Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.124
Sunwoo Hwang, H. Yun, P. Ku, Ju-Hee Sim, Mi-Ok Lee
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is common cause of acute respiratory infection in infants and young children Group life in postpartum care centers is easily exposed to infectious diseases in neonates and puerperds immediately after giving birth, and the harm caused by exposure to them is much greater In particular, respiratory diseases are highly infectious and infections occur in a short period of time among them, RSV infections are very serious in children under 5 years of age, leading to death This paper studied an infection of RSV in outbreaks at postpartum care center in Busan In 4 postpartum care centers, a total of 877 people (390 neonates, 386 puerperds, 106 others) were exposed to RSV outbreak Of these, there were 73 RSV-positive patients;most of them had cough and runny nose and no fever We were collected from neonates and puerperds with acute respiratory tract a total of 146 samples (throat swabs) In 51 samples, RSV (43 cases), human rhinovirus (6 cases), human coronavirus NL63 (1 case), and human coronavirus 229E (1 case) were found to be positive and the rest were negative All 43 RSV positive samples were identified as RSV B Sequence analysis of the detected strains was performed to confirm the molecular genetic information of RSV Out of 43 RSV positive samples, 38 samples were successfully sequenced using the G gene, resulting in all of the same genotype BA9 This study provides a better understanding of RSV prevalence patterns and genetic characteristics It also contributes to the accumulation of epidemiological data and the development of public health and hygiene
{"title":"A Study of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Outbreak at Postpartum Care Center in Busan, Korea","authors":"Sunwoo Hwang, H. Yun, P. Ku, Ju-Hee Sim, Mi-Ok Lee","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.124","url":null,"abstract":"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is common cause of acute respiratory infection in infants and young children Group life in postpartum care centers is easily exposed to infectious diseases in neonates and puerperds immediately after giving birth, and the harm caused by exposure to them is much greater In particular, respiratory diseases are highly infectious and infections occur in a short period of time among them, RSV infections are very serious in children under 5 years of age, leading to death This paper studied an infection of RSV in outbreaks at postpartum care center in Busan In 4 postpartum care centers, a total of 877 people (390 neonates, 386 puerperds, 106 others) were exposed to RSV outbreak Of these, there were 73 RSV-positive patients;most of them had cough and runny nose and no fever We were collected from neonates and puerperds with acute respiratory tract a total of 146 samples (throat swabs) In 51 samples, RSV (43 cases), human rhinovirus (6 cases), human coronavirus NL63 (1 case), and human coronavirus 229E (1 case) were found to be positive and the rest were negative All 43 RSV positive samples were identified as RSV B Sequence analysis of the detected strains was performed to confirm the molecular genetic information of RSV Out of 43 RSV positive samples, 38 samples were successfully sequenced using the G gene, resulting in all of the same genotype BA9 This study provides a better understanding of RSV prevalence patterns and genetic characteristics It also contributes to the accumulation of epidemiological data and the development of public health and hygiene","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"124-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41351132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.065
C. Cui, Kisoon Kim
A century ago, more exactly 102 years ago, there was a devastating pandemic of influenza in 1918 and thereafter, periodic recurrences of pandemic events have been reported in the human population Unfortunately, whenever it happened, the outcome was concomitant with over millions of death tolls due to considerably higher case fatality rates, compared to other infectious diseases at that time In this regard, pandemics, which continued at irregular time intervals, give a great significance to global public health responses However, it is far from feasibility to predict when a next pandemic will begin and how much disease burden will be despite our efforts to utilize all kinds of available scientific information and knowledge The one clear thing is that approximately 70% of the causative agents of emerging and/or re-emerging diseases including COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which has been started from Wuhan province, China in December 2019 and has resulted in more than 4 million human cases within a few months, are viruses Therefore, it is very important to secure fast and accurate identification methods of a causative pathogen in order to provide scientific clues and to prepare in advance for the abrupt occurrence of unknown viral diseases in a timely manner In this review, the current status and future perspectives of the molecular technology for identification of viral pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) with regard to rapid public health responses in the early stage of infectious diseases including COVID-19, will be discussed
{"title":"Strength and Weakness of Molecular Identification Strategies Against Causative Viral Agent from Emerging COVID-19","authors":"C. Cui, Kisoon Kim","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.065","url":null,"abstract":"A century ago, more exactly 102 years ago, there was a devastating pandemic of influenza in 1918 and thereafter, periodic recurrences of pandemic events have been reported in the human population Unfortunately, whenever it happened, the outcome was concomitant with over millions of death tolls due to considerably higher case fatality rates, compared to other infectious diseases at that time In this regard, pandemics, which continued at irregular time intervals, give a great significance to global public health responses However, it is far from feasibility to predict when a next pandemic will begin and how much disease burden will be despite our efforts to utilize all kinds of available scientific information and knowledge The one clear thing is that approximately 70% of the causative agents of emerging and/or re-emerging diseases including COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which has been started from Wuhan province, China in December 2019 and has resulted in more than 4 million human cases within a few months, are viruses Therefore, it is very important to secure fast and accurate identification methods of a causative pathogen in order to provide scientific clues and to prepare in advance for the abrupt occurrence of unknown viral diseases in a timely manner In this review, the current status and future perspectives of the molecular technology for identification of viral pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) with regard to rapid public health responses in the early stage of infectious diseases including COVID-19, will be discussed","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44715354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.117
Dong-Kun Yang, Ha-Hyun Kim, Jienny Lee, Miryeon Ji, Subin Oh, Hyang-Sim Lee, B. Hyun
The rapid diagnosis of canine distemper virus (CDV) helps to determine the treatment of dogs in veterinary clinics We evaluated the performance of seven commercial rapid immunochromatographic test (RICT) kits for the detection of CDV Six core dog viral pathogens (canine adenovirus type 1 and 2, canine coronavirus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus), five CDV strains (CD1901, Lederle, Rockborn, Onderstepoort, and Synder Hill), and three bacteria (Bordetella bronchiseptica, Leptospira canicola, and Staphylococus aureus) were used to determine the cross-reactivity and detection limits of the kits The seven commercial RICT kits did not yield positive results with the six dog viruses or the three bacteria All the RICT kits for CDV detected the Korean CDV isolate The detection limits of the RICT kits for the Korean CDV isolate, CD1901, belonging to Asia 1 genotype ranged from 103 0 to 104 0 TCID50/mL There was an average difference of 1 1 in scores judged by eye between four CDV vaccine strains and CD1901 strain Therefore, the RICT kits enable the detection of CDV vaccine strains, but need to be improved to detect CDV circulating in dog populations in Korea
{"title":"Evaluation of Commercial Immunochromatographic Test Kits for the Detection of Canine Distemper Virus","authors":"Dong-Kun Yang, Ha-Hyun Kim, Jienny Lee, Miryeon Ji, Subin Oh, Hyang-Sim Lee, B. Hyun","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.117","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid diagnosis of canine distemper virus (CDV) helps to determine the treatment of dogs in veterinary clinics We evaluated the performance of seven commercial rapid immunochromatographic test (RICT) kits for the detection of CDV Six core dog viral pathogens (canine adenovirus type 1 and 2, canine coronavirus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus), five CDV strains (CD1901, Lederle, Rockborn, Onderstepoort, and Synder Hill), and three bacteria (Bordetella bronchiseptica, Leptospira canicola, and Staphylococus aureus) were used to determine the cross-reactivity and detection limits of the kits The seven commercial RICT kits did not yield positive results with the six dog viruses or the three bacteria All the RICT kits for CDV detected the Korean CDV isolate The detection limits of the RICT kits for the Korean CDV isolate, CD1901, belonging to Asia 1 genotype ranged from 103 0 to 104 0 TCID50/mL There was an average difference of 1 1 in scores judged by eye between four CDV vaccine strains and CD1901 strain Therefore, the RICT kits enable the detection of CDV vaccine strains, but need to be improved to detect CDV circulating in dog populations in Korea","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43483424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.097
Surya Surendran, Bindu Subhadra, Kyungho Woo, H. Park, Dong Ho Kim, M. Oh, Chul Hee Choi
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). One of the major factors contributing to drug resistance in Acinetobacter nosocomialis infections is biofilm development, which is facilitate by quorum-sensing (QS) systems. Quorum sensing by the LuxI and LuxR homologues, AnoI and AnoR, in A. nosocomialis plays a role in biofilm formation and motility of this pathogenic bacterium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exogenous N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) on the regulation of biofilm and motility of A. nosocomialis and anoI-deletion mutant. We found that anoR mRNA expression levels in the anoI-deletion mutant were increased in the presence of different types of AHLs compared with that in the absence of exogenous AHL. Among AHLs, C12-HSL appeared to exert the greatest stimulatory effect on biofilm formation and motility. Notably, the anoI-deletion mutant also exhibited significant decreases in expression of the biofilmand motility-related genes, csuC, csuD and pilT, decreases that were attenuated by addition of exogenous AHLs. Combining the AHL C12-HSL with C6-HSL or C10-HSL exerted synergistic effects that restored the motility phenotype in the anoI-deletion mutant. Taken together, our data demonstrate that C12-HSL may act as an important signaling molecule in A. nosocomialis through regulation of biofilm formation and cell motility, potentially providing a new target for the control of A. nosocomialis infections.
{"title":"Effects of Exogenous N-Acyl-Homoserine Lactones on Biofilm Formation and Motility in Acinetobacter nosocomialis","authors":"Surya Surendran, Bindu Subhadra, Kyungho Woo, H. Park, Dong Ho Kim, M. Oh, Chul Hee Choi","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.097","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). One of the major factors contributing to drug resistance in Acinetobacter nosocomialis infections is biofilm development, which is facilitate by quorum-sensing (QS) systems. Quorum sensing by the LuxI and LuxR homologues, AnoI and AnoR, in A. nosocomialis plays a role in biofilm formation and motility of this pathogenic bacterium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exogenous N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) on the regulation of biofilm and motility of A. nosocomialis and anoI-deletion mutant. We found that anoR mRNA expression levels in the anoI-deletion mutant were increased in the presence of different types of AHLs compared with that in the absence of exogenous AHL. Among AHLs, C12-HSL appeared to exert the greatest stimulatory effect on biofilm formation and motility. Notably, the anoI-deletion mutant also exhibited significant decreases in expression of the biofilmand motility-related genes, csuC, csuD and pilT, decreases that were attenuated by addition of exogenous AHLs. Combining the AHL C12-HSL with C6-HSL or C10-HSL exerted synergistic effects that restored the motility phenotype in the anoI-deletion mutant. Taken together, our data demonstrate that C12-HSL may act as an important signaling molecule in A. nosocomialis through regulation of biofilm formation and cell motility, potentially providing a new target for the control of A. nosocomialis infections.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"97-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42814066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.076
So-Hee Hong, Hyo‐Jung Park, J. Nam
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are the largest positive-sense RNA viruses with a wide range of natural hosts To date, seven types of coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63;Human coronavirus NL63, HCoV-229E;Human coronavirus 229E, HCoV-OC43;Human coronavirus OC43, HCoV-HKU1;Human coronavirus HKU1, SARS-CoV;Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, MERS-Co;Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2;Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) are known to cause disease in humans, and three of the CoVs (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) cause severe, occasionally fatal, respiratory infections in humans In November 2002, the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a new respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV, was first reported in Guangdong Province, China For the next several months, the SARS outbreak resulted in more than 8,000 cases of infection and 800 deaths In June 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first identified in Saudi Arabia with 2,373 reported viral infections and 823 associated deaths until February 2019 The outbreak of the MERS-CoV pandemic also occurred in South Korea in May 2015 In late December 2019, another novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, genetically linked to SARS-CoV, emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China that has spread worldwide Outbreaks of coronavirus-infections are occurring frequently in the 21st century;therefore, it seems very likely that another pandemic of coronavirus can emerge anytime in the future In this review, we outlined the biological characteristics of coronaviruses and summarized the status of vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV in preparation for the unpredictable emergence of coronavirus pandemic
{"title":"Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV: Preparation for SARS-CoV-2 induced COVID-19","authors":"So-Hee Hong, Hyo‐Jung Park, J. Nam","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.076","url":null,"abstract":"Coronaviruses (CoVs) are the largest positive-sense RNA viruses with a wide range of natural hosts To date, seven types of coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63;Human coronavirus NL63, HCoV-229E;Human coronavirus 229E, HCoV-OC43;Human coronavirus OC43, HCoV-HKU1;Human coronavirus HKU1, SARS-CoV;Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, MERS-Co;Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2;Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) are known to cause disease in humans, and three of the CoVs (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) cause severe, occasionally fatal, respiratory infections in humans In November 2002, the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a new respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV, was first reported in Guangdong Province, China For the next several months, the SARS outbreak resulted in more than 8,000 cases of infection and 800 deaths In June 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first identified in Saudi Arabia with 2,373 reported viral infections and 823 associated deaths until February 2019 The outbreak of the MERS-CoV pandemic also occurred in South Korea in May 2015 In late December 2019, another novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, genetically linked to SARS-CoV, emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China that has spread worldwide Outbreaks of coronavirus-infections are occurring frequently in the 21st century;therefore, it seems very likely that another pandemic of coronavirus can emerge anytime in the future In this review, we outlined the biological characteristics of coronaviruses and summarized the status of vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV in preparation for the unpredictable emergence of coronavirus pandemic","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48675138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.132
S. Kang, Seok Cheon Kim, J. Y. Kim, C. Lee
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a causative agent for chickenpox in primary infection and shingles after reactivation from latency. Both varicella and zoster can be prevented by live attenuated vaccines, but the molecular mechanism of attenuation is not clearly understood. In this study, the genome sequences of three varicella vaccine strains were analyzed for the genetic diversity including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and genetic polymorphism. A total of 38 SNPs were identified including 29 substitutions and 9 insertion/deletions. The number of genetically polymorphic sites (GPS) was highest in Varivax and lowest in Varilrix. GPS in the R region including R1, R2, and R3 appeared to be responsible for the genetic polymorphisms in the open reading frame (ORF) 11, 14, and 22 in all three vaccine strains. A relatively large number of GPS were observed in ORF31, 55, and 62, which are known to be essential for virus replication, suggesting that the attenuation of the vaccine strains may be attributed by the diversity of these genes.
{"title":"Genetic Diversity among Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine Strains","authors":"S. Kang, Seok Cheon Kim, J. Y. Kim, C. Lee","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.2.132","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a causative agent for chickenpox in primary infection and shingles after reactivation from latency. Both varicella and zoster can be prevented by live attenuated vaccines, but the molecular mechanism of attenuation is not clearly understood. In this study, the genome sequences of three varicella vaccine strains were analyzed for the genetic diversity including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and genetic polymorphism. A total of 38 SNPs were identified including 29 substitutions and 9 insertion/deletions. The number of genetically polymorphic sites (GPS) was highest in Varivax and lowest in Varilrix. GPS in the R region including R1, R2, and R3 appeared to be responsible for the genetic polymorphisms in the open reading frame (ORF) 11, 14, and 22 in all three vaccine strains. A relatively large number of GPS were observed in ORF31, 55, and 62, which are known to be essential for virus replication, suggesting that the attenuation of the vaccine strains may be attributed by the diversity of these genes.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"132-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42394336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.017
Dong-Kun Yang, Ha-Hyun Kim, Siu Lee, Miryeon Ji, Bokhee Han, Soobin Oh, B. Hyun
Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) causes infectious hepatitis in members of the family Canidae, including dogs. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) that detects CAV-1 antibodies is required for large-throughput tests of dog sera. We collected 165 serum samples from dogs of Chungbuk and Gyeongbuk provinces between February 2016 and October 2018. The Korean CAV-1 vaccine strain CAV1V was propagated in Madin – Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and purified via Nuvia cPrime anion-exchange chromatography; the virus served as an I-ELISA antigen. Virus-neutralizing anti-CAV-1 titers in dog sera were measured using the virus neutralization (VN) method. The I-ELISA was optimized using purified CAV-1 antigen and serum samples. This kit was used to evaluate dog sera. The VN and I-ELISA data were compared. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the I-ELISA were 97.0%, 74.2%, and 92.7% compared to the VN assay, respectively. The I-ELISA data significantly correlated with those of VN (r = 0.88). These results suggest that the I-ELISA is useful for serosurveillance of CAV-1 in dog sera. streptomycin (100 μ g/mL), and the antimycotic amphotericin B (0.25 μ g/mL) at 37 ° C under 5% (v/v) CO 2 , and used for viral antigen production and serological assay. The CAV1V strain of CAV-1, which is the CAV-1 vaccine used in Korea, was employed as a viral antigen. A total of 165 serum samples were collected from dogs residing in Chungbuk and Gyeongbuk provinces from 2016 to 2018, and the sera were used in each test. We do not know if the dogs had been inoculated with the CAV vaccine. checked for cytopathic effect (CPE) over 5 days post inoculation (DPI). The virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) titer of CAV-1 was the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution that completely inhibited the CPE. Each serum sample was diluted from 1:2 to 1:256. A VNA titer ≥ 1:2 was considered positive. serum panel samples at dilutions of 1:20 to 1:40,960, were used to determine the appropriate concentrations at 37 ° C for 1 h. Next, 100 µ L amounts of anti-dog IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate (KPL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) were added to all well of the microplate, which was incubated for 1 h at the above temperature. After washing, 50 µ L amounts of 2 ’ 2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline) substrate (ABTS) solution were added to the plate, which was then incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Finally, stop solution (1.0% w/v sodium dodecyl sulfate) were added to stop the reaction. The absorbance of the I-ELISA was measured at 405 nm in a spectrophotometer (Sunrise ELISA reader; Tecan, Switzerland). Under the optimized I-ELISA conditions, 100 µ L serum diluted 100-fold in dilution buffer (1% [w/v] skim milk in PBS) was added to a 96-well microplate coated with CAV1V antigen. After incubation at 37 ° C for 1 h, the plate was washed with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST) and incubated with 100 µ L anti-dog IgG HRP conjugate diluted 4,000-fold in dilution buffer
{"title":"Development of an Indirect ELISA Featuring Plates Coated with Column Chromatographically Purified Canine Adenovirus Type-1 Antigen","authors":"Dong-Kun Yang, Ha-Hyun Kim, Siu Lee, Miryeon Ji, Bokhee Han, Soobin Oh, B. Hyun","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.017","url":null,"abstract":"Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) causes infectious hepatitis in members of the family Canidae, including dogs. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) that detects CAV-1 antibodies is required for large-throughput tests of dog sera. We collected 165 serum samples from dogs of Chungbuk and Gyeongbuk provinces between February 2016 and October 2018. The Korean CAV-1 vaccine strain CAV1V was propagated in Madin – Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and purified via Nuvia cPrime anion-exchange chromatography; the virus served as an I-ELISA antigen. Virus-neutralizing anti-CAV-1 titers in dog sera were measured using the virus neutralization (VN) method. The I-ELISA was optimized using purified CAV-1 antigen and serum samples. This kit was used to evaluate dog sera. The VN and I-ELISA data were compared. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the I-ELISA were 97.0%, 74.2%, and 92.7% compared to the VN assay, respectively. The I-ELISA data significantly correlated with those of VN (r = 0.88). These results suggest that the I-ELISA is useful for serosurveillance of CAV-1 in dog sera. streptomycin (100 μ g/mL), and the antimycotic amphotericin B (0.25 μ g/mL) at 37 ° C under 5% (v/v) CO 2 , and used for viral antigen production and serological assay. The CAV1V strain of CAV-1, which is the CAV-1 vaccine used in Korea, was employed as a viral antigen. A total of 165 serum samples were collected from dogs residing in Chungbuk and Gyeongbuk provinces from 2016 to 2018, and the sera were used in each test. We do not know if the dogs had been inoculated with the CAV vaccine. checked for cytopathic effect (CPE) over 5 days post inoculation (DPI). The virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) titer of CAV-1 was the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution that completely inhibited the CPE. Each serum sample was diluted from 1:2 to 1:256. A VNA titer ≥ 1:2 was considered positive. serum panel samples at dilutions of 1:20 to 1:40,960, were used to determine the appropriate concentrations at 37 ° C for 1 h. Next, 100 µ L amounts of anti-dog IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate (KPL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) were added to all well of the microplate, which was incubated for 1 h at the above temperature. After washing, 50 µ L amounts of 2 ’ 2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline) substrate (ABTS) solution were added to the plate, which was then incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Finally, stop solution (1.0% w/v sodium dodecyl sulfate) were added to stop the reaction. The absorbance of the I-ELISA was measured at 405 nm in a spectrophotometer (Sunrise ELISA reader; Tecan, Switzerland). Under the optimized I-ELISA conditions, 100 µ L serum diluted 100-fold in dilution buffer (1% [w/v] skim milk in PBS) was added to a 96-well microplate coated with CAV1V antigen. After incubation at 37 ° C for 1 h, the plate was washed with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST) and incubated with 100 µ L anti-dog IgG HRP conjugate diluted 4,000-fold in dilution buffer","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43428038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.009
I. Kang, Heejin Ham
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) continues to be a significant economic problem to the swine industry. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH) are considered to be the most important pathogens that cause PRDC. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of antibodies against PRRSV and MH in the serum of sows and piglets from 89 domestic commercial pig farms by ELISA, and the presence of viral nucleic acids of PRRSV, including North American and European PRRS, and PCV2 was also investigated in the serum of sows and piglets from 89 domestic commercial pig farms by real-time PCR. In case of PRRSV, 78.7% (70/89) of sows were positive for PRRSV antibody, and 96.6% (86/89) of piglets were positive for PRRSV antibody. For MH, 76.4% (68/89) of sows showed positive for MH antibody. In the PRRSV viral nucleic acid detection experiment, 36.0% (32/89) of sows were positive for PRRSV nucleic acids, and virus nucleic acid was detected in 83.1% (74/89) of piglets. In case of virus type, both North American and European types were detected. In case of PCV2, 15.7% (14/89) of sows were positive for PCV2 nucleic acids. Conclusively, PCV2, PRRSV, and MH were widely distributed in pig farms in Korea. These prevalence data related with PRDC provides clinical information for vaccination strategy and development for the control of PRDC.
{"title":"Age-specific Prevalence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Porcine Circovirus Type 2, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in Korea Pig Farms","authors":"I. Kang, Heejin Ham","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.009","url":null,"abstract":"Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) continues to be a significant economic problem to the swine industry. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH) are considered to be the most important pathogens that cause PRDC. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of antibodies against PRRSV and MH in the serum of sows and piglets from 89 domestic commercial pig farms by ELISA, and the presence of viral nucleic acids of PRRSV, including North American and European PRRS, and PCV2 was also investigated in the serum of sows and piglets from 89 domestic commercial pig farms by real-time PCR. In case of PRRSV, 78.7% (70/89) of sows were positive for PRRSV antibody, and 96.6% (86/89) of piglets were positive for PRRSV antibody. For MH, 76.4% (68/89) of sows showed positive for MH antibody. In the PRRSV viral nucleic acid detection experiment, 36.0% (32/89) of sows were positive for PRRSV nucleic acids, and virus nucleic acid was detected in 83.1% (74/89) of piglets. In case of virus type, both North American and European types were detected. In case of PCV2, 15.7% (14/89) of sows were positive for PCV2 nucleic acids. Conclusively, PCV2, PRRSV, and MH were widely distributed in pig farms in Korea. These prevalence data related with PRDC provides clinical information for vaccination strategy and development for the control of PRDC.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43330174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.001
Y. Jeong
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks that emerged in Wuhan city, Hubei province, have led to a formidable number of confirmed cases that resulted in >5,700 deaths globally, including 143 countries in all 6 continents. The World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern with a very high level of global risk assessment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent of COVID-19, has >79% nucleotide sequence homology to SARS-CoV; therefore, both belong to the genus betacoronavirus and subgenus sarbecovirus. The S1 domains of the two appeared to share the cellular receptor ACE2, but revealed a much higher S1-ACE2 binding affinity. As seen in many other human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 also shows respiratory infection, but the basic reproductive number (R0) in transmission and the clinical latency are quite dissimilar from those of SARS- or MERS-CoVs. Many scientists infer that the time point of cross-barrier transfer from bats to mediate animals or to humans should be a rather recent event based on the full-length genome analyses obtained from the very first patients. Copy-choice polymerization, which often leads to a significant genome recombination rate in most coronaviruses, predicts the continued emergence of novel coronaviruses.
{"title":"2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak and Molecular Genetic Characteristics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2","authors":"Y. Jeong","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.001","url":null,"abstract":"The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks that emerged in Wuhan city, Hubei province, have led to a formidable number of confirmed cases that resulted in >5,700 deaths globally, including 143 countries in all 6 continents. The World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern with a very high level of global risk assessment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent of COVID-19, has >79% nucleotide sequence homology to SARS-CoV; therefore, both belong to the genus betacoronavirus and subgenus sarbecovirus. The S1 domains of the two appeared to share the cellular receptor ACE2, but revealed a much higher S1-ACE2 binding affinity. As seen in many other human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 also shows respiratory infection, but the basic reproductive number (R0) in transmission and the clinical latency are quite dissimilar from those of SARS- or MERS-CoVs. Many scientists infer that the time point of cross-barrier transfer from bats to mediate animals or to humans should be a rather recent event based on the full-length genome analyses obtained from the very first patients. Copy-choice polymerization, which often leads to a significant genome recombination rate in most coronaviruses, predicts the continued emergence of novel coronaviruses.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45548265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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