%, respectively.
针对四轮独立驱动电动客车在高速条件下的不稳定性问题,本文首先基于线性二自由度模型和线性二次编程(LQR)算法设计了车辆偏航稳定性控制器。然后,基于线性三自由度模型和模型预测控制算法(MPC)设计了车辆侧倾稳定性控制器。此外,还针对偏航和侧倾动态耦合问题设计了基于横向负载转移率(LTR)的协调控制规则。最后,通过仿真验证了所提控制算法的有效性。结果表明,当车辆以 90 km/h 的高速行驶时,稳定控制算法可将偏航率跟踪误差控制在 0.05 rad/s 以内。此外,该控制算法还能将侧滑角最大振幅、侧滚角最大值、侧滚角速度最大值和侧向加速度振幅分别降低 96%、81.1%、65.0% 和 11.1%以上。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization Design of Parking Models Based on Complex and Random Parking Environments 基于复杂随机停车环境的停车模型优化设计
IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14120344
Xunchen Liu, Siqi Zhu, Yuan Fang, Yutong Wang, Lijuan Fu, Wenjing Lei, Zijian Zhou
This paper presents a comprehensive study on autonomous vehicle parking challenges, focusing on kinematic and reverse parking models. The research develops models for various scenarios, including turning, reverse, vertical, and parallel parking while using the minimum turning radius solution. The integration of the A* algorithm enhances trajectory optimization and obstacle avoidance. Innovative concepts like NTBPT and B-spline theory improve computational optimization. This study provides a foundation for understanding the dynamics and constraints of autonomous parking. The proposed model enhances efficiency and safety, reducing algorithm complexity and improving trajectory optimization. This research offers valuable insights and methodologies for addressing autonomous vehicle parking challenges and advocates for advancements in automated parking systems.
本文介绍了对自动驾驶车辆泊车挑战的全面研究,重点是运动学和倒车泊车模型。研究开发了各种场景的模型,包括转弯、倒车、垂直和平行停车,同时使用最小转弯半径解决方案。A* 算法的集成增强了轨迹优化和避障能力。NTBPT 和 B-样条理论等创新概念改进了计算优化。这项研究为理解自主泊车的动态和约束条件奠定了基础。所提出的模型提高了效率和安全性,降低了算法复杂度,改善了轨迹优化。这项研究为应对自动泊车挑战提供了有价值的见解和方法,并推动了自动泊车系统的进步。
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引用次数: 0
Research on the Multimode Switching Control of Intelligent Suspension Based on Binocular Distance Recognition 基于双目距离识别的智能悬架多模式切换控制研究
IF 2.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.3390/wevj14120340
Chen Huang, Kunyan Lv, Qing Xu, Yifan Dai
As the upgrade of people’s requirements for automotive driving comfort, conventional passive suspensions for cars have fallen short of existing demands due to their nonadjustable damping and stiffness, so semiactive suspensions and active suspensions have gained growing acceptance. Compared with active suspensions, semiactive suspensions offer the advantages of a low manufacturing cost and reliable structure, and thus have become the preferred choice for most vehicles. To optimize the control effect of semiactive suspensions under different working conditions, this paper completed the modeling of magnetorheological semiactive suspension system dynamics and road inputs; then, the design of binocular camera sensing algorithms was performed to obtain the real-time distance of the target using the point cloud ranging function, and the parameters required for suspension control were also obtained. This was followed by the completion of the control-mode-switching rules and the design of the suspension controller. According to the different control objectives, the mode could be divided into the obstacle-road mode, straight-road mode, and curved-road mode. The suspension controller included the BP-PID (neural network PID controller) controller and the force distributor. Finally, the effectiveness of the mode-switching rules and the control method was verified through system simulation and the hardware-in-the-loop test.
随着人们对汽车驾驶舒适性要求的提升,传统的汽车被动悬架由于其阻尼和刚度的不可调性,已经不能满足现有的需求,因此半主动悬架和主动悬架越来越被人们所接受。与主动悬架相比,半主动悬架具有制造成本低、结构可靠等优点,已成为大多数车辆的首选。为了优化半主动悬架在不同工况下的控制效果,本文完成了磁流变半主动悬架系统动力学和路面输入的建模;然后,设计双目摄像机感知算法,利用点云测距函数获取目标的实时距离,并获得悬浮控制所需的参数。随后完成了控制模式切换规则和悬架控制器的设计。根据控制目标的不同,该模式可分为障碍模式、直线模式和曲线模式。悬架控制器包括BP-PID(神经网络PID控制器)控制器和分配器。最后,通过系统仿真和硬件在环测试验证了模式切换规则和控制方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
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World Electric Vehicle Journal
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