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Advanced strategies for extending the blood circulation time of nano-based delivery systems 延长纳米给药系统血液循环时间的先进策略

IF 10.9 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2026.102978

Mohammad Reza Kandi , Amir Zarebkohan , Donya Shaterabadi , Roya Salehi , Babak Negahdari , Michael R. Hamblin

The rapid clearance of nano‑based delivery systems has motivated the search for strategies to extend the blood circulation time. This review moves beyond traditional strategies used for the design of extended blood‑circulation nanomaterials, and examines some recent advances in two complementary domains: physicochemical optimization and biological modulation. This review highlights trends in chemical and topological modifications regarding PEGylation, and shows that the transition to alternative polymers is accompanied by a set of challenges and advantages. It also examines various types of transformable nanoparticles and highlights the dangers inherent in stimulus heterogeneity and the complexity of their manufacturing process. The innovations and challenges of protein‑corona engineering are likewise evaluated. Furthermore, the modulation of complement and macrophage pathways as major immunological barriers promoting rapid NP clearance is discussed, and new approaches such as complement inhibitors and mononuclear phagocyte system blockade are explored. In addition, hitchhiking and biomimetic systems are discussed as emerging strategies to enhance blood circulation. Finally, we discuss the transition from static systems to dynamic, biointeractive, targeted and controllable platforms for achieving prolonged blood circulation.

纳米基给药系统的快速清除促使人们寻找延长血液循环时间的策略。这篇综述超越了用于扩展血液循环纳米材料设计的传统策略，并研究了两个互补领域的一些最新进展：物理化学优化和生物调节。这篇综述强调了聚乙二醇化的化学和拓扑修饰的趋势，并表明向替代聚合物的过渡伴随着一系列的挑战和优势。它还检查了各种类型的可变形纳米颗粒，并强调了刺激异质性和制造过程复杂性所固有的危险。本文还对蛋白冠工程的创新和挑战进行了评价。此外，本文还讨论了补体和巨噬细胞通路作为促进NP快速清除的主要免疫屏障的调节，并探索了补体抑制剂和单核吞噬细胞系统阻断等新方法。此外，搭便车和仿生系统被讨论为促进血液循环的新兴策略。最后，我们讨论了从静态系统到动态、生物相互作用、靶向和可控平台的过渡，以实现延长血液循环。

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引用次数: 0

Curcuma aromatica derived single-atom carbon dots with microenvironment responsible multi-enzyme activity for infected diabetic wound regeneration 姜黄衍生的单原子碳点微环境对糖尿病感染伤口再生的多酶活性有影响

IF 10.9 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2026.102982

Xiaoqin Hu , Shuyao Liu , Lanling Dai , Rui Wen , Bin Luo , Fang Lan , Yao Wu

The poor healing of diabetic wounds is attributed to infection, oxidative stress, and inflammation, representing a substantial clinical burden. Conventional nanozyme therapies are often constrained by inefficient catalytic cascades due to antagonistic or competitive interference. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a nanozyme composed of herb-derived carbon dots loaded with Fe single atoms (Fe SA@CDs) with the capability of mimicking multi-enzyme activity for ROS elimination and ROS generation in a pH-dependent manner, enabling an "intelligent switching" therapeutic function. Under acidic conditions, it displays NIR light-enhanced POD-like activity (up to 656.6 U/mg) to generate ROS for antibacterial applications. In neutral environment, it exhibits SOD-like activity (up to 2341.9 U/mg) and CAT-like activity to eliminate endogenous ROS for reducing oxidative stress and alleviating inflammation. In vivo experiments show that Fe SA@CDs can dynamically adjust its treatment strategy based on the pH changes in microenvironment: exerting strong antibacterial effects in the early acidic stage, shifting towards anti-inflammatory and regenerative functions in the neutral middle and late stages, thereby achieving a wound healing rate of 92.3 % on day 14. This study demonstrates a smart and microenvironment-responsive nanocatalytic therapy strategy for infected diabetic wound treatment.

糖尿病伤口愈合不良的原因是感染、氧化应激和炎症，这是一个巨大的临床负担。由于拮抗或竞争干扰，传统的纳米酶疗法常常受到低效催化级联反应的限制。为了克服这些限制，我们开发了一种纳米酶，由负载铁单原子的草药衍生碳点组成（Fe SA@CDs），具有模仿多酶活性的能力，以ph依赖的方式消除ROS和生成ROS，实现“智能开关”治疗功能。在酸性条件下，它显示出近红外光增强的pod样活性（高达656.6 U/mg），产生ROS用于抗菌应用。在中性环境下表现出sod样活性（高达2341.9 U/mg）和cat样活性，能够消除内源性ROS，降低氧化应激，缓解炎症。体内实验表明，Fe SA@CDs可以根据微环境pH值的变化动态调整其治疗策略，在酸性早期发挥较强的抗菌作用，在中性中后期转向抗炎和再生功能，从而在第14天达到92.3 %的创面愈合率。本研究展示了一种智能和微环境响应的纳米催化治疗策略，用于治疗感染的糖尿病伤口。

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引用次数: 0

Repurposing ferumoxytol as a nanowarming agent for vitrification-based organ preservation 阿魏木醇作为纳米暖化剂用于玻璃化器官保存的研究

IF 10.9 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2026.102981

Haikao Feng , Yu Mao , Yaolong Zhang , Guangxiang Si , Kun Lu , Ming Zheng , Weijie Ni , Yan Li , Yingyu Huang , Miao Zhang , Ning Gu

Organ vitrification, a cryopreservation technique achieved by vascular perfusion of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and rapid cooling to a stable glass-like state, enables long-term organ preservation in cryogenic state. However, rewarming vitrified organs to a transplantable state remains a major challenge, as it requires rapid and uniform heating to prevent ice recrystallization and mechanical cracking. Nanowarming, which exploits the heat-generating properties of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) under an alternating magnetic field (AMF), has been shown to enable successful recovery of vitrified organs through vascular perfusion and AMF-induced homogeneous warming. Yet, the potential use of clinically approved IONPs, such as Ferumoxytol, in nanowarming has not been investigated. Here, we report pivotal studies on the vitrification and nanowarming of rat kidneys using Ferumoxytol. Our findings demonstrate that Ferumoxytol remains highly stable in CPAs, enables a ∼10-fold faster warming rate (∼79.9 °C/min) than the cooling rate (∼8.0 °C/min), and produces uniform warming kinetics across the cortex, medulla, and hilum of rat kidneys. Importantly, vitrified kidneys recovered by Ferumoxytol-based nanowarming exhibited comparable viability to both fresh controls and static cold stored kidneys, as assessed by renal pathology and vascular endothelium staining. Given its established clinical use as an iron supplement and MRI contrast agent, Ferumoxytol may serve as a readily translatable nanowarming agent, potentially accelerating the clinical adoption of organ vitrification and nanowarming.

器官玻璃化是一种低温保存技术，通过血管灌注冷冻保护剂（cpa）并快速冷却到稳定的玻璃状状态，可以在低温状态下长期保存器官。然而，将玻璃化的器官重新加热到可移植状态仍然是一个主要挑战，因为它需要快速和均匀的加热，以防止冰再结晶和机械开裂。纳米增温利用了氧化铁纳米颗粒（IONPs）在交变磁场（AMF）下的发热特性，已被证明能够通过血管灌注和AMF诱导的均匀增温成功恢复玻璃化器官。然而，临床批准的离子内酯（IONPs），如阿鲁莫木糖醇，在纳米变暖中的潜在用途尚未得到研究。在这里，我们报告了使用阿魏木醇玻璃化和纳米加热大鼠肾脏的关键研究。我们的研究结果表明，阿魏木糖醇在CPAs中保持高度稳定，使升温速率（~ 79.9 °C/min）比冷却速率（~ 8.0 °C/min）快~ 10倍，并在大鼠肾脏皮质、髓质和肾门产生均匀的升温动力学。重要的是，通过肾脏病理学和血管内皮染色评估，阿魏木酚纳米加热恢复的玻璃化肾脏与新鲜对照和静态冷藏肾脏的活力相当。鉴于其作为铁补充剂和MRI造影剂的临床应用，阿魏木醇可能作为一种易于翻译的纳米暖化剂，可能加速器官玻璃化和纳米暖化的临床应用。

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引用次数: 0

ZIF-8 nanoparticles alleviate cytokine release syndrome ZIF-8纳米颗粒缓解细胞因子释放综合征

IF 10.9 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2026.102980

Yi Hu , Chen Jiang , Mengran Xu , Zijian Hu , Wei Jiang , Yexiang Sun , Junhui Song , Yanbin Zhang , Delin Hu , Kun Qu , Yunjiao Zhang , Jun Lin

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a critical condition involving an excessive immune response that can result in multiple organ dysfunction and potentially fatal outcomes. Here, we revealed that monocytes from CRS patients highly expressed multiple proinflammatory cytokines in single-cell RNA sequencing data. ZIF-8, a widely employed nanodrug carrier, effectively inhibits the release of diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppresses NLRP3, AIM2, and NLRC4 inflammasome activation. Mechanistic studies using ATAC-seq showed that ZIF-8 inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation by preventing nuclear entry of pNF-κB and IRF2. Additionally, ZIF-8 inhibited the activation of NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes by reducing ASC specks formation. In two mouse models of CRS induced by anti-CD3 antibody therapy and LPS, ZIF-8 extends the survival of CRS mice by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. This study highlights the potential of ZIF-8 in modulating inflammation for therapeutic purposes. Additionally, it also emphasizes the consideration of ZIF-8’s immunomodulatory properties when utilizing it as a carrier in the formulation of nanomedicine.

细胞因子释放综合征（CRS）是一种涉及过度免疫反应的危重疾病，可导致多器官功能障碍和潜在的致命结局。在这里，我们发现来自CRS患者的单核细胞在单细胞RNA测序数据中高度表达多种促炎细胞因子。ZIF-8是一种广泛应用的纳米药物载体，可有效抑制多种促炎细胞因子的释放，抑制NLRP3、AIM2和NLRC4炎性小体的激活。ATAC-seq机制研究表明，ZIF-8通过阻止pNF-κB和IRF2的核进入来抑制脂多糖（LPS）诱导的炎症。此外，ZIF-8通过减少ASC斑点的形成，抑制NLRP3、NLRC4和AIM2炎症小体的激活。在抗cd3抗体治疗和LPS诱导的两种CRS小鼠模型中，ZIF-8通过降低促炎细胞因子水平延长CRS小鼠的生存期。这项研究强调了ZIF-8在调节炎症治疗方面的潜力。此外，本文还强调了将ZIF-8作为载体应用于纳米药物制剂时应考虑其免疫调节特性。

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引用次数: 0

Mannosylated siRNA/PERKi nanoassemblies reprogram macrophages to block tumor metastasis 甘露糖基化siRNA/PERKi纳米组件重编程巨噬细胞以阻止肿瘤转移

IF 10.9 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2026.102975

Junjie Ren , Shiyin Zhao , Dali Wang , Yao Wang , Wei Huang , Feng Zhu , Lijuan Zhu , Deyue Yan

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are pivotal mediators of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), promoting immune evasion and tumor progression. Current TAM-targeted therapies, which aim to repolarize immunosuppressive M2-polarized TAMs into tumoricidal M1 phenotype, face limitations due to the complex immunosuppressive networks within the TME. To address this challenge, we developed a mannosylated nanodrug for TAM targeting through the co-assembly of an inhibitor of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERKi) and mannoseylated PD-L1 siRNA (Man-siPDL1). This dual-targeting nanodrug simultaneously disrupts PERK-mediated immunosuppression and PD-L1 checkpoint signaling, effectively inducing M2-to-M1 repolarization and enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) infiltration. In Hepa1–6 tumor models, the mannosylated nanodrug demonstrated superior tumor targeting and TME remodelling, evidenced by an increased M1/M2 TAM ratio, elevated CTLs populations, superior PD-L1 downregulation, and enhanced immunostimulatory cytokine expression. This strategy not only overcomes key immunosuppressive barriers in solid tumors but also provides a versatile platform for RNAi-based immunotherapy, with potential applications across diverse cancer types.

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（tam）是免疫抑制肿瘤微环境（TME）的关键介质，促进免疫逃避和肿瘤进展。目前的tam靶向治疗旨在将免疫抑制的m2极化tam重新极化为杀肿瘤的M1表型，由于TME内复杂的免疫抑制网络而面临局限性。为了解决这一挑战，我们通过蛋白激酶rna样内质网激酶（PERKi）抑制剂和甘露糖化PD-L1 siRNA （Man-siPDL1）的共组装，开发了一种针对TAM的甘露糖化纳米药物。这种双靶向纳米药物同时破坏perk介导的免疫抑制和PD-L1检查点信号，有效诱导m2到m1再极化并增强细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（ctl）浸润。在Hepa1-6肿瘤模型中，甘糖基化纳米药物表现出优越的肿瘤靶向性和TME重塑，证明了M1/M2 TAM比例增加、ctl数量增加、PD-L1下调和免疫刺激细胞因子表达增强。该策略不仅克服了实体肿瘤中关键的免疫抑制屏障，而且为基于rnai的免疫治疗提供了一个多功能平台，在不同类型的癌症中具有潜在的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

AI-driven design and applications of quantum dots 人工智能驱动的量子点设计与应用

IF 10.9 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2026.102974

Prince Kumar Soni , Manmohan L. Satnami , Rekha Nagwanshi , Yogyata Chawre , Ankita Beena Kujur , Akash Sinha , Pinki Miri , Indrapal Karbhal , Kallol K. Ghosh

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with material science has triggered a revolution in the exploration and design of advanced materials. Size-tunable, light-emitting, and light-absorbing properties of quantum dots (QDs) play a leading role in this revolution. This in-depth analysis provides an overview of the broad domain of QDs research powered by AI and machine learning (ML) from fundamentals to applications for real-life scenarios and future prospects. We begin by examining the theoretical foundations that support both QDs chemistry and the different ML techniques utilized. Then, we illustrate the main workflows for property prediction from structure and synthetic route optimization. We conclude by describing how inverse design can be a real game-changer for making new QDs with personalized functionalities. This review critically looks at the substantial influence of AI-engineered QDs in a variety of high-impact fields, including bioimaging, sensing, photovoltaics, and next-gen displays. Moreover, a realistic assessment of the field's shortcomings is also provided, addressing the major issues of model interpretability, data heterogeneity and scarcity, and the complicated engineering needed for ‘self-driving’ autonomous labs. Finally, we provide a visionary outlook on the future, picturing a synergistic model where human creativity and AI's computational power collaborate to navigate the vast chemical space all over the materials design process. This review highlights the effectiveness and scalability of AI in QD discovery, underlining its essential role in the future.

人工智能（AI）与材料科学的融合引发了一场探索和设计先进材料的革命。量子点（QDs）的尺寸可调、发光和光吸收特性在这场革命中起着主导作用。这一深入的分析概述了由人工智能和机器学习（ML）驱动的量子点研究的广泛领域，从基础到现实生活场景和未来前景的应用。我们首先研究支持量子点化学和不同ML技术的理论基础。然后，从结构优化和综合路线优化两方面阐述了性能预测的主要工作流程。最后，我们描述了逆向设计如何成为制作具有个性化功能的新量子点的真正游戏规则改变者。这篇综述批判性地审视了人工智能工程量子点在各种高影响力领域的重大影响，包括生物成像、传感、光伏和下一代显示。此外，还对该领域的缺点进行了现实的评估，解决了模型可解释性、数据异质性和稀缺性等主要问题，以及“自动驾驶”自主实验室所需的复杂工程。最后，我们对未来提供了一个有远见的展望，描绘了一个协同模型，在这个模型中，人类的创造力和人工智能的计算能力协作，在整个材料设计过程中导航广阔的化学空间。这篇综述强调了人工智能在量子点发现中的有效性和可扩展性，强调了它在未来的重要作用。

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引用次数: 0

Sulfonium peptoid outperforms: Exceptional biocompatibility and potent anti-MDR activity via multimodal mechanisms 磺胺肽优于：卓越的生物相容性和有效的抗耐多药活性通过多模态机制

IF 10.9 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2026.102977

Min Lin , Yiyu Gong , Lilei Shu , Xueli Lv , Jian Ding , Borui Liu , Jing Sun , Xuesi Chen

Conventional antibiotics are increasingly compromised by antimicrobial resistance, necessitating structurally novel agents with sustained efficacy against evolving pathogens. In this study, we present the rational design and synthesis of a library of antimicrobial peptide mimetic cationic peptoids featuring a hydrophobic dodecyl group and distinct cationic functionalitiesamines, ammoniums, sulfoniums, and phosphoniumsvia ring-opening polymerization combined with post-polymerization modification. For comparative evaluation, two structurally analogous peptides were also synthesized. All the peptoid and peptide constructs demonstrated high hemocompatibility and potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against common pathogens and multidrug-resistant bacteria. Notably, the sulfonium-modified peptoid (ONAG₆-S⁺) showed enhanced cytocompatibility and superior selectivity. Mechanistic studies showed a multistep bactericidal action involving membrane disruption, DNA binding, and elevated reactive oxygen species generation. This synergistic mechanism significantly enhances antibacterial potency while concurrently minimizing the risk of resistance development. Notably, the cationic peptoids self-assemble into micelles above their critical aggregation concentration, facilitating both superior biocompatibility, which promotes wound healing effective lung infection treatment, and highlighting their strong potential for the development of next-generation antimicrobial agents with clinical applications.

传统抗生素越来越受到抗菌素耐药性的影响，因此需要结构新颖、对不断进化的病原体具有持续功效的药物。在这项研究中，我们通过开环聚合结合聚合后修饰，合理设计和合成了具有疏水十二烷基和不同阳离子官能团（胺、铵、磺胺和磷）的抗菌肽模拟阳离子肽库。为了进行比较评价，还合成了两个结构相似的肽。所有的类肽和多肽结构均表现出高血液相容性和对常见病原体和多重耐药细菌的有效广谱抗菌活性。值得注意的是，磺化修饰的肽（ONAG6-S+）具有增强的细胞相容性和优越的选择性。机理研究表明，多步骤杀菌作用包括膜破坏、DNA结合和活性氧的产生。这种协同机制显著增强了抗菌效力，同时最大限度地降低了耐药性发展的风险。值得注意的是，阳离子类肽自组装成超过其临界聚集浓度的胶束，促进了卓越的生物相容性，促进了伤口愈合和肺部感染的有效治疗，并突出了它们在开发具有临床应用的下一代抗菌药物方面的强大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Biomimetic nanomaterial-based strategies for spinal cord injury repair 基于仿生纳米材料的脊髓损伤修复策略

IF 10.9 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102969

Rui-Lian Chen , Lu Jiang , Hai-Bo Teng , Jin-Long Yang , Wen-Bo He , Yang Zhang , Qing-qing Ren , Hong-Xu Chen , Rang-rang Fan , Jian-Guo Xu

Spinal cord injury (SCI) poses significant clinical challenges marked by profound functional impairments and limited clinical interventions due to its complex pathological microenvironment and limited intrinsic regenerative capacity. This review systematically explores the pathophysiology of SCI, emphasizing key therapeutic targets in neuroprotection, axon regeneration, and immunomodulation. We innovatively propose a functional classification framework to categorize synthetic nanomaterials into (1) targeted drug delivery systems, (2) nanoparticle-hydrogel hybrid systems and (3) stimuli-responsive functional nanoparticles, effectively resolving overlaps in traditional classifications. Furthermore, biogenic nanomaterials—including exosomes, cell membrane-coated systems, and decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds—are highlighted for their innate biocompatibility, immune evasion, and bioactivity. These biogenic nanomaterials synergize with advanced technologies such as genetic engineering and combinatorial therapies to enhance neural repair. Particularly, we provide the first systematic comparison of microstructural differences in decellularized scaffolds derived from diverse tissues (e.g., spinal cord, optic nerve, sciatic nerve) and their mechanisms in guiding axonal regeneration. Despite promising preclinical outcomes, challenges such as standardization, scalable production and long-term biosafety remain in the gap between experimental models and clinical applications. Future directions focus on dynamic responsiveness, multifunctional combinatorial designs and integration with regenerative medicine paradigms to achieve functional recovery in SCI management.

脊髓损伤（SCI）由于其复杂的病理微环境和有限的内在再生能力，造成了严重的功能障碍和有限的临床干预，给临床带来了重大挑战。本文系统地探讨了脊髓损伤的病理生理学，强调了神经保护、轴突再生和免疫调节方面的关键治疗靶点。我们创新地提出了一个功能分类框架，将合成纳米材料分为(1)靶向药物递送系统，(2)纳米颗粒-水凝胶混合系统和(3)刺激响应功能纳米颗粒，有效地解决了传统分类中的重叠问题。此外，生物源性纳米材料——包括外泌体、细胞膜包被系统和脱细胞细胞外基质（ECM）支架——因其先天的生物相容性、免疫逃避和生物活性而受到重视。这些生物纳米材料与先进的技术如基因工程和组合疗法协同作用，以增强神经修复。特别是，我们首次系统地比较了来自不同组织（如脊髓、视神经、坐骨神经）的去细胞支架的微观结构差异及其引导轴突再生的机制。尽管临床前结果很有希望，但在实验模型和临床应用之间仍然存在标准化、可扩展生产和长期生物安全性等挑战。未来的发展方向是动态响应、多功能组合设计和与再生医学范例的结合，以实现SCI管理中的功能恢复。

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引用次数: 0

Manganese in metalloimmunotherapy: From molecular targets to material engineering and translational therapeutics 锰在金属免疫治疗中的应用：从分子靶点到材料工程和转化疗法

IF 10.9 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102967

Jiale Xie , Siqi Wang , Haosen Zhao , Jiali Wang , Jie Liu , Ran Wei , Xudong Wang , Yujing Li

Immunotherapies play a crucial role in maintaining human health by modulating the immune system through the use of immune cells, antibodies, and vaccines. Among emerging therapeutic modalities, metal-based immunotherapy has shown promise by utilizing the immune-modulating properties of metals, metal ions, and metallic compounds for disease intervention. Specifically, Mn^2 + has been demonstrated to potently activate the cGAS/STING signaling axis, a key pathway in innate immune activation for immunotherapeutic strategies. Notwithstanding these advantages, the clinical translation of free Mn²⁺ is substantially hindered by three critical limitations: rapid in vivo degradation, poor transmembrane permeability as a hydrophilic cation, and potential cytotoxicity. To address these bottlenecks, advanced controlled-release technologies have been developed to enable spatiotemporal regulation of Mn²⁺ in biological systems, thus improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing off-target effects. In this review, we delve into the intricate molecular mechanisms by which manganese ions regulate immune responses and explores the cutting-edge technologies employed in the fabrication of manganese-based materials. Then, we discussed the latest research on the use of manganese-based materials in antiviral, antibacterial and anticancer applications. Through its comprehensive comparative analysis, this review seeks to inspire next-generation research in manganese-based immunotherapy, unmasking its transformative potential across interdisciplinary frontiers and thereby catalyzing paradigm shifts in translational medicine.

免疫疗法通过使用免疫细胞、抗体和疫苗来调节免疫系统，在维持人体健康方面起着至关重要的作用。在新兴的治疗方式中，金属基免疫疗法通过利用金属、金属离子和金属化合物的免疫调节特性进行疾病干预，显示出了希望。具体来说，Mn2 +已被证明可以有效激活cGAS/STING信号轴，这是免疫治疗策略先天免疫激活的关键途径。尽管有这些优势，游离Mn2+的临床转化受到三个关键限制的阻碍：体内降解迅速，作为亲水性阳离子的跨膜渗透性差，以及潜在的细胞毒性。为了解决这些瓶颈，先进的控释技术已经被开发出来，可以在生物系统中对Mn2+进行时空调控，从而提高治疗效果，减少脱靶效应。在这篇综述中，我们深入研究了锰离子调节免疫反应的复杂分子机制，并探讨了锰基材料制备的前沿技术。然后，讨论了锰基材料在抗病毒、抗菌和抗癌等方面的最新研究进展。通过全面的比较分析，本综述旨在激发下一代锰基免疫疗法的研究，揭示其跨跨学科前沿的变革潜力，从而催化转化医学的范式转变。

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引用次数: 0

Controlled epitaxy of perovskite van der waals heterostructures enables advanced self-powered broadband photodetectors 钙钛矿范德华异质结构的可控外延使先进的自供电宽带光电探测器成为可能

IF 10.9 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nano Today

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2026.102976

Xiaohui Lin , Anshi Chu , Long Chen , Tianchi Zhang , Chenglin He , Ying Huangfu , Wei Li , Zucheng Zhang , Ting Kang , Xidong Duan

The development of high-performance, low-power photodetectors remains a central goal in optoelectronics. Van der Waals heterostructures integrating perovskites with two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer promising potential. However, the efficient and precise integration of three-dimensional (3D) perovskites with 2D TMDs has been limited by poor thickness control and low interfacial quality. Here, the efficient and controllable epitaxy of CsPbBr₃/WS₂ p-n heterostructures via a two-step chemical vapor deposition is reported. By tuning the growth temperature and employing rapid cooling, ultrathin CsPbBr₃ nanosheets down to 3 nm are achieved with excellent uniformity and interfacial quality. Photoluminescence quenching and shortened decay times confirm efficient interfacial electron transfer, with time-resolved spectra revealing thickness-dependent electron diffusion. The resulting CsPbBr₃/WS₂ diode exhibits a current rectification ratio of 379, low reverse dark current (4 ×10⁻¹³ A), and operates as a self-powered photodetector with high responsivity (12.6 A/W), detectivity (9.32 ×10¹³ Jones), fast response (decay time of 498 μs), and broadband sensitivity (375–808 nm). This study not only provides a versatile approach for the controllable synthesis of high-quality perovskite/TMDs heterostructures, but also sets the stage for the development of high-performance optoelectronic devices.

开发高性能、低功耗的光电探测器仍然是光电子学的中心目标。将钙钛矿与二维（2D）过渡金属二硫族化合物（TMDs）相结合的范德华异质结构具有广阔的应用前景。然而，三维（3D）钙钛矿与二维tmd的有效和精确集成受到厚度控制差和界面质量低的限制。本文报道了利用两步化学气相沉积技术实现CsPbBr3/WS2 p-n异质结构的高效可控外延。通过调节生长温度和快速冷却，获得了3 nm的超薄CsPbBr3纳米片，具有良好的均匀性和界面质量。光致发光猝灭和缩短的衰减时间证实了有效的界面电子转移，时间分辨光谱揭示了厚度相关的电子扩散。CsPbBr3/WS2二极管的电流整流比为379，反向暗电流（4 ×10 - 13 a）低，作为自供电光电探测器工作，具有高响应率（12.6 a /W），探测率（9.32 ×1013 Jones），快速响应（衰减时间为498 μs）和宽带灵敏度（375-808 nm）。该研究不仅为高质量钙钛矿/TMDs异质结构的可控合成提供了一种通用的方法，而且为高性能光电器件的发展奠定了基础。

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