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Vibration Performance Analysis of a Yokeless Stator Axial Flux PM Motor with Distributed Winding for Electric Vehicle Application 电动汽车应用中带有分布式绕组的无横向定子轴向磁通永磁电机的振动性能分析
IF 2.6 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080335
Xue Yu, Qin Wang, Yu Fu, Hao Chen, Jianfu Zhang, Weiwei Geng
This article presents a detailed analysis of the electromagnetic force and vibration behavior of a new axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine with a yokeless stator and interior PM rotor. Firstly, the configuration of an AFPM machine with a dual rotor and a sandwiched stator is introduced, including the structural design, fixation of the yokeless stator and segmented skew rotor structure. Then, the influence of anisotropic material and a fixed structure on stator modes is analyzed, including elastic modulus, shear model, the skew angle of slot and the thickness of stator yoke. Furthermore, a new non-equally segmented skew rotor structure is proposed and calculated for the reduction in vibration based on the multiphysics model. Three different segmented skew rotor schemes are compared to illustrate the influence of reducing vibration and noise. The predicted results show that the effect of the non-equally segmented skew rotor on reducing vibration is better than the other two schemes. Finally, a 120 kW AFPM motor is experimented with and the result matches well with the predicted data. The vibration performance of the AFPM motor with a dual rotor and sandwiched yokeless stator is revealed comprehensively.
本文详细分析了采用无磁定子和内部永磁转子的新型轴向磁通永磁(AFPM)机器的电磁力和振动行为。首先,介绍了具有双转子和夹层定子的 AFPM 机器的构造,包括结构设计、无磁定子的固定和分段倾斜转子结构。然后,分析了各向异性材料和固定结构对定子模式的影响,包括弹性模量、剪切模型、槽斜角和定子轭的厚度。此外,基于多物理场模型,为减少振动,提出并计算了一种新的非等分段斜转子结构。比较了三种不同的分段倾斜转子方案,以说明减少振动和噪声的影响。预测结果表明,非等速分段倾斜转子在减少振动方面的效果优于其他两种方案。最后,对 120 kW AFPM 电机进行了实验,结果与预测数据吻合。这全面揭示了采用双转子和夹层无磁定子的 AFPM 电机的振动性能。
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引用次数: 0
Research on the Driving Behavior and Decision-Making of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in Mixed Traffic Flow by Integrating Bilayer-GRU-Att and GWO-XGBoost Models 通过整合双层-GRU-Att 和 GWO-XGBoost 模型研究混合交通流中自动驾驶汽车 (AV) 的驾驶行为和决策问题
IF 2.6 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080333
Lei Wang, Zhiwei Guan, Jian Liu, Jianyou Zhao
The continuous increase in the penetration rate of autonomous vehicles in highway traffic flow has become an irreversible development trend; in this paper, a novel hybrid prediction model of deep sequence learning and an integrated decision tree is proposed for human–machine mixed driving heterogeneous traffic flow scenarios, so as to realize the accurate prediction of the driving intention of the target vehicle in the traffic environment by autonomous vehicles (AVs). Firstly, the hybrid model uses the attention mechanism-based double-layer gated network model (Bilayer-GRU-Att) to effectively capture the time sequence dependence of the target vehicle’s driving state, and then accurately calculate its trajectory data in different prediction time-domains (tpred). Furthermore, the hybrid model introduces the eXtreme Gradient Boosting decision tree optimized by the Grey Wolf Optimization model (GWO-XGBoost) to identify the lane-changing intention of the target vehicle, because the prediction information of the future trajectory data of the target vehicle by the aforementioned Bilayer-GRU-Att model is properly integrated. The GWO-XGBoost model can accurately predict the lane-changing intention of the target vehicle in different prediction time-domains. Finally, the efficacy of this hybrid model was tested using the HighD dataset for training, validation, and testing purposes. The results of a benchmark analysis indicate that the hybrid model proposed in this paper has the best error evaluation index and balanced prediction time consuming index under the six prediction time-domains. Meanwhile, the hybrid model demonstrates the best classifying performance in predicting the lane-changing intentions of “turning left”, “going straight”, and “turning right” driving behaviors.
自动驾驶汽车在高速公路交通流中渗透率的不断提高已成为不可逆转的发展趋势,本文针对人机混合驾驶异构交通流场景,提出了一种新型的深度序列学习与集成决策树的混合预测模型,以实现自动驾驶汽车(AV)在交通环境中对目标车辆驾驶意图的准确预测。首先,混合模型利用基于注意力机制的双层门控网络模型(Bilayer-GRU-Att)有效捕捉目标车辆驾驶状态的时序依赖性,进而精确计算其在不同预测时域(tpred)的轨迹数据。此外,由于上述 Bilayer-GRU-Att 模型对目标车辆未来轨迹数据的预测信息进行了适当整合,混合模型引入了由灰狼优化模型优化的梯度提升决策树(GWO-XGBoost)来识别目标车辆的变道意图。GWO-XGBoost 模型可以在不同的预测时域准确预测目标车辆的变道意图。最后,利用 HighD 数据集对该混合模型的有效性进行了训练、验证和测试。基准分析结果表明,本文提出的混合模型在六个预测时域下具有最佳的误差评估指数和均衡的预测耗时指数。同时,该混合模型在预测 "左转"、"直行 "和 "右转 "驾驶行为的变道意图时表现出最佳的分类性能。
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引用次数: 0
Investment Decision-Making to Select Converted Electric Motorcycle Tests in Indonesia 印度尼西亚选择改装电动摩托车测试的投资决策
IF 2.6 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080334
Tasya Santi Rahmawati, Wahyudi Sutopo, Hendro Wicaksono
The issue of carbon emissions can be addressed through environmentally friendly technological innovations, which contribute to the journey towards achieving net-zero emissions (NZE). The electrification of transportation by converting internal combustion engine (ICE) motorcycles to converted electric motorcycles (CEM) directly reduces the number of pollution sources from fossil-powered motors. In Indonesia, numerous government regulations support the commercialization of the CEM system, including the requirement for conversion workshops to be formal entities in the CEM process. Every CEM must pass a test to ensure its safety and suitability. Currently, the CEM testing process is conducted at only one location, making it inefficient and inaccessible. Therefore, most conversion workshops in Indonesia need to take investment steps in procuring CEM-type test tools. This research aims to determine the best alternative from several investment alternatives for CEM-type test tools. In selecting the investment, three criteria are considered: costs, operations, and specifications. By using the investment decision-making model, a hierarchical decision-making model is obtained, which is then processed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS). Criteria are weighted to establish a priority order. The final step involves ranking the alternatives and selecting Investment 2 (INV2) as the best investment tool with a relative closeness value of 0.6279. Investment 2 has the shortest time process (40 min), the lowest electricity requirement, and the smallest dimensions. This research aims to provide recommendations for the best investment alternatives that can be purchased by the conversion workshops.
碳排放问题可以通过环境友好型技术创新来解决,这有助于实现净零排放(NZE)。通过将内燃机摩托车(ICE)改装为改装电动摩托车(CEM)来实现交通电气化,可直接减少化石动力发动机的污染源数量。在印度尼西亚,许多政府法规都支持 CEM 系统的商业化,包括要求改装车厂成为 CEM 过程中的正式实体。每个 CEM 都必须通过测试,以确保其安全性和适用性。目前,CEM 测试过程仅在一个地点进行,因此效率低下且无法进入。因此,印度尼西亚的大多数改装车厂都需要采取投资措施,采购 CEM 类测试工具。本研究旨在从 CEM 类测试工具的多个投资备选方案中确定最佳备选方案。在选择投资时,要考虑三个标准:成本、运营和规格。通过使用投资决策模型,可以得到一个分层决策模型,然后使用层次分析法(AHP)和与理想解决方案相似度排序技术(TOPSIS)对该模型进行处理。对各项标准进行加权,以确定优先顺序。最后一步是对备选方案进行排序,选择投资 2 (INV2) 作为最佳投资工具,其相对接近值为 0.6279。投资 2 的时间流程最短(40 分钟),电力需求最低,尺寸最小。本研究旨在为转换车间可购买的最佳投资备选方案提供建议。
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引用次数: 0
A Comprehensive Analysis of Supercapacitors and Their Equivalent Circuits—A Review 超级电容器及其等效电路的全面分析--综述
IF 2.6 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080332
Pranathi Mehra, Sahaj Saxena, Suman Bhullar
Supercapacitors (SCs) are an emerging energy storage technology with the ability to deliver sudden bursts of energy, leading to their growing adoption in various fields. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of SCs, focusing on their classification, energy storage mechanism, and distinctions from traditional capacitors to assess their suitability for different applications. To investigate the voltage response of SCs, the existing electrical equivalent circuits are further studied. The analysis is carried forward with the parameter of impedance, which has not so far been addressed. Impedance analysis is essential for a better understanding of SCs as capacitors work on alternating source of supply. The paper also highlights the applications of SCs in electric automobiles and charging stations, showcasing their advantages such as fast charging and higher power density compared to traditional capacitors. Additionally, other applications in areas like the military, medicine, and industry are discussed, demonstrating the versatility of SC technology.
超级电容器(SC)是一种新兴的储能技术,具有突然爆发能量的能力,因此在各个领域的应用日益广泛。本文对超级电容器进行了全面评述,重点关注其分类、储能机制以及与传统电容器的区别,以评估其在不同应用中的适用性。为了研究 SC 的电压响应,进一步研究了现有的电气等效电路。分析中加入了迄今尚未涉及的阻抗参数。阻抗分析对于更好地理解 SC 至关重要,因为电容器是在交流电源下工作的。论文还重点介绍了电容器在电动汽车和充电站中的应用,展示了其与传统电容器相比具有的快速充电和更高功率密度等优势。此外,还讨论了在军事、医疗和工业等领域的其他应用,展示了电容器技术的多功能性。
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Psychological Factors on Consumer Purchase Intention for Electric Vehicles: Case Study from China: Integrating the Necessary Condition Analysis Methodology from the Perspective of Self-Determination Theory 心理因素对消费者购买电动汽车意向的影响:中国案例研究从自我决定理论的视角整合必要条件分析方法
IF 2.6 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080331
Haipeng Zhao, F. Furuoka, R. Rasiah
This paper examines the impact of psychological factors on consumer purchase intention for electric vehicles (EVs) through the lens of Self-Determination Theory (SDT). By integrating the three dimensions of autonomy, relatedness, and competence, this study addresses a research gap in consumer innovative consumption, offering a deeper understanding of green transportation. The research reveals that psychological factors significantly influence innovative consumption and the purchase intention of EVs, aligning with the existing literature. In sustainable transportation, psychological factors such as motivation, attitude, and inner activities increasingly drive purchase decisions. This study examines the direct and indirect effects of psychological factors on purchase intention by employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). It also considers the moderating role of driving experience in the relationship between psychological factors and innovative consumption. This combined data analysis approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms influencing purchase intention, highlighting the intricate interplay between psychological determinants and consumer behavior in the adoption of electric vehicles.
本文以自我决定理论(SDT)为视角,探讨了心理因素对消费者购买电动汽车(EV)意向的影响。通过整合自主性、相关性和能力三个维度,本研究填补了消费者创新消费方面的研究空白,为绿色交通提供了更深入的理解。研究发现,心理因素对创新消费和电动汽车购买意向有重要影响,这与现有文献一致。在可持续交通中,动机、态度和内心活动等心理因素越来越多地推动购买决策。本研究采用偏最小二乘法结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)和必要条件分析法(NCA)研究了心理因素对购买意向的直接和间接影响。研究还考虑了驾驶经验在心理因素与创新消费关系中的调节作用。这种综合数据分析方法提供了对购买意向影响机制的全面理解,突出了在电动汽车采用过程中心理决定因素与消费者行为之间错综复杂的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Anti-Rollover Trajectory Planning Method for Heavy Vehicles in Human–Machine Cooperative Driving 人机协同驾驶中重型车辆的防侧翻轨迹规划方法
IF 2.6 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080328
Haixiao Wu, Zhongming Wu, Junfeng Lu, Li Sun
The existing trajectory planning research mainly considers the safety of the obstacle avoidance process rather than the anti-rollover requirements of heavy vehicles. When there are driving risks such as rollover and collision, how to coordinate the game relationship between the two is the key technical problem to realizing the anti-rollover trajectory planning under the condition of driving risk triggering. Given the above problems, this paper studies the non-cooperative game model construction method of the obstacle avoidance process that integrates the vehicle driving risk in a complex traffic environment. Then it obtains the obstacle avoidance area that satisfies both the collision and rollover profit requirements based on the Nash equilibrium. A Kmeans-SMOTE risk clustering fusion is proposed in this paper, in which more sampling points are supplemented by the SMOTE oversampling method, and then the ideal obstacle avoidance area is obtained through clustering algorithm fusion to determine the optimal feasible area for obstacle avoidance trajectory planning. On this basis, to solve the convergence problems of the existing multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm and analyze the influence of weight parameters and the diversity of the optimization process, this paper proposes an anti-rollover trajectory planning method based on the improved cosine variable weight factor MOPSO algorithm. The simulation results show that the trajectory obtained based on the method proposed in this paper can effectively improve the anti-rollover performance of the controlled vehicle while avoiding obstacles.
现有的轨迹规划研究主要考虑避障过程的安全性,而非重型车辆的防侧翻要求。当存在侧翻、碰撞等行驶风险时,如何协调二者之间的博弈关系是实现行驶风险触发条件下防侧翻轨迹规划的关键技术问题。鉴于上述问题,本文研究了复杂交通环境下综合考虑车辆行驶风险的避障过程的非合作博弈模型构建方法。然后基于纳什均衡,得到同时满足碰撞和翻车收益要求的避障区域。本文提出了一种 Kmeans-SMOTE 风险聚类融合方法,通过 SMOTE 超采样方法补充更多采样点,然后通过聚类算法融合得到理想的避障区域,从而确定避障轨迹规划的最优可行区域。在此基础上,为解决现有多目标粒子群优化算法的收敛问题,分析权重参数的影响和优化过程的多样性,本文提出了一种基于改进余弦变权重因子MOPSO算法的防翻滚轨迹规划方法。仿真结果表明,基于本文提出的方法得到的轨迹能有效提高被控飞行器在避开障碍物时的防侧翻性能。
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引用次数: 0
The Technology Innovation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Patent-Based Study 混合动力电动汽车的技术创新:基于专利的研究
IF 2.6 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080329
Yan Zhu, Jie Wu, Oleg Gaidai
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a relatively practical technology that has emerged as electric vehicle technology has gradually matured. The analysis of the HEV patent lifecycle is crucial for understanding its impact on the development of this technology. This lifecycle tracks the progress of HEV technologies from their inception and patenting, through their market adoption, and to the expiration of their patent protection. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the technology lifecycle of the HEV industry using the growth S-curve method. The purpose of this study is to describe the technological lifecycle trajectory and current stage of the HEV industry, as well as the technical stages of each sub-technology, to facilitate better decision making. As part of this study, we used patent family data collected from the Derwent Innovation Index database from 1975 to 2022 and established an S-curve model for HEVs and their sub-technologies using logistic regression. In 2022, the technological maturity of HEVs reached 44%. The sub-technologies with the most substantial diffusion capabilities are energy management, propulsion systems, and cooling circuits. According to predictions, the saturation period for the patent family quantity related to HEVs is estimated to be around 53 years.
混合动力电动汽车(HEV)是随着电动汽车技术的逐渐成熟而出现的一种相对实用的技术。对混合动力汽车专利生命周期的分析对于了解其对该技术发展的影响至关重要。该生命周期跟踪 HEV 技术从诞生到获得专利,再到市场应用,直至专利保护到期的整个过程。在本研究中,我们旨在利用增长 S 曲线法评估混合动力汽车行业的技术生命周期。本研究的目的是描述混合动力汽车行业的技术生命周期轨迹和当前阶段,以及各子技术的技术阶段,以便更好地做出决策。作为本研究的一部分,我们使用了从德文特创新指数数据库中收集的 1975 年至 2022 年的专利族数据,并利用逻辑回归法建立了 HEV 及其子技术的 S 曲线模型。2022 年,混合动力汽车的技术成熟度达到 44%。推广能力最强的子技术是能源管理、推进系统和冷却电路。根据预测,与混合动力汽车相关的专利族数量的饱和期估计约为 53 年。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal Fast-Charging Strategy for Cylindrical Li-Ion Cells at Different Temperatures 不同温度下圆柱形锂离子电池的最佳快速充电策略
IF 2.6 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080330
J. Jaguemont, Ali Darwiche, Fanny Bardé
Ensuring efficiency and safety is critical when developing charging strategies for lithium-ion batteries. This paper introduces a novel method to optimize fast charging for cylindrical Li-ion NMC 3Ah cells, enhancing both their charging efficiency and thermal safety. Using Model Predictive Control (MPC), this study presents a cost function that estimates the thermal safety boundary of Li-ion batteries, emphasizing the relationship between the temperature gradient and the state of charge (SoC) at different temperatures. The charging control framework combines an equivalent circuit model (ECM) with minimal electro-thermal equations to estimate battery state and temperature. Optimization results indicate that at ambient temperatures, the optimal charging allows the cell’s temperature to self-regulate within a safe operating range, requiring only one additional minute to reach 80% SoC compared to a typical fast-charging protocol (high current profile). Validation through numerical simulations and real experimental data from an NMC 3Ah cylindrical cell demonstrates that the simple approach adheres to the battery’s electrical and thermal limitations during the charging process.
在制定锂离子电池充电策略时,确保效率和安全至关重要。本文介绍了一种优化圆柱形锂离子 NMC 3Ah 电池快速充电的新方法,以提高其充电效率和热安全性。利用模型预测控制(MPC),本研究提出了一种成本函数,用于估算锂离子电池的热安全边界,强调温度梯度与不同温度下电荷状态(SoC)之间的关系。充电控制框架将等效电路模型 (ECM) 与最小电热方程相结合,以估算电池状态和温度。优化结果表明,在环境温度下,最佳充电可使电池温度在安全操作范围内进行自我调节,与典型的快速充电协议(高电流曲线)相比,只需额外一分钟即可达到 80% 的 SoC。通过数值模拟和 NMC 3Ah 圆柱形电池的实际实验数据验证,该简单方法在充电过程中符合电池的电气和热限制。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of Charging Station Capacity Based on Energy Storage Scheduling and Bi-Level Planning Model 基于储能调度和双层规划模型的充电站容量优化
IF 2.6 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080327
Wenwen Wang, Yan Liu, Xinglong Fan, Zhengmei Zhang
With the government’s strong promotion of the transformation of new and old driving forces, the electrification of buses has developed rapidly. In order to improve resource utilization, many cities have decided to open bus charging stations (CSs) to private vehicles, thus leading to the problems of high electricity costs, long waiting times, and increased grid load during peak hours. To address these issues, a dual-layer optimization model was constructed and solved using the Golden Sine Algorithm, balancing the construction cost of CSs and user costs. In addition, the problem was alleviated by combining energy storage scheduling and the M/M/c queue model to reduce grid pressure and shorten waiting times. The study shows that energy storage scheduling effectively reduces grid load, and the electricity cost is reduced by 6.0007%. The average waiting time is reduced to 2.1 min through the queue model, reducing the electric vehicles user’s time cost. The bi-level programming model and energy storage scheduling strategy have positive implications for the operation and development of bus CSs.
在政府大力推动新旧动能转换的背景下,公交车电动化发展迅速。为了提高资源利用率,许多城市决定向私家车开放公交车充电站(CS),由此带来了电费高、等待时间长、高峰时段电网负荷增加等问题。为解决这些问题,我们构建了双层优化模型,并使用黄金正弦算法进行求解,以平衡 CS 的建设成本和用户成本。此外,还将储能调度与 M/M/c 队列模型相结合,减轻了电网压力,缩短了等待时间,从而缓解了问题。研究表明,储能调度有效降低了电网负荷,电费降低了 6.0007%。通过队列模型,平均等待时间缩短至 2.1 分钟,降低了电动汽车用户的时间成本。双电平编程模型和储能调度策略对公交 CS 的运营和发展具有积极意义。
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引用次数: 0
A Study on an Energy-Regenerative Braking Model Using Supercapacitors and DC Motors 使用超级电容器和直流电机的能量再生制动模型研究
IF 2.6 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15070326
Alistair Teasdale, Lucky A. Ishaku, C. Amaechi, Ibitoye Adelusi, Abdelrahman Abdelazim
This study presents an energy regeneration model and some theory required to construct a regeneration braking system. Due to the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, there is increasing interest in the use of electric vehicles (EVs), electric bikes, electric bicycles, electric buses and electric aircraft globally. In order to promote the use of electric transportation systems, there is a need to underscore the impact of net zero emissions. The development of EVs requires regenerating braking system. This study presents the advantages of regenerative braking. This system is globally seen in applications such as electric cars, trams, and trains. In this study, the design specification, design methodology, testing configurations, Simulink model, and recommendations will be outlined. A unique element of this work is the practical experiment that was carried out using 1.5 Amps with no load and 2.15 Amps with a load. The discharge voltage was purely from the 22 W bulb load connected to the capacitor bank as we limited this study to the use of 1.5 Amps and it took 15 min for a full discharge cycle, after which no charge was left in the capacitor bank. The results showed that the discharge rate and charging rate for the regenerative braking system were effective but could be improved. The objective of this paper is to investigate how a supercapacitor works alongside a battery in regenerative braking applications. This study demonstrates that the superconductor used can deliver maximum power when required. Also, it can also withstand elevated peaks in charging or discharging current via the supercapacitor. Combining a battery with a supercapacitor reduces the abrupt load on the battery by shifting it to the capacitor. When these two combinations are used in tandem, the battery pack’s endurance and lifespan are both boosted.
本研究介绍了能量再生模型和构建再生制动系统所需的一些理论。由于二氧化碳(CO2)排放的影响,全球对电动汽车(EV)、电动自行车、电动自行车、电动公交车和电动飞机的使用越来越感兴趣。为了推广使用电动交通系统,有必要强调净零排放的影响。电动汽车的发展需要再生制动系统。本研究介绍了再生制动的优势。该系统在全球范围内的应用包括电动汽车、有轨电车和火车。本研究将概述设计规范、设计方法、测试配置、Simulink 模型和建议。这项工作的一个独特之处是,在无负载的情况下使用 1.5 安培,在有负载的情况下使用 2.15 安培进行了实际实验。放电电压纯粹来自于连接到电容器组的 22 W 灯泡负载,因为我们的研究仅限于使用 1.5 安培,一个完整的放电周期需要 15 分钟,之后电容器组中就没有电荷了。结果表明,再生制动系统的放电率和充电率是有效的,但还可以改进。本文旨在研究在再生制动应用中,超级电容器如何与电池一起工作。这项研究表明,所使用的超导体可以在需要时提供最大功率。此外,超级电容器还能承受充电或放电电流峰值的升高。将电池与超级电容器结合使用,可将电池上的突发性负载转移到电容器上,从而减少电池上的突发性负载。当这两种组合同时使用时,电池组的耐用性和寿命都会得到提高。
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引用次数: 0
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World Electric Vehicle Journal
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