Using a gravity approach, this study primarily explores Bangladesh's trade pattern. It is found that Bangladesh's trade patterns are basically consistent with the prediction of the gravity model across decades. Additionally, the comparison between actual and predicted trade volumes indicates that Bangladesh's exports are heavily dependent on the US market. Policy implications follow.
{"title":"Gravity Matters: International Trade Of Bangladesh","authors":"Jinhwan Oh, Rashedur Rahman Sardar","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12005","url":null,"abstract":"Using a gravity approach, this study primarily explores Bangladesh's trade pattern. It is found that Bangladesh's trade patterns are basically consistent with the prediction of the gravity model across decades. Additionally, the comparison between actual and predicted trade volumes indicates that Bangladesh's exports are heavily dependent on the US market. Policy implications follow.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"34-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63726749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of this article is to investigate whether observed urban–rural inequalities in Sri Lanka are due to locational concentration of households with similar endowments that are likely to place them at the bottom of the welfare distribution, or whether it is due to the geographical disparities in the return to these endowments. The study firstly sketches a poverty and inequality profile for Sri Lanka and then identifies the degree to which different levels of endowments and returns effect account for regional welfare differences by applying the Oaxaca–Blinder and Machado–Mata quantile decomposition methods. The study finds in general that, when comparing the urban and rural sectors at the mean, the expenditure differentials are primarily due to differences in returns to endowments. Decomposition results suggest that identical households do not have the same growth prospects independent of where they live, and for geography to play a vital role in explaining the level of household living standards. Quantile regression decomposition estimates suggests that the endowments effect is increasing and dominant for households at the bottom of the welfare distribution, while the returns effect is dominant for wealthier households.
{"title":"ENDOWMENTS VERSUS RETURNS: COUNTERFACTUAL QUANTILE DECOMPOSITION OF URBAN–RURAL INEQUALITY IN SRI LANKA","authors":"I. D. Silva","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12006","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this article is to investigate whether observed urban–rural inequalities in Sri Lanka are due to locational concentration of households with similar endowments that are likely to place them at the bottom of the welfare distribution, or whether it is due to the geographical disparities in the return to these endowments. The study firstly sketches a poverty and inequality profile for Sri Lanka and then identifies the degree to which different levels of endowments and returns effect account for regional welfare differences by applying the Oaxaca–Blinder and Machado–Mata quantile decomposition methods. The study finds in general that, when comparing the urban and rural sectors at the mean, the expenditure differentials are primarily due to differences in returns to endowments. Decomposition results suggest that identical households do not have the same growth prospects independent of where they live, and for geography to play a vital role in explaining the level of household living standards. Quantile regression decomposition estimates suggests that the endowments effect is increasing and dominant for households at the bottom of the welfare distribution, while the returns effect is dominant for wealthier households.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"47-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63726812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the collapse of the bubble economy in the early 1990s, economic disparities have arisen both among the people and in the different regions of Japan. Advancements in spatial analysis have led to the development of strong tools to explicitly consider spatial dependence and heterogeneity; however, no significant research has been carried out using such tools for analyzing the economic disparity at the municipal level in Japan. The objective of this study is to analyze the regional income disparities in Japan during the period known as the “lost decade.” The data used in this research are annual data collected at the municipality level during 1998–2007. Exploratory spatial data analysis and local indicators of spatial association have been used to classify municipalities into categories and to identify local spatial clustering and spatial outliers leading to income disparity in Japan, respectively.
{"title":"INCOME DISPARITY AND CORRELATION IN JAPAN","authors":"Kazuki Tamesue, M. Tsutsumi, Y. Yamagata","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12004","url":null,"abstract":"With the collapse of the bubble economy in the early 1990s, economic disparities have arisen both among the people and in the different regions of Japan. Advancements in spatial analysis have led to the development of strong tools to explicitly consider spatial dependence and heterogeneity; however, no significant research has been carried out using such tools for analyzing the economic disparity at the municipal level in Japan. The objective of this study is to analyze the regional income disparities in Japan during the period known as the “lost decade.” The data used in this research are annual data collected at the municipality level during 1998–2007. Exploratory spatial data analysis and local indicators of spatial association have been used to classify municipalities into categories and to identify local spatial clustering and spatial outliers leading to income disparity in Japan, respectively.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"2-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63726734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using value-added data, we examine regional income disparity in China's provinces during the period 1987–2008. We decompose the Gross Regional Product (GRP) of China's provinces into four value-added components: compensation of employees, operating surplus, depreciation of fixed assets, and net tax on production. We measure income disparity by the coefficient of variation (CV) and measure the contribution of these four components to disparity in GRP. The disparity in operating surplus and net tax on production shows decreasing tendencies, while the disparity in compensation of employees and depreciation of fixed assets increases. The CV for all components is thus almost identical. In addition, compensation of employees contributes increasingly to disparity in GRP and replaces the operating surplus as the primary source of income disparity among China's provinces. These results have arisen through improvements among low-income, predominantly rural, workers, and higher-income workers employed by direct foreign investors or business owners.
{"title":"REGIONAL INCOME DISPARITY IN CHINA USING VALUE-ADDED DATA: DECOMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION DYNAMICS","authors":"Hiroshi Sakamoto, Jin Fan","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12003","url":null,"abstract":"Using value-added data, we examine regional income disparity in China's provinces during the period 1987–2008. We decompose the Gross Regional Product (GRP) of China's provinces into four value-added components: compensation of employees, operating surplus, depreciation of fixed assets, and net tax on production. We measure income disparity by the coefficient of variation (CV) and measure the contribution of these four components to disparity in GRP. The disparity in operating surplus and net tax on production shows decreasing tendencies, while the disparity in compensation of employees and depreciation of fixed assets increases. The CV for all components is thus almost identical. In addition, compensation of employees contributes increasingly to disparity in GRP and replaces the operating surplus as the primary source of income disparity among China's provinces. These results have arisen through improvements among low-income, predominantly rural, workers, and higher-income workers employed by direct foreign investors or business owners.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"16-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63726662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The privatization of state transport operators has been driven by empirical discoveries in transport economic research of the constant or even diseconomies of scale of these operators. With reference to public records and official statistics, this paper is an initial attempt to examine the scale economies of and output relationship between major bus and ferry operators in Hong Kong during the period 1948–1998. The two franchised bus and two franchised ferry companies each experienced unique scale effects during different periods and correlated with each other in terms of production. The paper will also discuss the possible reasons for this phenomenon and policy concerns related to this finding.
{"title":"SCALE ECONOMIES OF THE FRANCHISED BUSES AND FERRIES OF HONG KONG, 1948–1998","authors":"L. Lai, K. Chau, Polycarp Alvin C.W. Cheung","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12002","url":null,"abstract":"The privatization of state transport operators has been driven by empirical discoveries in transport economic research of the constant or even diseconomies of scale of these operators. With reference to public records and official statistics, this paper is an initial attempt to examine the scale economies of and output relationship between major bus and ferry operators in Hong Kong during the period 1948–1998. The two franchised bus and two franchised ferry companies each experienced unique scale effects during different periods and correlated with each other in terms of production. The paper will also discuss the possible reasons for this phenomenon and policy concerns related to this finding.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"121-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63726618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00189.X
Ruby Toh, Hui Weng Tat
This article investigates the relative wage between skilled and low skilled labor in a small open economy with traditionally few labor market rigidities. It looks at the role of relative skills demand and supply in determining skills premium and explores the extent to which trade liberalization affects the skills wage gap. Indications are that greater openness is linked to higher labor demand elasticity and/or technological progress. The evidence also suggests that rapid acceleration in labor demand for skills and trade liberalization has widened the wage gap between skilled and low skilled labor. This result persists regardless of industry type.
{"title":"TRADE LIBERALIZATION, LABOR DEMAND SHIFTS AND EARNINGS INEQUALITY IN SINGAPORE","authors":"Ruby Toh, Hui Weng Tat","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00189.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00189.X","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the relative wage between skilled and low skilled labor in a small open economy with traditionally few labor market rigidities. It looks at the role of relative skills demand and supply in determining skills premium and explores the extent to which trade liberalization affects the skills wage gap. Indications are that greater openness is linked to higher labor demand elasticity and/or technological progress. The evidence also suggests that rapid acceleration in labor demand for skills and trade liberalization has widened the wage gap between skilled and low skilled labor. This result persists regardless of industry type.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"65-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00189.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this research we explore how local amenities relate to proprietorship growth by merging two lines of work: amenities and rural growth and the drivers of proprietorship and small business growth. We do so to examine what role, if any, different types of amenties play in promoting the growth of small businesses in rural USA. Using data for rural US counties we explore the role of natural and built amenities in the growth of rural non-farm proprietorships between 2000 and 2008 by employing a spatial Durbin model to account for both spatial dependency in the data and to explicitly model spatial spillover effects. The results offer evidence that proprietorship growth is spatially clustered, spatial spillover effects matter, and proprietorship growth is higher in those areas with particular climate attributes. That is, the effect of climate on quality of life may be enough to attract individuals who wish to start new firms.
{"title":"GROWTH OF RURAL US NON-FARM PROPRIETORS WITH A FOCUS ON AMENITIES","authors":"Bjorn Markeson, S. Deller","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12000","url":null,"abstract":"In this research we explore how local amenities relate to proprietorship growth by merging two lines of work: amenities and rural growth and the drivers of proprietorship and small business growth. We do so to examine what role, if any, different types of amenties play in promoting the growth of small businesses in rural USA. Using data for rural US counties we explore the role of natural and built amenities in the growth of rural non-farm proprietorships between 2000 and 2008 by employing a spatial Durbin model to account for both spatial dependency in the data and to explicitly model spatial spillover effects. The results offer evidence that proprietorship growth is spatially clustered, spatial spillover effects matter, and proprietorship growth is higher in those areas with particular climate attributes. That is, the effect of climate on quality of life may be enough to attract individuals who wish to start new firms.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"83-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63726563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Like other developing countries, the Philippines aims for balanced spatial development. This paper investigates the pattern of sub-regional disparities by applying the global Moran I and local Moran Ii test statistics on land values data for 1986–2000. Overall, both provincial and city land values diverge spatially. Local clustering of land values is found only within and around Metro Manila. While the results suggest persistent agglomeration economies during the decentralization period, partly because of bias in the fiscal transfer system, they also indicate that other government policies were effective in promoting land values immediately outside Metro Manila.
{"title":"AGGLOMERATION AND SUB‐REGIONAL DISPARITIES UNDER DECENTRALIZATION: EVIDENCE OF SPATIAL CLUSTERING OF LAND VALUES IN THE PHILIPPINES","authors":"J. Capuno","doi":"10.1111/RURD.12001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/RURD.12001","url":null,"abstract":"Like other developing countries, the Philippines aims for balanced spatial development. This paper investigates the pattern of sub-regional disparities by applying the global Moran I and local Moran Ii test statistics on land values data for 1986–2000. Overall, both provincial and city land values diverge spatially. Local clustering of land values is found only within and around Metro Manila. While the results suggest persistent agglomeration economies during the decentralization period, partly because of bias in the fiscal transfer system, they also indicate that other government policies were effective in promoting land values immediately outside Metro Manila.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"106-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/RURD.12001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63726574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00188.X
Mingming Pan, B. Widner, C. Enomoto
In the last five years, thousands of businesses have closed in Mexico and thousands of Mexicans have moved away from the crime and violence brought on by the recent drug wars between cartels. Investment, growth, and development have also been negatively affected. Using a spatial model, this study found that growth in real per capita GDP for states in Mexico was positively related to growth in neighboring states of Mexico, negatively related to crime in surrounding states, and positively related to crime within the state in the previous year. Policy suggestions to promote state growth and development in Mexico include a national effort to resolve the drug war and the establishment of joint projects between states.
{"title":"GROWTH AND CRIME IN CONTIGUOUS STATES OF MEXICO","authors":"Mingming Pan, B. Widner, C. Enomoto","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00188.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00188.X","url":null,"abstract":"In the last five years, thousands of businesses have closed in Mexico and thousands of Mexicans have moved away from the crime and violence brought on by the recent drug wars between cartels. Investment, growth, and development have also been negatively affected. Using a spatial model, this study found that growth in real per capita GDP for states in Mexico was positively related to growth in neighboring states of Mexico, negatively related to crime in surrounding states, and positively related to crime within the state in the previous year. Policy suggestions to promote state growth and development in Mexico include a national effort to resolve the drug war and the establishment of joint projects between states.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"51-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00188.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00185.X
Yanqing Jiang
In this study we investigate how openness and the spatial spillover effect of productivity play their roles in affecting economic growth and convergence across China's inland provinces. We set up a model where an inland province achieves productivity growth by taking advantage of productivity spillovers from the world frontier and from coastal provinces. By using a nonlinear least squares regression method in our empirical analysis, we see that provincial openness has a significantly positive effect on provincial productivity growth. In addition, we also see that productivity growth in inland provinces in China is significantly affected by coastal-to-inland spatial spillovers of productivity. As a byproduct, we also estimate the factor share of capital in the aggregate production function, in the case of China's inland provinces.
{"title":"OPENNESS, THE SPATIAL SPILLOVER EFFECT OF PRODUCTIVITY, AND REGIONAL GROWTH OF INLAND PROVINCES IN CHINA","authors":"Yanqing Jiang","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00185.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00185.X","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we investigate how openness and the spatial spillover effect of productivity play their roles in affecting economic growth and convergence across China's inland provinces. We set up a model where an inland province achieves productivity growth by taking advantage of productivity spillovers from the world frontier and from coastal provinces. By using a nonlinear least squares regression method in our empirical analysis, we see that provincial openness has a significantly positive effect on provincial productivity growth. In addition, we also see that productivity growth in inland provinces in China is significantly affected by coastal-to-inland spatial spillovers of productivity. As a byproduct, we also estimate the factor share of capital in the aggregate production function, in the case of China's inland provinces.","PeriodicalId":39676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/J.1467-940X.2012.00185.X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63103575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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