Pub Date : 2025-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101073
S. Nayak, S. Rao, K.G. Mohandas Rao, S.D. Shetty, S. Marpalli, S.B. Nayak
Variations of inferior gluteal nerve are very rare. Knowledge of its variations is of importance in plastic surgery and orthopedic surgery procedures of hip. We report a unique variation of inferior gluteal nerve. During the dissection of left gluteal region of a male cadaver aged approximately 70 years, we observed inferior gluteal nerve with two roots. The superior root pierced the piriformis muscle, and the inferior root emerged out through the greater sciatic foramen, below the piriformis. The two roots joined to form a loop superficial to the piriformis muscle. The loop gave four branches. Two among these branches supplied the gluteus maximus muscle, third one joined the tibial nerve and the fourth one divided into two branches which communicated with the common fibular nerve and the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh. In a case like this, the entrapment of the superior root in piriformis may lead to weakness of gluteus maximus muscle.
{"title":"Looped inferior gluteal nerve – a novel variation","authors":"S. Nayak, S. Rao, K.G. Mohandas Rao, S.D. Shetty, S. Marpalli, S.B. Nayak","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Variations of inferior gluteal nerve are very rare. Knowledge of its variations is of importance in plastic surgery and orthopedic surgery procedures of hip. We report a unique variation of inferior gluteal nerve. During the dissection of left gluteal region of a male cadaver aged approximately 70 years, we observed inferior gluteal nerve with two roots. The superior root pierced the piriformis muscle, and the inferior root emerged out through the greater sciatic foramen, below the piriformis. The two roots joined to form a loop superficial to the piriformis muscle. The loop gave four branches. Two among these branches supplied the gluteus maximus muscle, third one joined the tibial nerve and the fourth one divided into two branches which communicated with the common fibular nerve and the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh. In a case like this, the entrapment of the superior root in piriformis may lead to weakness of gluteus maximus muscle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101073"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-27DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101065
M.A. Al-Gholam , N.M. Issa , A.S.A. Alafify
Background
Sepsis can be cured with effective antibiotics against susceptible organisms if treatment is provided early and promptly. As a result of antibiotic resistance and chemotherapeutic agents’ side effects, the use of these medications is restricted. Thus, the search for novel therapeutic targets and studies on the pathogenesis of sepsis has increased. In this study, we aimed to examine the treatment effects of Boswellia serrata extract (BSE) pre- or pre and post-treatment after sepsis induction.
Material and methods
adult male albino rats were assigned into 5 groups: control, BSE, septic, septic pre-treated, or septic pre and post-treated by BSE. Sepsis induction was performed by modified cecal slurry and 500 mg/kg/oral of BSE was administered.
Results
It was found that the elevated serum urea and creatinine in the septic group were ameliorated by pre- or pre and post-treatment with BSE. Parallel histopathological examinations revealed that BSE ameliorated the pathological changes of the kidney and renal artery including shrinkage of capillary tufts, widening of Bowman's space, focal tubular dilatation and appearance of casts inside the tubules, desquamation of endothelium, thickening of tunica media decreasing the diameter of the lumen of the renal artery compared to the septic group. Periodic acid Schiff staining increased while collagen fibers decreased in BSE-treated groups (P < 0.001). Additionally, Cluster of Differentiation 15 (CD15) and the paired box (PAX) expression were downregulated (P < 0.001) and E-cadherin expression was improved in the BSE-treated groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
These data indicate that BSE minimizes the lesions of sepsis-induced kidney injury and could be useful in improving the pathological alterations of parenchymal organs associated with sepsis.
{"title":"Effect of experimentally induced sepsis on the kidney and renal artery of adult male albino rats and the role of Boswellia serrata extract","authors":"M.A. Al-Gholam , N.M. Issa , A.S.A. Alafify","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sepsis can be cured with effective antibiotics against susceptible organisms if treatment is provided early and promptly. As a result of antibiotic resistance and chemotherapeutic agents’ side effects, the use of these medications is restricted. Thus, the search for novel therapeutic targets and studies on the pathogenesis of sepsis has increased. In this study, we aimed to examine the treatment effects of <em>Boswellia serrata extract</em> (<em>BSE</em>) pre- or pre and post-treatment after sepsis induction.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>adult male albino rats were assigned into 5 groups: control, <em>BSE</em>, septic, septic pre-treated, or septic pre and post-treated by <em>BSE</em>. Sepsis induction was performed by modified cecal slurry and 500<!--> <!-->mg/kg/oral of <em>BSE</em> was administered.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>It was found that the elevated serum urea and creatinine in the septic group were ameliorated by pre- or pre and post-treatment with <em>BSE</em>. Parallel histopathological examinations revealed that <em>BSE</em> ameliorated the pathological changes of the kidney and renal artery including shrinkage of capillary tufts, widening of Bowman's space, focal tubular dilatation and appearance of casts inside the tubules, desquamation of endothelium, thickening of tunica media decreasing the diameter of the lumen of the renal artery compared to the septic group. Periodic acid Schiff staining increased while collagen fibers decreased in <em>BSE</em>-treated groups (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.001). Additionally, <em>Cluster of Differentiation 15 (CD15) and the paired box (PAX)</em> expression were downregulated (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.001) and E-cadherin expression was improved in the <em>BSE</em>-treated groups (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These data indicate that <em>BSE</em> minimizes the lesions of sepsis-induced kidney injury and could be useful in improving the pathological alterations of parenchymal organs associated with sepsis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101063
N.A. Hassan , M.A.H. Mahdi , M.J. Abbas
Purpose
To contrast Iraqi patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) with healthy controls and pinpoint any variations in the structural characteristics of the Eustachian tube (ET).
Methods
The CBCT used to scan a total of 100 participants, ranging in age from 13 to 40. Of those, 19 men and 31 women had ULCP, while 23 men and 27 women did not. The axial view was used to assess the auditory tube angle (ATA), ET diameter (ETD), and ET length (ETL). A P-value less than 0.05 was selected as the significant measure in the statistical analysis using SPSS version 25.
Results
The study highlighted that patients with ULCP had considerably lower ETL (26.04 mm), a narrower ETD (2.38 mm), and a bigger ATA (144.47°) compared to the control group (29.46 mm, 2.79 mm, and 133.09°, respectively). In addition, the ET variables showed a strong and statistically significant association between the study groups (r = 0.897 [ETL], 0.976 [ETD], and 0.964 [ATA], P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Patients with UCLP and controls showed substantial differences in the ET's dimensions and ATA. The study appreciated the use of CBCT to examine the ET's structural properties.
{"title":"Comparative evaluation of The Eustachian tube in Iraqi individuals with cleft lip and palate and those without: A CBCT analysis","authors":"N.A. Hassan , M.A.H. Mahdi , M.J. Abbas","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To contrast Iraqi patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) with healthy controls and pinpoint any variations in the structural characteristics of the Eustachian tube (ET).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The CBCT used to scan a total of 100 participants, ranging in age from 13 to 40. Of those, 19 men and 31 women had ULCP, while 23 men and 27 women did not. The axial view was used to assess the auditory tube angle (ATA), ET diameter (ETD), and ET length (ETL). A <em>P</em>-value less than 0.05 was selected as the significant measure in the statistical analysis using SPSS version 25.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study highlighted that patients with ULCP had considerably lower ETL (26.04<!--> <!-->mm), a narrower ETD (2.38<!--> <!-->mm), and a bigger ATA (144.47°) compared to the control group (29.46<!--> <!-->mm, 2.79<!--> <!-->mm, and 133.09°, respectively). In addition, the ET variables showed a strong and statistically significant association between the study groups (r<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.897 [ETL], 0.976 [ETD], and 0.964 [ATA], <em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Patients with UCLP and controls showed substantial differences in the ET's dimensions and ATA. The study appreciated the use of CBCT to examine the ET's structural properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101062
T. Sandulescu, J.F. Koeser, E.A. Naumova, W.H. Arnold
Introduction
The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is an acronym describing a facial subcutaneous anchored three-dimensional (3D) fibro-adipose-muscular tissue network connected to mimic muscles. SMAS transfers, distributes and reinforces mimic facial muscles contractions to the skin determining mimic expression and facial fold formation. The aim of this study was the histomorphological analysis of prenatal SMAS (pre-SMAS) development in analogy to the adult SMAS typology.
Method
Histological serial sections (n = 7300 of 31 embryos and fetuses) of different staining obtained from the historic Carnegie Collection, Washington D.C. and from the Historical Histological Collection, University Witten/Herdecke were analyzed. All specimens head and neck area were investigated microscopically regarding facial mimic muscles genesis, pre-SMAS development and chronological changes.
Results
Three pre-SMAS Types were described. Pre-SMAS Type I consisting of mesenchymal SMAS with low vascularity and minimal structural changes covered Regio Frontalis and Regio Occipitalis. Pre-SMAS Type II consisting of mesenchymal SMAS with low vascularity and minimal structural changes covered Regio Periocularis, Regio Preparotidea and Regio Nasalis. Pre-SMAS Type III consisting of SMAS with muscular integration and connective tissue remodeling covered Regio Parotidea, Regio Perioralis, and Regio Cervicalis. There were no morphological similarities between adult SMAS architecture compared to pre-SMAS anlage in Regio Preparotidea, Regio Frontalis, Regio Occipitalis, Regio Periocularis, Regio Cervical and Regio Nasalis. Regio parotidea pre-SMAS showed analogies in connective tissue architecture to adult type I SMAS. Regio Perioralis pre-SMAS showed isolated muscle fibers, which were aligned perpendicular to the skin level. Subcutaneous facial adipose tissue was undetectable up to the 22nd week of gestation.
Conclusions
Pre-SMAS anlage metamorphosis seems not to emerge synchronously with mimic muscle development, but its changes and tissue differentiation are closely related to mimic muscle activity. Therefore following ontogenetic hypothesis was proposed: the development of pre-SMAS anlage follows the law “form follows functional activity”.
{"title":"Prenatal superficial musculoaponeurotic system anlage","authors":"T. Sandulescu, J.F. Koeser, E.A. Naumova, W.H. Arnold","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is an acronym describing a facial subcutaneous anchored three-dimensional (3D) fibro-adipose-muscular tissue network connected to mimic muscles. SMAS transfers, distributes and reinforces mimic facial muscles contractions to the skin determining mimic expression and facial fold formation. The aim of this study was the histomorphological analysis of prenatal SMAS (pre-SMAS) development in analogy to the adult SMAS typology.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Histological serial sections (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->7300 of 31 embryos and fetuses) of different staining obtained from the historic Carnegie Collection, Washington D.C. and from the Historical Histological Collection, University Witten/Herdecke were analyzed. All specimens head and neck area were investigated microscopically regarding facial mimic muscles genesis, pre-SMAS development and chronological changes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Three pre-SMAS Types were described. Pre-SMAS Type I consisting of mesenchymal SMAS with low vascularity and minimal structural changes covered <em>Regio Frontalis</em> and <em>Regio Occipitalis</em>. Pre-SMAS Type II consisting of mesenchymal SMAS with low vascularity and minimal structural changes covered <em>Regio Periocularis</em>, <em>Regio Preparotidea</em> and <em>Regio Nasalis</em>. Pre-SMAS Type III consisting of SMAS with muscular integration and connective tissue remodeling covered <em>Regio Parotidea</em>, <em>Regio Perioralis</em>, and <em>Regio Cervicalis</em>. There were no morphological similarities between adult SMAS architecture compared to pre-SMAS anlage in <em>Regio Preparotidea</em>, <em>Regio Frontalis</em>, <em>Regio Occipitalis</em>, <em>Regio Periocularis</em>, <em>Regio Cervical</em> and <em>Regio Nasalis</em>. <em>Regio parotidea</em> pre-SMAS showed analogies in connective tissue architecture to adult type I SMAS. <em>Regio Perioralis</em> pre-SMAS showed isolated muscle fibers, which were aligned perpendicular to the skin level. Subcutaneous facial adipose tissue was undetectable up to the 22nd week of gestation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Pre-SMAS anlage metamorphosis seems not to emerge synchronously with mimic muscle development, but its changes and tissue differentiation are closely related to mimic muscle activity. Therefore following ontogenetic hypothesis was proposed: the development of pre-SMAS anlage follows the law “form follows functional activity”.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101062"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101064
C. Hilali , N. Louanjli , M. Ennaji , K.H. Mohamed , N. Bouanani , E.M. Hissane , W.S. Rhazi , M. Zarquaoui , I. Kaarouch , R. Cabry , F.A. Lahlou , M. Benkhalifa
Objective
Oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) is a technique where immature cumulus oocytes complexes (COCs) collected from mid cycle of follicular phase were maturated via Bi-Phasique maturation named CAPA-IVMor germinal vesicles (GV) and/or metaphase I oocytes (MI) from stimulated cycle are matured in vitro(IVM Rescue). The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new formulation of culture medium, developed by ourselves, in terms of improving oocyte maturation, competency, embryo development potential and quality.
Material and methods
This prospective study involved a total of 60 patients who underwent an ICSI cycle. Six hundred and fifty oocytes were collected including 410 oocytes at the metaphase II, 120 oocytes at the metaphase I and 120 oocytes at the germinal vesicle stages. Immature oocytes were divided into two groups: Group M (immature oocytes cultured in commercialIVM medium from Cooper-Origio) and group MS (immature oocytes cultured in the same medium but supplemented with an in-house mixture of cytokines, interleukins and growth factors). Metaphase II oocytes obtained after IVMunderwent an ICSI attempt. Fertilization rates at day 1 and the numbers of 8-blastomere embryos at day 3 were assessed in all cultures after ICSIuntil blastocyst stage.
Results
While comparing IVM outcomes, we noted a significant increase in the oocyte maturation rate, fertilization rate and the percentage of 8-cell embryos on day 3 in the MS group compared to the M group. Moreover, the MS group also showed a significant increase in blastulation when compared to the MS group (P = 0.02).
Conclusion
The development of suitable IVM medium contributes to better rescue maturation of immature oocytes obtained in stimulated cycles. Its use may increase the number of good-quality embryos and thus can improve time to pregnancy and the cumulative pregnancy rate.
{"title":"IVMrescue from stimulated cycle: Improvement of oocyte morphology and competency","authors":"C. Hilali , N. Louanjli , M. Ennaji , K.H. Mohamed , N. Bouanani , E.M. Hissane , W.S. Rhazi , M. Zarquaoui , I. Kaarouch , R. Cabry , F.A. Lahlou , M. Benkhalifa","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Oocyte in vitro maturation (<em>IVM</em>) is a technique where immature cumulus oocytes complexes (COCs) collected from mid cycle of follicular phase were maturated via Bi-Phasique maturation named CAPA-<em>IVM</em>or germinal vesicles (GV) and/or metaphase I oocytes (MI) from stimulated cycle are matured <em>in vitro</em>(<em>IVM</em> Rescue). The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new formulation of culture medium, developed by ourselves, in terms of improving oocyte maturation, competency, embryo development potential and quality.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>This prospective study involved a total of 60 patients who underwent an <em>ICSI</em> cycle. Six hundred and fifty oocytes were collected including 410 oocytes at the metaphase II, 120 oocytes at the metaphase I and 120 oocytes at the germinal vesicle stages. Immature oocytes were divided into two groups: Group M (immature oocytes cultured in commercial<em>IVM</em> medium from Cooper-Origio) and group MS (immature oocytes cultured in the same medium but supplemented with an in-house mixture of cytokines, interleukins and growth factors). Metaphase II oocytes obtained after <em>IVM</em>underwent an <em>ICSI</em> attempt. Fertilization rates at day 1 and the numbers of 8-blastomere embryos at day 3 were assessed in all cultures after <em>ICSI</em>until blastocyst stage.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>While comparing <em>IVM</em> outcomes, we noted a significant increase in the oocyte maturation rate, fertilization rate and the percentage of 8-cell embryos on day 3 in the MS group compared to the M group. Moreover, the MS group also showed a significant increase in blastulation when compared to the MS group (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.02).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The development of suitable <em>IVM</em> medium contributes to better rescue maturation of immature oocytes obtained in stimulated cycles. Its use may increase the number of good-quality embryos and thus can improve time to pregnancy and the cumulative pregnancy rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101061
D. Chytas , S. Kanakaris , M. Piagkou , I. Chryssanthou , A.V. Vasiliadis , K. Natsis
Purpose
Artificial intelligence platforms have been suggested as tools that can facilitate anatomy teachers’ work and students’ learning process. We aimed to investigate the ability of ChatGPT to detect and summarize studies of the anatomy education literature compared to ScholarGPT, a version of ChatGPT specified in academic research. Secondly, we aimed to explore if the ability of each platform is influenced by the level of queries complexity.
Methods
We asked the two platforms to list five studies about each of the following three topics: (1) use of virtual reality in anatomy education, (2) use of stereoscopic virtual reality in anatomy education, (3) use of stereoscopic virtual reality in anatomy education, involving user's interaction with the virtual environment. We assessed if the retrieved studies fulfilled the search criteria, and if their summaries were accurate (if they contained true information about all the educational results of the article's abstract).
Results
The ChatGPT's percentages of successful detection were 100%, 60% and 0% respectively for the three queries. The percentages of accurate summaries were 60%, 20% and 0% respectively. ScholarGPT performed better, with a percentage of successful detection 100%, 60% and 40% respectively. The percentages of accurate summaries were 80%, 60% and 40% respectively. Both platforms showed bias in favor of the educational intervention.
Conclusions
ChatGPT and ScholarGPT are not currently at an adequate level to essentially aid researchers to detect and summarize studies of the anatomy education literature. Ongoing research may increase the ability of those platforms to provide more reliable information.
{"title":"Can artificial intelligence accurately detect and summarize anatomy education literature? A comparative analysis of ChatGPT and ScholarGPT","authors":"D. Chytas , S. Kanakaris , M. Piagkou , I. Chryssanthou , A.V. Vasiliadis , K. Natsis","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Artificial intelligence platforms have been suggested as tools that can facilitate anatomy teachers’ work and students’ learning process. We aimed to investigate the ability of ChatGPT to detect and summarize studies of the anatomy education literature compared to ScholarGPT, a version of ChatGPT specified in academic research. Secondly, we aimed to explore if the ability of each platform is influenced by the level of queries complexity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We asked the two platforms to list five studies about each of the following three topics: (1) use of virtual reality in anatomy education, (2) use of stereoscopic virtual reality in anatomy education, (3) use of stereoscopic virtual reality in anatomy education, involving user's interaction with the virtual environment. We assessed if the retrieved studies fulfilled the search criteria, and if their summaries were accurate (if they contained true information about all the educational results of the article's abstract).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The ChatGPT's percentages of successful detection were 100%, 60% and 0% respectively for the three queries. The percentages of accurate summaries were 60%, 20% and 0% respectively. ScholarGPT performed better, with a percentage of successful detection 100%, 60% and 40% respectively. The percentages of accurate summaries were 80%, 60% and 40% respectively. Both platforms showed bias in favor of the educational intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>ChatGPT and ScholarGPT are not currently at an adequate level to essentially aid researchers to detect and summarize studies of the anatomy education literature. Ongoing research may increase the ability of those platforms to provide more reliable information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144826332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-29DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101059
G. Triantafyllou , P. Papadopoulos-Manolarakis , G. Tsakotos , S. Luzzi , M. Piagkou
The cerebral arterial circle exhibits considerable variability with clinical relevance in radiological and neurosurgical practice. Among its rarest variants are persistent embryonic arteries, notably the persistent trigeminal artery (PTA). We present a unique case identified via magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in a 39-year-old female, revealing a PTA giving rise to the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). An accessory anterior cerebral artery (aACA) emerged from the anterior communicating artery. The coexistence of these two rare variants forms a peculiar arterial pattern. Interestingly, the AICA origin from the PTA is a scarce variation. This case highlights the importance of detailed vascular imaging for identifying atypical configurations, which may influence surgical approaches and risk assessment in cerebrovascular procedures.
{"title":"A unique variant of a persistent trigeminal artery combined with an accessory anterior cerebral artery","authors":"G. Triantafyllou , P. Papadopoulos-Manolarakis , G. Tsakotos , S. Luzzi , M. Piagkou","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cerebral arterial circle exhibits considerable variability with clinical relevance in radiological and neurosurgical practice. Among its rarest variants are persistent embryonic arteries, notably the persistent trigeminal artery (PTA). We present a unique case identified via magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in a 39-year-old female, revealing a PTA giving rise to the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). An accessory anterior cerebral artery (aACA) emerged from the anterior communicating artery. The coexistence of these two rare variants forms a peculiar arterial pattern. Interestingly, the AICA origin from the PTA is a scarce variation. This case highlights the importance of detailed vascular imaging for identifying atypical configurations, which may influence surgical approaches and risk assessment in cerebrovascular procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-26DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101058
A. Saniotis , M. Henneberg , F.M. Galassi
In this case study, we discuss a rare specimen of syphilis from the Vernon-Roberts Museum of The University of Adelaide. The anatomical specimen has historical and medical implications of syphilis in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Given the lack of preserved clinical information, the case study underscores the importance of integrating paleopathological evidence with social and historical contexts in understanding disease expression and progression in past populations.
{"title":"Historic specimen of calvaria showing late-stage syphilitic involvement from the Vernon-Roberts Museum of The University of Adelaide (Australia)","authors":"A. Saniotis , M. Henneberg , F.M. Galassi","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this case study, we discuss a rare specimen of syphilis from the Vernon-Roberts Museum of The University of Adelaide. The anatomical specimen has historical and medical implications of syphilis in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Given the lack of preserved clinical information, the case study underscores the importance of integrating paleopathological evidence with social and historical contexts in understanding disease expression and progression in past populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-19DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101057
S.K. Htike , N. Kitagawa , K. Fukino , S. Ishii , N. Komune , J.R. Sañudo , R.S. Tubbs , J. Iwanaga
The mental ossicles, or the ossicula mentalia, are small anatomical structures located at the midline between the left and right mandibular halves in infants. They appear between 6 and 7 weeks of gestational age and disappear before or shortly after birth. Although they play a crucial role in shaping the human chin in the developmental stage, the mental ossicles are rarely described in the scientific literature. In this paper, we searched the available literature on “PubMed” and “Google Scholar” databases. Search terms such as “mental ossicles”, “ossicula mentalia”, and “mental bones” were used, followed by backward citation tracking to do a full-text review. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the mental ossicles and their occurrence, anatomical characteristics, embryological and histological findings. Understanding the mental ossicles in a human fetus play a critical role in the proper mandibular development and craniofacial symmetry.
{"title":"The mental ossicles: A narrative review","authors":"S.K. Htike , N. Kitagawa , K. Fukino , S. Ishii , N. Komune , J.R. Sañudo , R.S. Tubbs , J. Iwanaga","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mental ossicles, or the <em>ossicula mentalia</em>, are small anatomical structures located at the midline between the left and right mandibular halves in infants. They appear between 6 and 7 weeks of gestational age and disappear before or shortly after birth. Although they play a crucial role in shaping the human chin in the developmental stage, the mental ossicles are rarely described in the scientific literature. In this paper, we searched the available literature on “PubMed” and “Google Scholar” databases. Search terms such as “mental ossicles”, “ossicula mentalia”, and “mental bones” were used, followed by backward citation tracking to do a full-text review. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the mental ossicles and their occurrence, anatomical characteristics, embryological and histological findings. Understanding the mental ossicles in a human fetus play a critical role in the proper mandibular development and craniofacial symmetry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101057"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-11DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101056
E. Carneiro Ribeiro , V. Lima Cordeiro , F. Sampaio Neves , F. Mesquita Tuji , M. Lima Gurgel , C.M. Chaves Junior , L.H. Soares Cevidanes , E.F.E. Maferano , D.S. de Mendonça , P.G. de Barros Silva , A.S.W. de Aguiar , F.W.G. Costa
The sella turcica (ST) is a depression located within the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa. It houses the pituitary gland and serves as a crucial cephalometric landmark for craniofacial growth assessment. Given that several studies have analyzed its dimensions using imaging, some researchers have proposed evaluating its morphology in relation to sex, considering it a potential structure for human identification in forensic anthropology. This study aimed to assess sexual dimorphism through morphological evaluation of the ST in multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scans of individuals from Northern and Northeastern Brazil. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using 200 MSCT scans equally distributed between sexes, from individuals aged 18 to 49 years. Sagittal sections were analyzed using RadiAnt software, based on morphological classifications proposed by Axelsson (normal, oblique anterior wall, pyramidal, double contour, bridging, and dorsum irregularity) and Yasa (oval, round, and flat). Descriptive analyses of qualitative data and correlations between ST morphology and sex were performed. Morphological correlations showed that the normal form was significantly more frequent in males (80%) than females aged 18–29 years (P = 0.005). Conversely, the oblique anterior wall was more prevalent in females (23.1%) within the same age range (P = 0.002). The round shape was significantly more common in young males (43.1%) compared to females (P = 0.026), while the flat shape was more frequent in young females (61.5%) (P = 0.023). Other morphological types showed no significant sex differences across age groups. Based on this study, morphological features such as the normal shape, oblique anterior wall, round, and flat types serve as predictors of sexual dimorphism in individuals under 30 years of age.
{"title":"Sexual dimorphism assessment through morphological analysis of the sella turcica in multislice computed tomography scans","authors":"E. Carneiro Ribeiro , V. Lima Cordeiro , F. Sampaio Neves , F. Mesquita Tuji , M. Lima Gurgel , C.M. Chaves Junior , L.H. Soares Cevidanes , E.F.E. Maferano , D.S. de Mendonça , P.G. de Barros Silva , A.S.W. de Aguiar , F.W.G. Costa","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sella turcica (ST) is a depression located within the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa. It houses the pituitary gland and serves as a crucial cephalometric landmark for craniofacial growth assessment. Given that several studies have analyzed its dimensions using imaging, some researchers have proposed evaluating its morphology in relation to sex, considering it a potential structure for human identification in forensic anthropology. This study aimed to assess sexual dimorphism through morphological evaluation of the ST in multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scans of individuals from Northern and Northeastern Brazil. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using 200 MSCT scans equally distributed between sexes, from individuals aged 18 to 49 years. Sagittal sections were analyzed using RadiAnt software, based on morphological classifications proposed by Axelsson (normal, oblique anterior wall, pyramidal, double contour, bridging, and dorsum irregularity) and Yasa (oval, round, and flat). Descriptive analyses of qualitative data and correlations between ST morphology and sex were performed. Morphological correlations showed that the normal form was significantly more frequent in males (80%) than females aged 18–29 years (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.005). Conversely, the oblique anterior wall was more prevalent in females (23.1%) within the same age range (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.002). The round shape was significantly more common in young males (43.1%) compared to females (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.026), while the flat shape was more frequent in young females (61.5%) (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.023). Other morphological types showed no significant sex differences across age groups. Based on this study, morphological features such as the normal shape, oblique anterior wall, round, and flat types serve as predictors of sexual dimorphism in individuals under 30 years of age.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101056"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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