Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.158
Seong Jae-Hyun, Ryou Sang-Mi
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer and major viruses related to carcinogenesis in various malignant diseases such as cervical cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, anal cancer, and head and neck cancer. Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent female cancer in the world and the fourth in Korea. Prophylactic HPV vaccines in widespread use include the used in South Korea to prevent cervical cancer are bivalent (2-valent HPV vaccine; Cervarix), quadrivalent (4-valent HPV vaccine; Gardasil), and nonavalent (9-valent HPV vaccine; Gardasil9). Since HPV vaccines the first approval in 2006, 115 countries have include HPV vaccines in their national immunization programs, that its preventive effect is as much as 70%, and that the incidence of high-risk types of HPV has gradually decreased. According to HPV cohort studies in Korea, about 26% of adult women have an HPV vaccination history and show a low incidence of HPV-16/18 genotypes compared to unvaccinated women. In the countries that National Immunization Programs for HPV vaccine were conducted earlier than in Korea, the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of HPV vaccines have been reported. Therefore, it is considered that basic research including an analysis of the effectiveness of HPV vaccines for policy decisions related to the expanding the HPV vaccine coverage and introducing of new vaccine in the future.
{"title":"Overview of the Efficacy of Human Papillomavirus Virus Vaccines","authors":"Seong Jae-Hyun, Ryou Sang-Mi","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.158","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer and major viruses related to carcinogenesis in various malignant diseases such as cervical cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, anal cancer, and head and neck cancer. Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent female cancer in the world and the fourth in Korea. Prophylactic HPV vaccines in widespread use include the used in South Korea to prevent cervical cancer are bivalent (2-valent HPV vaccine; Cervarix), quadrivalent (4-valent HPV vaccine; Gardasil), and nonavalent (9-valent HPV vaccine; Gardasil9). Since HPV vaccines the first approval in 2006, 115 countries have include HPV vaccines in their national immunization programs, that its preventive effect is as much as 70%, and that the incidence of high-risk types of HPV has gradually decreased. According to HPV cohort studies in Korea, about 26% of adult women have an HPV vaccination history and show a low incidence of HPV-16/18 genotypes compared to unvaccinated women. In the countries that National Immunization Programs for HPV vaccine were conducted earlier than in Korea, the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of HPV vaccines have been reported. Therefore, it is considered that basic research including an analysis of the effectiveness of HPV vaccines for policy decisions related to the expanding the HPV vaccine coverage and introducing of new vaccine in the future.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"46 1","pages":"158-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70701084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.025
So Yeon Yi, Kyungah Yoon, J. Kwon, K. E. Kim, Kyoungsook Park, Y. Shin
a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that produces an acute, usually non-fatal, febrile illness including Mayaro fever. Like other alphaviruses, the MAYV E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins are major viral surface antigens that play a key role in host recognition and infection. Here, we report expression and purification methods for recombinant MAYV E1 (rE1) and rE2 using a baculovirus system. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) revealed that rE1 and rE2 were antigenic and reacted with human anti–MAYV IgG and IgM. Cross-reactivity was also confirmed with human anti-Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) IgG and IgM. Furthermore, we developed an immunochromatographic strip test (IST) with rE2 to diagnose MAYV infection. Thus, purified rE2 may be valuable tool for rapidly diagnosing MAYV infection. and serological diagnosis using hemagglutination inhibition tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); however, these methods are unresponsive for a great number of infectious samples and live virus analysis may require biosafety laboratories. Furthermore, due to the antigenic similarity of MAYV and CHIKV, there is an acute need to develop more specific and precise methods for diagnosing MAYV infection (9). The MAYV genome is a 12kbp long single-stranded RNA containing two open reading frames (ORFs). It encodes four non-structural proteins (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4) and five structural proteins (C, E3, E2, 6K, and E1). The structural envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are imbedded in the envelope on the viral surface. E1 mediates the fusion of the virus with the host cell, while E2 is mainly involved in attaching viruses to host cells (10). As for alphaviruses, E1 and E2 are targets of the anti-MAYV antibody response; therefore, E1 and E2 would be useful targets for immunodiagnostic analysis. In this study, we explain the generation of soluble MAYV E1 and E2 using a baculovirus/insect expression system. Recombinant envelope proteins E1 (rE1) and rE2 were successfully expressed and purified in soluble forms, with rE2 better expressed and more stable than rE. ELISA revealed that rE1 and rE2 were antigenic and reactive for specifically detecting human anti–MAYV IgG or IgM. Cross-reactivity was also evaluated using human anti–CHIKV IgG or IgM. In particular, rE2 displayed a higher ELISA value than rE1. Furthermore, we developed an immunochromatographic strip test (IST) using rE2 to detect human anti-MAYV IgG or IgM, demonstrating the potential applicability of rE2 in a diagnosis system to detect MAYV infection. at 25°C, washed six times with PBST, and incubated with HRP–conjugated goat–anti mouse IgG antibodies at a 1:10,000 dilution for 1 h at 25°C. To visualize antibodies bound to the proteins, ECL luminal kits were used as enzyme substrates and the blots were visualized on a chemiluminescence imaging system (WSE–6200H LuminoGraph II, ATTO Corp, Tokyo, Japan). rE1 and rE2 reactivity against human anti–MAYV IgG and IgM was tested (11). A 96-well microtiter p
{"title":"Expression and Purification of Recombinant Mayaro Virus Envelope Glycoproteins E1 and E2 to Develop a Mayaro Virus Detection System","authors":"So Yeon Yi, Kyungah Yoon, J. Kwon, K. E. Kim, Kyoungsook Park, Y. Shin","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.025","url":null,"abstract":"a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that produces an acute, usually non-fatal, febrile illness including Mayaro fever. Like other alphaviruses, the MAYV E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins are major viral surface antigens that play a key role in host recognition and infection. Here, we report expression and purification methods for recombinant MAYV E1 (rE1) and rE2 using a baculovirus system. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) revealed that rE1 and rE2 were antigenic and reacted with human anti–MAYV IgG and IgM. Cross-reactivity was also confirmed with human anti-Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) IgG and IgM. Furthermore, we developed an immunochromatographic strip test (IST) with rE2 to diagnose MAYV infection. Thus, purified rE2 may be valuable tool for rapidly diagnosing MAYV infection. and serological diagnosis using hemagglutination inhibition tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); however, these methods are unresponsive for a great number of infectious samples and live virus analysis may require biosafety laboratories. Furthermore, due to the antigenic similarity of MAYV and CHIKV, there is an acute need to develop more specific and precise methods for diagnosing MAYV infection (9). The MAYV genome is a 12kbp long single-stranded RNA containing two open reading frames (ORFs). It encodes four non-structural proteins (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4) and five structural proteins (C, E3, E2, 6K, and E1). The structural envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are imbedded in the envelope on the viral surface. E1 mediates the fusion of the virus with the host cell, while E2 is mainly involved in attaching viruses to host cells (10). As for alphaviruses, E1 and E2 are targets of the anti-MAYV antibody response; therefore, E1 and E2 would be useful targets for immunodiagnostic analysis. In this study, we explain the generation of soluble MAYV E1 and E2 using a baculovirus/insect expression system. Recombinant envelope proteins E1 (rE1) and rE2 were successfully expressed and purified in soluble forms, with rE2 better expressed and more stable than rE. ELISA revealed that rE1 and rE2 were antigenic and reactive for specifically detecting human anti–MAYV IgG or IgM. Cross-reactivity was also evaluated using human anti–CHIKV IgG or IgM. In particular, rE2 displayed a higher ELISA value than rE1. Furthermore, we developed an immunochromatographic strip test (IST) using rE2 to detect human anti-MAYV IgG or IgM, demonstrating the potential applicability of rE2 in a diagnosis system to detect MAYV infection. at 25°C, washed six times with PBST, and incubated with HRP–conjugated goat–anti mouse IgG antibodies at a 1:10,000 dilution for 1 h at 25°C. To visualize antibodies bound to the proteins, ECL luminal kits were used as enzyme substrates and the blots were visualized on a chemiluminescence imaging system (WSE–6200H LuminoGraph II, ATTO Corp, Tokyo, Japan). rE1 and rE2 reactivity against human anti–MAYV IgG and IgM was tested (11). A 96-well microtiter p","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70700685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.055
Kwangsik Jang, Se Eun Kim, K. Shim, Hyeji Park, Suk Kim, W. Min, Yoo Jin Cheol, S. Kang
Kwangsik Jang, Se Eun Kim, Kyung Mi Shim, Hye Ji Park, Suk Kim, Wongi Min, Jin Cheol Yoo and Seong Soo Kang 1Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea 2Biomaterial R&BD Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea 3Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea 4Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
张光植，金世恩，沈景美，朴惠智，金淑，闵wongi, Yoo Jin Cheol, Kang Seong Soo 1全南大学兽医学院兽医外科学系，光州61186;2全南大学生物材料研发中心，光州61186;3庆尚大学兽医学院动物医学研究所，晋州52828;朝鲜大学，韩国光州61452
{"title":"Anticoccidial Effect of CS 32 Compounds Against Eimeria tenella Infection in Chickens","authors":"Kwangsik Jang, Se Eun Kim, K. Shim, Hyeji Park, Suk Kim, W. Min, Yoo Jin Cheol, S. Kang","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.055","url":null,"abstract":"Kwangsik Jang, Se Eun Kim, Kyung Mi Shim, Hye Ji Park, Suk Kim, Wongi Min, Jin Cheol Yoo and Seong Soo Kang 1Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea 2Biomaterial R&BD Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea 3Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea 4Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2020.50.1.055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70700730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.150
Yoo Myeong-Su, Yoon Cheol-Hee, Choi Byeong-Sun
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major public health issue worldwide. As of 2018, 37.9 million people worldwide live with HIV, 1.7 million of which are new HIV infections, and 770,000 are surmised to have died from Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related illnesses. However, the exact number of HIV infections cannot be confirmed; The Joint Unite Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization (WHO) have computed and disclosed the number of HIV infections, new HIV infections, and AIDS mortality in participating countries for several years to tract and estimate the current HIV prevalence, and the organizations are striving to enhance the accuracy of estimation of current HIV infections by ameliorating various techniques. In South Korea, the government only discloses the number of new HIV infections as an official statistic, and there is no agreed method of estimating current HIV infections. Thus, in this article, we introduce various methods for estimating HIV infections and methods to reflect the number of undiagnosed HIV infections in Korea to the estimate.
{"title":"Current Status of the Estimation on the Number of People Who Living with HIV and the Rate of Undiagnosed Cases","authors":"Yoo Myeong-Su, Yoon Cheol-Hee, Choi Byeong-Sun","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.150","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major public health issue worldwide. As of 2018, 37.9 million people worldwide live with HIV, 1.7 million of which are new HIV infections, and 770,000 are surmised to have died from Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related illnesses. However, the exact number of HIV infections cannot be confirmed; The Joint Unite Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization (WHO) have computed and disclosed the number of HIV infections, new HIV infections, and AIDS mortality in participating countries for several years to tract and estimate the current HIV prevalence, and the organizations are striving to enhance the accuracy of estimation of current HIV infections by ameliorating various techniques. In South Korea, the government only discloses the number of new HIV infections as an official statistic, and there is no agreed method of estimating current HIV infections. Thus, in this article, we introduce various methods for estimating HIV infections and methods to reflect the number of undiagnosed HIV infections in Korea to the estimate.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"150-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70700773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.187
Kim Jeong-ah, Shin Young-Hyun, Yoon Cheol-Hee
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) encodes an accessory protein Nef. Initially, Nef had been known as a viral negative factor due to its no-effect on viral replication in the cancerous cell line system, however the pivotal role of Nef in disease progression has been discovered in primary culture and in vivo studies. The Nef protein is 27-35kDa, which is N-myristolated to attach on the intracellular membrane. Since it is already known that the nef-deleted virus is associated with long-term non-progression (LTNP), the roles of Nef linked to viral virulence were emphasized to develop an agent capable of inhibiting the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nef plays multifaceted roles in host cell activities, which are recognized as the key functions of Nef-induced AIDS progression. Nef down-regulates the surface expression of several immune proteins including CD4, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I/II), CD3. CD62L CXCR4, etc. Also, Nef disturbs the actin dynamics linked to vesicle trafficking and cell movement, and modulates the T-cell activation signaling associated with viral transcription. Here, we overview the molecular mechanisms of Nef with regard to AIDS pathogenesis and discuss various therapeutic approaches targeting Nef with a view to developing a new class of anti-AIDS agent capable of preventing the disease progression linked to Nef-induced CD4 down-regulation and HIV-1 replication.
{"title":"The HIV-1 Virulence Factor Nef as a New Therapeutic Target Against HIV/AIDS","authors":"Kim Jeong-ah, Shin Young-Hyun, Yoon Cheol-Hee","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.187","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) encodes an accessory protein Nef. Initially, Nef had been known as a viral negative factor due to its no-effect on viral replication in the cancerous cell line system, however the pivotal role of Nef in disease progression has been discovered in primary culture and in vivo studies. The Nef protein is 27-35kDa, which is N-myristolated to attach on the intracellular membrane. Since it is already known that the nef-deleted virus is associated with long-term non-progression (LTNP), the roles of Nef linked to viral virulence were emphasized to develop an agent capable of inhibiting the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nef plays multifaceted roles in host cell activities, which are recognized as the key functions of Nef-induced AIDS progression. Nef down-regulates the surface expression of several immune proteins including CD4, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I/II), CD3. CD62L CXCR4, etc. Also, Nef disturbs the actin dynamics linked to vesicle trafficking and cell movement, and modulates the T-cell activation signaling associated with viral transcription. Here, we overview the molecular mechanisms of Nef with regard to AIDS pathogenesis and discuss various therapeutic approaches targeting Nef with a view to developing a new class of anti-AIDS agent capable of preventing the disease progression linked to Nef-induced CD4 down-regulation and HIV-1 replication.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"199 1","pages":"187-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70701161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.195
Shin Kyeong-Ryeol, Kwak Kyung-Hee, Chunguang Cui, Bae Joon-Yong, Hong Woo-Sung, Park Man-Seong
As of September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 30 million people worldwide, and the death toll has now risen to 950,000 Given that Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) had consistently been showing the virucidal efficacy against various types of viruses, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and Ebola, we conducted this study to figure out the virucidal effect against SARS-CoV-2 by using a viral plaque assay We performed Kill-Time assays to assess the viral inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 contaminants after the application of the PVP-I product (Betadine® Throat Spray, PVP-I 0 45%) This test consisted of clean and dirty conditions and was designed to check the viral titers at a contact time of 60 seconds, which were evaluated by plaque-reduction rates in Vero cells This PVP-I product fully achieved ≥4 log10 reductions in viral titers under both clean and dirty conditions This level of reduction, ≥4 log10 (99 99%), in viral titers presented to be effective in terms of virucidal efficacy, according to the European standards, EN14476 This study revealed the virucidal efficacy of Betadine® Throat Spray against SARS-CoV-2 virus Given that the convenience and availability of this product, we think that it may contribute to inhibit viral infection and transmissibility as an active type of personal protective equipment (PPE) by managing the hygiene of patients and medical professionals
{"title":"In Vitro Virucidal Effect of Povidone-Iodine Against SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Shin Kyeong-Ryeol, Kwak Kyung-Hee, Chunguang Cui, Bae Joon-Yong, Hong Woo-Sung, Park Man-Seong","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.195","url":null,"abstract":"As of September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 30 million people worldwide, and the death toll has now risen to 950,000 Given that Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) had consistently been showing the virucidal efficacy against various types of viruses, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and Ebola, we conducted this study to figure out the virucidal effect against SARS-CoV-2 by using a viral plaque assay We performed Kill-Time assays to assess the viral inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 contaminants after the application of the PVP-I product (Betadine® Throat Spray, PVP-I 0 45%) This test consisted of clean and dirty conditions and was designed to check the viral titers at a contact time of 60 seconds, which were evaluated by plaque-reduction rates in Vero cells This PVP-I product fully achieved ≥4 log10 reductions in viral titers under both clean and dirty conditions This level of reduction, ≥4 log10 (99 99%), in viral titers presented to be effective in terms of virucidal efficacy, according to the European standards, EN14476 This study revealed the virucidal efficacy of Betadine® Throat Spray against SARS-CoV-2 virus Given that the convenience and availability of this product, we think that it may contribute to inhibit viral infection and transmissibility as an active type of personal protective equipment (PPE) by managing the hygiene of patients and medical professionals","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"195-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70701237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.168
Kim Je-Hyoung, Jeong Young-Il
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the main causative viral agents in epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Despite their impact on the global economic and health burden, developing effective control measures to prevent and treat norovirus gastroenteritis remains a difficult problem to solve. One of the major reasons for this problem is the lack of affordable small animal models and a robust and reproducible in vitro cell culture system for the propagation of this poorly characterized RNA virus. Recently, the development of a 3-dimensional culture system using pluripotent stem cells to mimic the native small intestine has led to the discovery of new strategies for the cultivation of this virus. In this review, we describe a human stem cell-derived intestinal organoid model that led to the development of the currently available HuNoV in vitro culture systems that support replication of the virus, and provide helpful insights into HuNoV biology and vaccine and therapeutic development.
{"title":"Organoids as a New In Vitro Model of Human Norovirus Infection","authors":"Kim Je-Hyoung, Jeong Young-Il","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.168","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the main causative viral agents in epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Despite their impact on the global economic and health burden, developing effective control measures to prevent and treat norovirus gastroenteritis remains a difficult problem to solve. One of the major reasons for this problem is the lack of affordable small animal models and a robust and reproducible in vitro cell culture system for the propagation of this poorly characterized RNA virus. Recently, the development of a 3-dimensional culture system using pluripotent stem cells to mimic the native small intestine has led to the discovery of new strategies for the cultivation of this virus. In this review, we describe a human stem cell-derived intestinal organoid model that led to the development of the currently available HuNoV in vitro culture systems that support replication of the virus, and provide helpful insights into HuNoV biology and vaccine and therapeutic development.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"168-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70701147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.141
Lee Hye-Won, Park Yong-Kwang, Choi Yong-Wook
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Since the first FDA approval of Lamivudine in 1998, many nucleo(t)side analogs such as Lamivudine, Adefovir, and Entecavir have been used. However, they only inhibit DNA synthesis, and if their administration is stopped a viral breakthrough can develop, making long-term administration necessary, ultimately followed by the development of resistance. Tenofovir has been developed and drug-resistant mutations have decreased significantly, but the problem of resistance due to long-term drug use still remains, along with the drug safety problem. In this review, we introduce the recent trend in the development of hepatitis B treatment agents and the Korea National Research Institute of Health (KNIH) research for the development of a novel treatment for hepatitis B (drug repositioning) without resistance and which targets the various life cycles of HBV.
{"title":"Overview of anti-Hepatitis B virus agents","authors":"Lee Hye-Won, Park Yong-Kwang, Choi Yong-Wook","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2020.50.3.141","url":null,"abstract":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Since the first FDA approval of Lamivudine in 1998, many nucleo(t)side analogs such as Lamivudine, Adefovir, and Entecavir have been used. However, they only inhibit DNA synthesis, and if their administration is stopped a viral breakthrough can develop, making long-term administration necessary, ultimately followed by the development of resistance. Tenofovir has been developed and drug-resistant mutations have decreased significantly, but the problem of resistance due to long-term drug use still remains, along with the drug safety problem. In this review, we introduce the recent trend in the development of hepatitis B treatment agents and the Korea National Research Institute of Health (KNIH) research for the development of a novel treatment for hepatitis B (drug repositioning) without resistance and which targets the various life cycles of HBV.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"50 1","pages":"141-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70700765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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