Morphologie最新文献

{"title":"Origin of the human-specific flexor Carpi Radialis Brevis muscle: A rare embryological case study","authors":"S. Durand","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101079","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"110 368","pages":"Article 101079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145356324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tridimensional analysis of the normal upper airways in non-dentofacial deformity patients","authors":"S.M. Costa,&nbsp;B.C. Ribeiro,&nbsp;P.F. Bertelli Trivellato,&nbsp;C.E. Sverzut,&nbsp;A.E. Trivellato","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To establish normative three-dimensional airway measurements in patients without dentofacial deformities (DDFs) or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and to identify anatomical and epidemiological factors associated with airway volume.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 200 CT scans from patients aged 18–80 years, with no diagnosis of DDF, OSA, or craniofacial syndromes. Scans were processed using artificial intelligence software (NEMOFAB) for automatic segmentation and volumetric analysis. Variables assessed included age, sex, neck circumference, and craniofacial linear distances (Menton–Hyoid, Menton–3rd Vertebrae, PNS–Hyoid, Soft Palate–Hyoid). Airway volume and Minimum Axial Area (MAA) were measured and compared using ANOVA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean airway volume was 24,724.8<!--> <!-->mm³. Younger individuals exhibited greater airway volumes, especially among males. Patients with a neck circumference &lt;<!--> <!-->40<!--> <!-->cm had a 28.04% reduction in airway volume. Longer PNS–Hyoid, SPH, and M3<!--> <!-->V distances were positively associated with increased airway volume, while Menton–Hyoid showed minimal impact. A low MAA (&lt;<!--> <!-->110<!--> <!-->mm²) correlated with a significant volume decrease. Key predictors identified were age, neck circumference, PNS–Hyoid, SPH, and M3<!--> <!-->V distances.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In patients without DDF or OSA, airway volume is significantly influenced by demographic and anatomical variables. These normative data provide a baseline for comparison in orthognathic surgical planning and respiratory risk assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical Relevance</h3><div>Understanding normal airway morphology and its anatomical determinants enhances screening for patients at risk of airway compromise and may guide individualized treatment strategies in oral and maxillofacial surgery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"110 368","pages":"Article 101078"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CT evaluation of the internal acoustic canal and safe drilling triangle morphometry in relation to temporal pneumatization and age for gender determination and hearing preservation in surgery","authors":"H. Admış ,&nbsp;G. Açar ,&nbsp;A. Emine Çiçekcibaşı ,&nbsp;D. Aydoğdu","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>We evaluated internal acoustic canal (IAC) and safe drilling triangle (SDT) morphometry to ascertain sexual dimorphism of the petrous portion (PP), using discriminant function analysis (DFA). We also aimed to elucidate the influence of temporal pneumatization (TP), biological sex, age, and laterality on these parameters.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We measured the dimensions of the IAC, the vertical (IAO_vd) and horizontal (IAO_hd) diameters of the internal acoustic opening (IAO), lateral angle (LA), medial bending angle (MBA), IAC angle, dimensions and volume of the SDT, and SD angle in 208 CT images. TP was classified into 3 types: conchal, middle, and full. Laterality, sex, and age group differences were determined using paired and independent <em>t</em> tests, and one-way Anova test, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All linear parameters were higher on left side, while angular parameters except IAC angle were larger on right side. Right IAO_vd and LA also achieved the highest overall accuracy rates of 72.1%–69.7% in univariate DFA. Right IAO_vd and LA also had the highest AUC (0.765 and 0.764). In multivariate DFA, the combination of IAOvd, LA, and MBA enables sex estimation with an accuracy of 75%. As the PP became more pneumatized, all parameters increased significantly, while they declined with advancing age.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The IAO_vd, LA, and MBA can be applied in practice when alternative dimorphic indicators are unavailable for biological sex estimation in a contemporary Turkish population. The fact of verifying TP, sex, and age differences in SDT dimensions indicates the need for greater attention to preoperative CT assessment during surgical procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145303786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative neuroprotective efficacy of N-acetylcysteine and naringin in lead-induced neurotoxicity: Restoration of BDNF, neurotransmitters, and cognitive function","authors":"Havila Hasini Sreevaram ,&nbsp;Animireddy Kishore ,&nbsp;Senthilkumar Sivanesan ,&nbsp;Madhupriya Prabhakaran ,&nbsp;Balaji Karunakaran ,&nbsp;Sankaran Ponnusamy Kasirajan ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Jyothi ,&nbsp;Yuvaraj Maria Francis","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Exposure to lead acetate is reported to induce neurotoxicity associated with cognitive dysfunction, neurotransmitter dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damage in the hippocampus. Flavonoids and other natural compounds possessing antioxidant and neuroprotective properties can be of therapeutic interest. In the current study, naringin's protective property as a flavonoid was compared with that of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against lead-induced neurotoxicity in rats.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Adult rats were randomly distributed into control, lead acetate-treated, lead<!--> <!-->+<!--> <!-->NAC-treated, lead<!--> <!-->+<!--> <!-->low-dose naringin, and lead<!--> <!-->+<!--> <!-->high-dose naringin groups, each group containing 6 animals. The Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test was used for the evaluation of cognitive function. Biochemical analysis of hippocampal glutamate, acetylcholine, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, GFAP), and serum lead levels was done. Histopathological analysis of hippocampal sections by crystal violet staining was done.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Exposure to lead acetate-induced severe neurotoxicity in the guise of compromised recognition memory, reduced glutamate and acetylcholine content, reduced BDNF and Nrf2 expression, increased IL-6 and GFAP content, and severe hippocampal neuronal damage. NAC treatment effectively reversed cognitive function, neurotransmitter content, neurotrophic factors, and diminished neuroinflammation. Dose-dependent neuroprotection was afforded by naringin, where the high-dose group had better recovery in all the parameters than the low-dose group. Interestingly, high-dose naringin was similar to or even larger than that of NAC's neuroprotection, normalization of hippocampal histoarchitecture, enhancement of antioxidant defense, and decrease in pro-inflammatory markers and serum lead levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Lead acetate causes profound neurotoxicity on cognition, neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Naringin, especially at high doses, exhibits highly potent neuroprotective effects, such as NAC, preventing lead-induced cognitive dysfunction and hippocampal pathology by displaying antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic effects. The results propose naringin as a potential natural drug candidate for preventing and/or treating lead-induced neurotoxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporomandibular joint disorder: Etiologies and treatments (part 2)","authors":"S. Nieves Del Rio ,&nbsp;J. Iwanaga ,&nbsp;R. Shane Tubbs ,&nbsp;M. Loukas","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (TMDs) are complex conditions affecting the joint and associated musculoskeletal structures, causing pain and functional impairment. This review explores the anatomical basis, etiological factors, and therapeutic strategies for TMD, emphasizing the interplay between TMJ anatomy, pathophysiology, and treatment outcomes. Myogenous and arthrogenous TMDs present distinct anatomical challenges, requiring targeted interventions. Key findings highlight the efficacy of conservative therapies, including behavioral interventions, physical therapies, and occlusal splints, as first-line treatments, followed by low-level laser therapy (LLLT), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and dry needling for myofascial pain. Botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) (De la Torre Canales G et al., 2024 [1]) is effective for persistent myogenous TMD but reserved for cases unresponsive to first-line treatments. Emerging therapies, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and 3D-printed implants, show promise for refractory cases. This review aims to advance the understanding of TMD from an anatomical perspective, providing evidence-based insights for clinicians and researchers. Part 1 of this series, “Temporomandibular Disorder: The Anatomy of Pain”, details TMJ anatomy and pain pathways, forming the foundation for this analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporomandibular joint disorder: Anatomy of pain (part 1)","authors":"S. Nieves del Rio ,&nbsp;O. Omosebi ,&nbsp;V. Krishna ,&nbsp;D. Nahabedian ,&nbsp;J. Iwanaga ,&nbsp;R.S. Tubbs ,&nbsp;M. Loukas","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex synovial articulation connecting the mandible to the temporal bone, facilitating essential functions like chewing and speaking through rotational and translational movements. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) cause significant pain and dysfunction, often involving myogenous, arthrogenous, or multifactorial etiologies. This review elucidates TMJ anatomy, embryology, and pain pathways, with a focus on central pain mechanisms underlying TMD. Key anatomical components include the mandibular condyle, articular disc, and masticatory muscles, innervated by the mandibular nerve (V3) and vascularized by the maxillary artery. Pain in TMD involves peripheral and central sensitization, modulated by the spinal trigeminal nucleus, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex. This work aims to guide clinicians in evidence-based TMD diagnosis and management, emphasizing multidisciplinary approaches and future research into molecular pain pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Looped inferior gluteal nerve – a novel variation","authors":"S. Nayak,&nbsp;S. Rao,&nbsp;K.G. Mohandas Rao,&nbsp;S.D. Shetty,&nbsp;S. Marpalli,&nbsp;S.B. Nayak","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Variations of inferior gluteal nerve are very rare. Knowledge of its variations is of importance in plastic surgery and orthopedic surgery procedures of hip. We report a unique variation of inferior gluteal nerve. During the dissection of left gluteal region of a male cadaver aged approximately 70 years, we observed inferior gluteal nerve with two roots. The superior root pierced the piriformis muscle, and the inferior root emerged out through the greater sciatic foramen, below the piriformis. The two roots joined to form a loop superficial to the piriformis muscle. The loop gave four branches. Two among these branches supplied the gluteus maximus muscle, third one joined the tibial nerve and the fourth one divided into two branches which communicated with the common fibular nerve and the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh. In a case like this, the entrapment of the superior root in piriformis may lead to weakness of gluteus maximus muscle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101073"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of experimentally induced sepsis on the kidney and renal artery of adult male albino rats and the role of Boswellia serrata extract","authors":"M.A. Al-Gholam ,&nbsp;N.M. Issa ,&nbsp;A.S.A. Alafify","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sepsis can be cured with effective antibiotics against susceptible organisms if treatment is provided early and promptly. As a result of antibiotic resistance and chemotherapeutic agents’ side effects, the use of these medications is restricted. Thus, the search for novel therapeutic targets and studies on the pathogenesis of sepsis has increased. In this study, we aimed to examine the treatment effects of <em>Boswellia serrata extract</em> (<em>BSE</em>) pre- or pre and post-treatment after sepsis induction.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>adult male albino rats were assigned into 5 groups: control, <em>BSE</em>, septic, septic pre-treated, or septic pre and post-treated by <em>BSE</em>. Sepsis induction was performed by modified cecal slurry and 500<!--> <!-->mg/kg/oral of <em>BSE</em> was administered.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>It was found that the elevated serum urea and creatinine in the septic group were ameliorated by pre- or pre and post-treatment with <em>BSE</em>. Parallel histopathological examinations revealed that <em>BSE</em> ameliorated the pathological changes of the kidney and renal artery including shrinkage of capillary tufts, widening of Bowman's space, focal tubular dilatation and appearance of casts inside the tubules, desquamation of endothelium, thickening of tunica media decreasing the diameter of the lumen of the renal artery compared to the septic group. Periodic acid Schiff staining increased while collagen fibers decreased in <em>BSE</em>-treated groups (<em>P</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.001). Additionally, <em>Cluster of Differentiation 15 (CD15) and the paired box (PAX)</em> expression were downregulated (<em>P</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.001) and E-cadherin expression was improved in the <em>BSE</em>-treated groups (<em>P</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These data indicate that <em>BSE</em> minimizes the lesions of sepsis-induced kidney injury and could be useful in improving the pathological alterations of parenchymal organs associated with sepsis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of The Eustachian tube in Iraqi individuals with cleft lip and palate and those without: A CBCT analysis","authors":"N.A. Hassan ,&nbsp;M.A.H. Mahdi ,&nbsp;M.J. Abbas","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To contrast Iraqi patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) with healthy controls and pinpoint any variations in the structural characteristics of the Eustachian tube (ET).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The CBCT used to scan a total of 100 participants, ranging in age from 13 to 40. Of those, 19 men and 31 women had ULCP, while 23 men and 27 women did not. The axial view was used to assess the auditory tube angle (ATA), ET diameter (ETD), and ET length (ETL). A <em>P</em>-value less than 0.05 was selected as the significant measure in the statistical analysis using SPSS version 25.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study highlighted that patients with ULCP had considerably lower ETL (26.04<!--> <!-->mm), a narrower ETD (2.38<!--> <!-->mm), and a bigger ATA (144.47°) compared to the control group (29.46<!--> <!-->mm, 2.79<!--> <!-->mm, and 133.09°, respectively). In addition, the ET variables showed a strong and statistically significant association between the study groups (r<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.897 [ETL], 0.976 [ETD], and 0.964 [ATA], <em>P</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Patients with UCLP and controls showed substantial differences in the ET's dimensions and ATA. The study appreciated the use of CBCT to examine the ET's structural properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal superficial musculoaponeurotic system anlage","authors":"T. Sandulescu,&nbsp;J.F. Koeser,&nbsp;E.A. Naumova,&nbsp;W.H. Arnold","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.101062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is an acronym describing a facial subcutaneous anchored three-dimensional (3D) fibro-adipose-muscular tissue network connected to mimic muscles. SMAS transfers, distributes and reinforces mimic facial muscles contractions to the skin determining mimic expression and facial fold formation. The aim of this study was the histomorphological analysis of prenatal SMAS (pre-SMAS) development in analogy to the adult SMAS typology.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Histological serial sections (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->7300 of 31 embryos and fetuses) of different staining obtained from the historic Carnegie Collection, Washington D.C. and from the Historical Histological Collection, University Witten/Herdecke were analyzed. All specimens head and neck area were investigated microscopically regarding facial mimic muscles genesis, pre-SMAS development and chronological changes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Three pre-SMAS Types were described. Pre-SMAS Type I consisting of mesenchymal SMAS with low vascularity and minimal structural changes covered <em>Regio Frontalis</em> and <em>Regio Occipitalis</em>. Pre-SMAS Type II consisting of mesenchymal SMAS with low vascularity and minimal structural changes covered <em>Regio Periocularis</em>, <em>Regio Preparotidea</em> and <em>Regio Nasalis</em>. Pre-SMAS Type III consisting of SMAS with muscular integration and connective tissue remodeling covered <em>Regio Parotidea</em>, <em>Regio Perioralis</em>, and <em>Regio Cervicalis</em>. There were no morphological similarities between adult SMAS architecture compared to pre-SMAS anlage in <em>Regio Preparotidea</em>, <em>Regio Frontalis</em>, <em>Regio Occipitalis</em>, <em>Regio Periocularis</em>, <em>Regio Cervical</em> and <em>Regio Nasalis</em>. <em>Regio parotidea</em> pre-SMAS showed analogies in connective tissue architecture to adult type I SMAS. <em>Regio Perioralis</em> pre-SMAS showed isolated muscle fibers, which were aligned perpendicular to the skin level. Subcutaneous facial adipose tissue was undetectable up to the 22nd week of gestation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Pre-SMAS anlage metamorphosis seems not to emerge synchronously with mimic muscle development, but its changes and tissue differentiation are closely related to mimic muscle activity. Therefore following ontogenetic hypothesis was proposed: the development of pre-SMAS anlage follows the law “form follows functional activity”.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 367","pages":"Article 101062"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}