Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.273
B. Kang, Y. Jung
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). A semi-replication-competent retroviral (s-RCR) vector system in which the gag-pol and env (GALV FMG, gibbon ape leukemia virus fusogenic membrane glycoprotein) genes were split into two separate packageable vectors was developed. These vectors are more efficient than replication-defective retroviral (RDR) vectors in gene delivery and have a higher transgene capacity than replication-competent retroviral (RCR) vectors. For the gag-pol vector construction, internal ribosomal entry site-enhanced green fluorescent protein (IRES-EGFP) was introduced downstream of the gag-pol sequence of the previously constructed MoMLV-10A1-EGFP vector to generate MoMLV-gag-pol-IRES-EGFP. For env vector construction, GALV FMG was inserted into the pCLXSN vector to generate pCLXSN-GALV FMG-IRES-EGFP. MoMLV-gag-pol-IRES-EGFP and pCLXSN-GALV FMG-IRES-EGFP were co-transfected into 293T cells to generate s-RCR viruses. These viruses propagated EGFP and induced syncytium formation due to the cytotoxicity of GALV FMG. To improve the cytotoxicity of s-RCR vector system, GALV FMG or the fusogenic envelope G glycoprotein of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) was inserted into gag-pol vector. Co-transfection of MoMLV-gag-pol-IRES-GALV FMG + MoMLV-EGFP or MoMLV-VSV-G + pCLXSN-GALV FMG-IRES-EGFP in 293T cells induced stronger syncytium formation than s-RCR vectors (MoMLV-gag-pol-IRES-EGFP + pCLXSN-GALV FMG-IRES-EGFP). In addition, s-RCR stocks collected from transfected 293T cells induced syncytium formation in the human cancer cell lines HT1080 and TE671. Hence, the s-RCR vector systems developed in this study are useful tools for cancer gene therapy.
{"title":"Semi-Replication-Competent Retroviral Vectors Expressing Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Fusogenic Membrane Glycoprotein (GALV FMG) Gene for Cancer Gene Therapy","authors":"B. Kang, Y. Jung","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.273","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). A semi-replication-competent retroviral (s-RCR) vector system in which the gag-pol and env (GALV FMG, gibbon ape leukemia virus fusogenic membrane glycoprotein) genes were split into two separate packageable vectors was developed. These vectors are more efficient than replication-defective retroviral (RDR) vectors in gene delivery and have a higher transgene capacity than replication-competent retroviral (RCR) vectors. For the gag-pol vector construction, internal ribosomal entry site-enhanced green fluorescent protein (IRES-EGFP) was introduced downstream of the gag-pol sequence of the previously constructed MoMLV-10A1-EGFP vector to generate MoMLV-gag-pol-IRES-EGFP. For env vector construction, GALV FMG was inserted into the pCLXSN vector to generate pCLXSN-GALV FMG-IRES-EGFP. MoMLV-gag-pol-IRES-EGFP and pCLXSN-GALV FMG-IRES-EGFP were co-transfected into 293T cells to generate s-RCR viruses. These viruses propagated EGFP and induced syncytium formation due to the cytotoxicity of GALV FMG. To improve the cytotoxicity of s-RCR vector system, GALV FMG or the fusogenic envelope G glycoprotein of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) was inserted into gag-pol vector. Co-transfection of MoMLV-gag-pol-IRES-GALV FMG + MoMLV-EGFP or MoMLV-VSV-G + pCLXSN-GALV FMG-IRES-EGFP in 293T cells induced stronger syncytium formation than s-RCR vectors (MoMLV-gag-pol-IRES-EGFP + pCLXSN-GALV FMG-IRES-EGFP). In addition, s-RCR stocks collected from transfected 293T cells induced syncytium formation in the human cancer cell lines HT1080 and TE671. Hence, the s-RCR vector systems developed in this study are useful tools for cancer gene therapy.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"273-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43955056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.246
Kang-In Lee, Seunga Choi, Han‐Gyu Choi, S. Kebede, Thi Binh Dang, Y. Back, Hye-Soo Park, Hwa‐Jung Kim
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide. Mtb and its culture filtrates or sonic extracts induce apoptosis in macrophages. However, there is a little known about Mtb components that modulate apoptosis and their regulating mechanism. We identified Rv0753c protein with apoptotic potential through searching the biologic active proteins from the multidimensional fractions of Mtb culture filtrate. Here, we investigated the apoptotic effects of Rv0753c on RAW264.7 cells. The recombinant Rv0753c induced RAW264.7 cells apoptosis in a caspase-9-dependent manner. Dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), mitochondrial translocation of Bax, and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria were observed in macrophages treated with Rv0753c. Enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was required for Rv0753c-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, ROS-mediated JNK activation was major signaling pathway for Rv0753c-induced apoptosis. Moreover, Rv0753c-mediated apoptosis is dependent on TLR4. Altogether, these results suggest that Rv0753c induce apoptosis through ROS-JNK signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells.
{"title":"Recombinant Rv0753c Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Apoptosis Through Reactive Oxygen Species-JNK Pathway in Macrophages","authors":"Kang-In Lee, Seunga Choi, Han‐Gyu Choi, S. Kebede, Thi Binh Dang, Y. Back, Hye-Soo Park, Hwa‐Jung Kim","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.246","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide. Mtb and its culture filtrates or sonic extracts induce apoptosis in macrophages. However, there is a little known about Mtb components that modulate apoptosis and their regulating mechanism. We identified Rv0753c protein with apoptotic potential through searching the biologic active proteins from the multidimensional fractions of Mtb culture filtrate. Here, we investigated the apoptotic effects of Rv0753c on RAW264.7 cells. The recombinant Rv0753c induced RAW264.7 cells apoptosis in a caspase-9-dependent manner. Dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), mitochondrial translocation of Bax, and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria were observed in macrophages treated with Rv0753c. Enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was required for Rv0753c-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, ROS-mediated JNK activation was major signaling pathway for Rv0753c-induced apoptosis. Moreover, Rv0753c-mediated apoptosis is dependent on TLR4. Altogether, these results suggest that Rv0753c induce apoptosis through ROS-JNK signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"246-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42582776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.227
Se Yeon Kim, Seung Il Kim, S. Yun, M. Shin, Y. Lee, Je Chul Lee
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Gram-negative bacterial pathogens produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and this secreted cargo plays a role in host-pathogen interactions. OMVs isolated from Burkholderia cepacia induce the cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo, but OMV components associated with host pathology have not been characterized. This study analyzed the proteomes of OMVs produced by B. cepacia ATCC 25416 and investigated whether proteins in B. cepacia OMVs were responsible for host pathology in vitro. Proteomic analysis revealed that a total of 265 proteins were identified in B. cepacia OMVs. Of the 265 OMV proteins, 179 (67.5%), 32 (12.1%), 27 (10.2%), 17 (6.4%), and 10 (3.8%) were predicted to be located in the cytoplasm, inner membrane, periplasmic space, outer membrane, and extracellular compartment, respectively. Several putative virulence factors were also identified in B. cepacia OMVs. B. cepacia OMVs slightly induced the cytotoxicity in lung epithelial A549 cells, but there was no difference in cytotoxic activity between intact OMVs and proteinase K-treated OMVs. B. cepacia OMVs stimulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in A549 cells, but the expression of these cytokine genes was significantly inhibited in A549 cells incubated with proteinase K-treated OMVs. In conclusion, our results suggest that proteins in B. cepacia OMVs are directly responsible for pro-inflammatory responses in lung epithelial cells.
{"title":"Proteins in Outer Membrane Vesicles Produced by Burkholderia cepacia are Responsible for Pro-inflammatory Responses in Epithelial Cells","authors":"Se Yeon Kim, Seung Il Kim, S. Yun, M. Shin, Y. Lee, Je Chul Lee","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.227","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Gram-negative bacterial pathogens produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and this secreted cargo plays a role in host-pathogen interactions. OMVs isolated from Burkholderia cepacia induce the cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo, but OMV components associated with host pathology have not been characterized. This study analyzed the proteomes of OMVs produced by B. cepacia ATCC 25416 and investigated whether proteins in B. cepacia OMVs were responsible for host pathology in vitro. Proteomic analysis revealed that a total of 265 proteins were identified in B. cepacia OMVs. Of the 265 OMV proteins, 179 (67.5%), 32 (12.1%), 27 (10.2%), 17 (6.4%), and 10 (3.8%) were predicted to be located in the cytoplasm, inner membrane, periplasmic space, outer membrane, and extracellular compartment, respectively. Several putative virulence factors were also identified in B. cepacia OMVs. B. cepacia OMVs slightly induced the cytotoxicity in lung epithelial A549 cells, but there was no difference in cytotoxic activity between intact OMVs and proteinase K-treated OMVs. B. cepacia OMVs stimulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in A549 cells, but the expression of these cytokine genes was significantly inhibited in A549 cells incubated with proteinase K-treated OMVs. In conclusion, our results suggest that proteins in B. cepacia OMVs are directly responsible for pro-inflammatory responses in lung epithelial cells.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"227-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47682257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.203
Seungwha Paik, Miso Yang, Hyun-Woo Suh, E. Jo
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Tuberculosis (TB), a global and deadly infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is manifested with host immune reaction. The balanced regulation between protective immune and pathologic inflammatory responses is critical to control progression to TB. Chemokines are a large family of cytokines that play an essential role for chemotaxis of immune and inflammatory cells to the sites of infection. Numerous chemokines including CXCL10 were reported as potential biomarkers of various stages of TB infection. In addition, several chemokines and their receptors play as key players to coordinate host immune defense as innate effectors and mediators of adaptive immune responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that some chemokines, if uncontrolled, are associated with host pathological inflammation during infection. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding which chemokines have potentials as diagnostic markers. In addition, we focus the roles and mechanisms by which chemokines and their receptors are involved in both host immune protection and pathology during TB infection. The controlled activation of chemokine system will determine the coordinated biological outcomes of innate immune responses during pathogenic infection.
{"title":"The Roles of Chemokines in Immune Response to Mycobacterial Infection","authors":"Seungwha Paik, Miso Yang, Hyun-Woo Suh, E. Jo","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.203","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Tuberculosis (TB), a global and deadly infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is manifested with host immune reaction. The balanced regulation between protective immune and pathologic inflammatory responses is critical to control progression to TB. Chemokines are a large family of cytokines that play an essential role for chemotaxis of immune and inflammatory cells to the sites of infection. Numerous chemokines including CXCL10 were reported as potential biomarkers of various stages of TB infection. In addition, several chemokines and their receptors play as key players to coordinate host immune defense as innate effectors and mediators of adaptive immune responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that some chemokines, if uncontrolled, are associated with host pathological inflammation during infection. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding which chemokines have potentials as diagnostic markers. In addition, we focus the roles and mechanisms by which chemokines and their receptors are involved in both host immune protection and pathology during TB infection. The controlled activation of chemokine system will determine the coordinated biological outcomes of innate immune responses during pathogenic infection.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"203-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42978366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.257
Incheol Seo
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). The nose and throat are sites commonly used to obtain swab specimens to diagnose upper respiratory tract infections, and some studies have shown differences between the diagnostic accuracies of nose and throat swabs for upper respiratory infections. However, current sampling methods for the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections do not differentiate between nose and throat samples. The present study was undertaken to devise a means of determining whether samples were obtained from the nose or throat. Microbiome abundance data of 576 upper respiratory swab samples were obtained from the human microbiome project website. Predictive models were generated to determine sampling sites based on microbiomes using the random forest and regression tree with recursive partitioning methods. The final prediction model showed a near-perfect prediction for sampling sites using only the abundances of Staphylococcaceae and Streptococcaceae. The devised model can be used to predict sampling sites for upper respiratory specimens.
{"title":"Predictions of Sampling Site Based on Microbial Compositions Using a Decision Tree-based Method","authors":"Incheol Seo","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.257","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). The nose and throat are sites commonly used to obtain swab specimens to diagnose upper respiratory tract infections, and some studies have shown differences between the diagnostic accuracies of nose and throat swabs for upper respiratory infections. However, current sampling methods for the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections do not differentiate between nose and throat samples. The present study was undertaken to devise a means of determining whether samples were obtained from the nose or throat. Microbiome abundance data of 576 upper respiratory swab samples were obtained from the human microbiome project website. Predictive models were generated to determine sampling sites based on microbiomes using the random forest and regression tree with recursive partitioning methods. The final prediction model showed a near-perfect prediction for sampling sites using only the abundances of Staphylococcaceae and Streptococcaceae. The devised model can be used to predict sampling sites for upper respiratory specimens.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"257-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42566825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.263
Dong-Kun Yang, Ha-Hyun Kim, Yu-Ri Park, J. Yoo, Sung-Suk Choi, Yeseul Park, Sungjun An, Jungwon Park, Jongho Kim, H. Kim, Jienny Lee, B. Hyun
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) causes respiratory and ocular disease in cats. Although isolates of FHV-1 circulating in cats have been reported worldwide, Korean FHV-1 isolates and their features have not been reported thus far. We aimed to investigate the biological and molecular characterization of two FHV-1 isolates based on the nucleotide sequence of thymidine kinase (TK) and glycoprotein B (gB) gene. In total, 48 samples from 12 cats were prepared for virus isolation. For the diagnosis, virus isolation, indirect fluorescence assay (IFA), electron microscopy (EM), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for the molecular characterization, cloning and sequencing were used. Based on many methods such as virus isolation with specific cytopathic effects, IFA, EM, and PCR, two isolates were confirmed as FHV-1 and they showed the highest viral titer (10 to 10 TCID50/mL) in the Crandell–Rees Feline Kidney cells at 48 h after inoculation, but did not grow in MDCK and Vero cells. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the full TK and gB gene of FHV191071 and FHV191072 isolates were determined and compared with those of other herpesvirus strains. Two isolates possessed the same nucleotide sequences belonging to FHV-1 group and had the highest similarity (99.9%) with the KANS-02 strain, which was isolated from shelter in USA in 2016. Two isolates were confirmed as FHV-1 and they will be a useful basic resource for evaluating current FHV-1 vaccine and developing diagnostic tools.
{"title":"Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Feline Herpesvirus 1 from Naturally Infected Korean Cats","authors":"Dong-Kun Yang, Ha-Hyun Kim, Yu-Ri Park, J. Yoo, Sung-Suk Choi, Yeseul Park, Sungjun An, Jungwon Park, Jongho Kim, H. Kim, Jienny Lee, B. Hyun","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.263","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) causes respiratory and ocular disease in cats. Although isolates of FHV-1 circulating in cats have been reported worldwide, Korean FHV-1 isolates and their features have not been reported thus far. We aimed to investigate the biological and molecular characterization of two FHV-1 isolates based on the nucleotide sequence of thymidine kinase (TK) and glycoprotein B (gB) gene. In total, 48 samples from 12 cats were prepared for virus isolation. For the diagnosis, virus isolation, indirect fluorescence assay (IFA), electron microscopy (EM), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for the molecular characterization, cloning and sequencing were used. Based on many methods such as virus isolation with specific cytopathic effects, IFA, EM, and PCR, two isolates were confirmed as FHV-1 and they showed the highest viral titer (10 to 10 TCID50/mL) in the Crandell–Rees Feline Kidney cells at 48 h after inoculation, but did not grow in MDCK and Vero cells. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the full TK and gB gene of FHV191071 and FHV191072 isolates were determined and compared with those of other herpesvirus strains. Two isolates possessed the same nucleotide sequences belonging to FHV-1 group and had the highest similarity (99.9%) with the KANS-02 strain, which was isolated from shelter in USA in 2016. Two isolates were confirmed as FHV-1 and they will be a useful basic resource for evaluating current FHV-1 vaccine and developing diagnostic tools.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"263-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48694375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.218
M. S. Rahman, Young‐Sang Koh
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). The threat of antibiotic resistance is an influencing factor in deteriorating public health. Therefore, new antibiotic development is necessary for continued successful treatment of infectious diseases. Cefiderocol is the first licensed injectable siderophore cephalosporin that chemically conjugates a siderophore and cephalosporin. Due to its high stability against various β-lactamases, it is widely used as an effective antibiotic for multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative microorganisms, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae. Cefiderocol blocks microbial cell membrane synthesis. The binding site of cefiderocol is a penicillin-binding protein. Because of its siderophore-like properties, cefiderocol penetrates gram-negative bacterial periplasmic spaces, increasing its stability against β-lactamases. Unlike earlier cephalosporins, the siderophore of the cefiderocol moiety at position C-3 chelates with iron (ferric form) in the host and is then actively transported into the bacterial periplasmic space. This approach is known as a “Trojan horse” and improves cefiderocol stability against efflux pumps as well as porin channel mutations. Modification at the C-3 and C-7 side-chains produces powerful antibacterial properties against MDR gram-negative bacteria. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it as a new treatment option for adult patients with complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) who have limited and no treatment options. Based on these observations, we conclude that cefiderocol is a potent treatment option for prospective bacterial infections. In this review, we summarize the future prospective use of cefiderocol for bacterial infections.
{"title":"A Novel Antibiotic Agent, Cefiderocol, for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria","authors":"M. S. Rahman, Young‐Sang Koh","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.4.218","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). The threat of antibiotic resistance is an influencing factor in deteriorating public health. Therefore, new antibiotic development is necessary for continued successful treatment of infectious diseases. Cefiderocol is the first licensed injectable siderophore cephalosporin that chemically conjugates a siderophore and cephalosporin. Due to its high stability against various β-lactamases, it is widely used as an effective antibiotic for multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative microorganisms, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae. Cefiderocol blocks microbial cell membrane synthesis. The binding site of cefiderocol is a penicillin-binding protein. Because of its siderophore-like properties, cefiderocol penetrates gram-negative bacterial periplasmic spaces, increasing its stability against β-lactamases. Unlike earlier cephalosporins, the siderophore of the cefiderocol moiety at position C-3 chelates with iron (ferric form) in the host and is then actively transported into the bacterial periplasmic space. This approach is known as a “Trojan horse” and improves cefiderocol stability against efflux pumps as well as porin channel mutations. Modification at the C-3 and C-7 side-chains produces powerful antibacterial properties against MDR gram-negative bacteria. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it as a new treatment option for adult patients with complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) who have limited and no treatment options. Based on these observations, we conclude that cefiderocol is a potent treatment option for prospective bacterial infections. In this review, we summarize the future prospective use of cefiderocol for bacterial infections.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"218-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44716617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.175
Hye-won Lee, Yongwook Choi, Y. Park
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem, with some 250 million people currently at high risk of developing chronic liver diseases. The current antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is effective in controlling viral replication but fails to achieve a complete cure. Since the identification of sodium taurocholate cotransport polypeptide (NTCP) as an HBV receptor, anti-HBV drugs targeting viral entry, capsid assembly, cccDNA, transcription, and secretion have been developed. In this paper, the potential inhibitors in various steps of the HBV life cycle are summarized.
{"title":"Recent Research and Knowledge on Treatment for Hepatitis B","authors":"Hye-won Lee, Yongwook Choi, Y. Park","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.175","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem, with some 250 million people currently at high risk of developing chronic liver diseases. The current antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is effective in controlling viral replication but fails to achieve a complete cure. Since the identification of sodium taurocholate cotransport polypeptide (NTCP) as an HBV receptor, anti-HBV drugs targeting viral entry, capsid assembly, cccDNA, transcription, and secretion have been developed. In this paper, the potential inhibitors in various steps of the HBV life cycle are summarized.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"175-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48030425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.181
Jaehyun Seong, Sangmi Ryou, Byeong-Sun Choi
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Human papillomavirus is known to be a major cause of cervical cancer. More than 190 HPV genotypes have been identified and classified into a high-risk group (18 genotypes) and a low-risk group (12 genotypes) depending on the risk of disease progression. This report investigated the results of domestic and overseas studies on HPV prevalence and genotype distribution; identified prevalence and genotype distribution in Korea and in the world; and described and presented the results obtained as part of an internal research project at the KNIH. Through systematic review and meta-analysis, the previous study shows that the prevalence of HPV was found to be 10.7% (worldwide) and 13.6% (Korea and China) in women with normal cytology, respectively. HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31, HPV-58, and HPV-52 were the five most prevalent genotypes in the world. By contrast, in East Asia, including Korea, HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-58, HPV-52, and HPV-70 were the prevalent genotypes. In an intramural research project conducted by the KNIH, the prevalence of HPV was estimated to be about 36% according to a meta-analysis. This result provides the basic statistics of HPV infection in Korea.
{"title":"A Review of HPV Prevalence Research","authors":"Jaehyun Seong, Sangmi Ryou, Byeong-Sun Choi","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.181","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Human papillomavirus is known to be a major cause of cervical cancer. More than 190 HPV genotypes have been identified and classified into a high-risk group (18 genotypes) and a low-risk group (12 genotypes) depending on the risk of disease progression. This report investigated the results of domestic and overseas studies on HPV prevalence and genotype distribution; identified prevalence and genotype distribution in Korea and in the world; and described and presented the results obtained as part of an internal research project at the KNIH. Through systematic review and meta-analysis, the previous study shows that the prevalence of HPV was found to be 10.7% (worldwide) and 13.6% (Korea and China) in women with normal cytology, respectively. HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31, HPV-58, and HPV-52 were the five most prevalent genotypes in the world. By contrast, in East Asia, including Korea, HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-58, HPV-52, and HPV-70 were the prevalent genotypes. In an intramural research project conducted by the KNIH, the prevalence of HPV was estimated to be about 36% according to a meta-analysis. This result provides the basic statistics of HPV infection in Korea.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"181-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47041612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.107
Sang-Hun Park, Jin Seok Kim, H. Kim, Jin-Kyung Yu, Sunghee Han, Minji Kang, Chae-Kyu Hong, Sang-Me Lee, Y. Oh
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is increasing globally. However, a few studies have addressed their epidemiology in Seoul, Korea. In this study, we conducted one-year surveillance of CRE among 1,468 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae at the hospital in Seoul with molecular characterization of carbapenemase genes. About 85% of CRE-positive samples were isolated from the elderly age group (above 60 years). The most common isolated organisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (56.5%) and Escherichia coli (E.coli) (17.0%). We detected six different Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) of blaKPC, blaNDM, blaOXA, blaVIM, blaIMP, and blaGES alone or in combination with other bla genes. Typically, 853 (58.1%) isolates were tested positive for at least one CPE. KPC (K. pneumoniae carbapenemase)-2 was the most common CPE type (46.0%) followed by NDM (New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase)-1 (5.9%). KPC-2 was most commonly found in K. pneumoniae (494/676 isolates [73.1%]) and E.coli (107/676 isolates [15.8%]), whereas NDM-1 was commonly found in Enterobacter cloacae complex (20/86 isolates [23.3%]). Detailed information and molecular characteristics of CPE is essential to prevent the spread of these pathogens.
{"title":"Prevalence of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Seoul, Korea","authors":"Sang-Hun Park, Jin Seok Kim, H. Kim, Jin-Kyung Yu, Sunghee Han, Minji Kang, Chae-Kyu Hong, Sang-Me Lee, Y. Oh","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.107","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is increasing globally. However, a few studies have addressed their epidemiology in Seoul, Korea. In this study, we conducted one-year surveillance of CRE among 1,468 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae at the hospital in Seoul with molecular characterization of carbapenemase genes. About 85% of CRE-positive samples were isolated from the elderly age group (above 60 years). The most common isolated organisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (56.5%) and Escherichia coli (E.coli) (17.0%). We detected six different Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) of blaKPC, blaNDM, blaOXA, blaVIM, blaIMP, and blaGES alone or in combination with other bla genes. Typically, 853 (58.1%) isolates were tested positive for at least one CPE. KPC (K. pneumoniae carbapenemase)-2 was the most common CPE type (46.0%) followed by NDM (New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase)-1 (5.9%). KPC-2 was most commonly found in K. pneumoniae (494/676 isolates [73.1%]) and E.coli (107/676 isolates [15.8%]), whereas NDM-1 was commonly found in Enterobacter cloacae complex (20/86 isolates [23.3%]). Detailed information and molecular characteristics of CPE is essential to prevent the spread of these pathogens.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"107-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47958150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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