Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-010-0001-7
Andreu Bauca i Sastre
The diathesizer (DIAT) is a morpheme whose main function is the insertion of the verbal category of the diathesis. It represents a valid, and up to now almost unexplored, criterion for the typological classification of languages. The present article is a particular instance of application to the Romance case: On the basis of the language "convergence" among the different varieties, it proposes an alternative typology; apart from improving our knowledge about the concept of diathesis, it sets the path for more general conclusions regarding the nature of languages, their evolution and change.
{"title":"Diathesis and Linguistic Typology: The Case of the Romance \"Diathesizers\"","authors":"Andreu Bauca i Sastre","doi":"10.2478/V10017-010-0001-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-010-0001-7","url":null,"abstract":"The diathesizer (DIAT) is a morpheme whose main function is the insertion of the verbal category of the diathesis. It represents a valid, and up to now almost unexplored, criterion for the typological classification of languages. The present article is a particular instance of application to the Romance case: On the basis of the language \"convergence\" among the different varieties, it proposes an alternative typology; apart from improving our knowledge about the concept of diathesis, it sets the path for more general conclusions regarding the nature of languages, their evolution and change.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/V10017-010-0001-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68929422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0020-1
Pavel Štichauer
The article analyzes, in a diachronic perspective, the complementarity of two rival Italian suffixes -tore/-ante. It is shown how the selection of one or the other suffix is dependent on the semantic instruction of these suffixes. The different semantics is exemplified with two main couples parlatore/parlante and occupatore/occupante. It is assumed that the stronger agentive meaning tied up with -tore can also be seen in some texts of Old Italian. As an example, one couple – abitatore/abitante – nonexistent in present-day Italian, is presented and it is shown how these two formations display different meanings in Villani's Cronica. In fact, abitatore, in Villani's language, is always modified by the adjective primo 'first' which points to a stronger, active meaning corresponding roughly to settler more than to a passive inhabitant.
{"title":"Some Remarks on the Complementarity of the Suffixes -Tore/-Ante in old Italian","authors":"Pavel Štichauer","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0020-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0020-1","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes, in a diachronic perspective, the complementarity of two rival Italian suffixes -tore/-ante. It is shown how the selection of one or the other suffix is dependent on the semantic instruction of these suffixes. The different semantics is exemplified with two main couples parlatore/parlante and occupatore/occupante. It is assumed that the stronger agentive meaning tied up with -tore can also be seen in some texts of Old Italian. As an example, one couple – abitatore/abitante – nonexistent in present-day Italian, is presented and it is shown how these two formations display different meanings in Villani's Cronica. In fact, abitatore, in Villani's language, is always modified by the adjective primo 'first' which points to a stronger, active meaning corresponding roughly to settler more than to a passive inhabitant.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"19 1","pages":"75-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/V10017-007-0020-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68929257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0021-0
L. Dušková
The paper deals with the use of putative should which alternates with the indicative in nominal that-clauses functioning as the subject. These clauses mostly occur in extraposition irrespective of their new or given content. The paper raises the question whether this use of should can be considered a device of indicating the function of the that-clause in the information structure of the whole sentence.
{"title":"A Note on a Potential Textual Feature of Putative Should","authors":"L. Dušková","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0021-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0021-0","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the use of putative should which alternates with the indicative in nominal that-clauses functioning as the subject. These clauses mostly occur in extraposition irrespective of their new or given content. The paper raises the question whether this use of should can be considered a device of indicating the function of the that-clause in the information structure of the whole sentence.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"19 1","pages":"82-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/V10017-007-0021-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68929409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0017-9
P. Sgall
Rigor in syntax is widely taken to require constituency-based formalisms. However, classical European structural linguistics provides other ways of meeting the methodological requirements. The advantages of these ways are becoming increasingly evident. In section 1 of this paper, we discuss how this would allow the distinction between the core of language, patterned in a relatively simple way, and its complex periphery to be expressed in terms of the notion of markedness. As Chomsky (2004) claims, the properties of the language core are to be explained as "attributable to general principles" (see section 2). It is the main objective of the present paper to discuss how the core of language, exhibiting unrestrictedly complex sentences, perhaps could be understood as based on common human mental capacities. In section 3, we consider the possibility that the earliest, and therefore the most basic form of combination is based on information structure, that is, on the distinction between topic and focus. Under this hypothesis, syntactic dependency, or valency,might be taken to be a later development, and we discuss this in section 4.1. In section 4.2, we focus these speculations more narrowly by examining two typologically different languages, English and Czech within the framework of Functional Generative Description (FGD) developed in Prague. In section 5, we show how an empirical foundation might be provided for this view of language by examining underlying syntactic annotations in the Czech Dependency Tree Bank. We show that, while the core of language then can be found to be patterned in a relatively very simple way, coming close to the elementary logic that is presumably a shared human capacity, the complex periphery of the language system is extremely large and complicated (section 6).
{"title":"Where to look for the Fundamentals of Language","authors":"P. Sgall","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0017-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0017-9","url":null,"abstract":"Rigor in syntax is widely taken to require constituency-based formalisms. However, classical European structural linguistics provides other ways of meeting the methodological requirements. The advantages of these ways are becoming increasingly evident. In section 1 of this paper, we discuss how this would allow the distinction between the core of language, patterned in a relatively simple way, and its complex periphery to be expressed in terms of the notion of markedness. As Chomsky (2004) claims, the properties of the language core are to be explained as \"attributable to general principles\" (see section 2). It is the main objective of the present paper to discuss how the core of language, exhibiting unrestrictedly complex sentences, perhaps could be understood as based on common human mental capacities. In section 3, we consider the possibility that the earliest, and therefore the most basic form of combination is based on information structure, that is, on the distinction between topic and focus. Under this hypothesis, syntactic dependency, or valency,might be taken to be a later development, and we discuss this in section 4.1. In section 4.2, we focus these speculations more narrowly by examining two typologically different languages, English and Czech within the framework of Functional Generative Description (FGD) developed in Prague. In section 5, we show how an empirical foundation might be provided for this view of language by examining underlying syntactic annotations in the Czech Dependency Tree Bank. We show that, while the core of language then can be found to be patterned in a relatively very simple way, coming close to the elementary logic that is presumably a shared human capacity, the complex periphery of the language system is extremely large and complicated (section 6).","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/V10017-007-0017-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0018-8
Guillermo Fernández Rodríguez-Escalona
In Spanish, the temporal determination of utterances is expressed by means of adverbs, time clauses or noun phrases containing three types of nouns. One of them is endowed with inner temporality: nouns expressing a period of time. Their way of representing time imparts some specific characteristics to them. On the one hand, they can determine utterances without using any preposition, on the other, their determination, whether quantified or not, of the phrases of which they are the nucleus, determines its durative or non–durative character in an immediate way. Nonetheless, these basic nuances are modified when they are part of more complex structures. What is more, telicity can only be expressed by means of these quantified nouns, which must be preceded by the preposition en. The temporal characteristics of nouns, particularly of those expressing periods of time, lead to reconsidering the role of time within categorial meanings.
{"title":"Los sintagmas nominales como determinadores temporales del enunciado en Español","authors":"Guillermo Fernández Rodríguez-Escalona","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0018-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0018-8","url":null,"abstract":"In Spanish, the temporal determination of utterances is expressed by means of adverbs, time clauses or noun phrases containing three types of nouns. One of them is endowed with inner temporality: nouns expressing a period of time. Their way of representing time imparts some specific characteristics to them. On the one hand, they can determine utterances without using any preposition, on the other, their determination, whether quantified or not, of the phrases of which they are the nucleus, determines its durative or non–durative character in an immediate way. Nonetheless, these basic nuances are modified when they are part of more complex structures. What is more, telicity can only be expressed by means of these quantified nouns, which must be preceded by the preposition en. The temporal characteristics of nouns, particularly of those expressing periods of time, lead to reconsidering the role of time within categorial meanings.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"76 1","pages":"36-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/V10017-007-0018-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0019-7
Nicola Cardia
In the introductory part of our contribution we focused our attention on word order in Italian and we tried to approximate the most specific morphosyntactic attributes of Italian in comparison to other Romance and inflected languages. The unusual flexibility of several syntagmas (for example adjectives), as well as the continuous tendency towards distortion of the basic word order in Italian is manifested by a wide range of marked constructions. These, however, are phenomena that can be recorded even in the earlier literary Works (in particular, the so-called left dislocation and other marked constructions), such as the so-called cleft sentence. We examined these phenomena both from the diachronic and the synchronic perspective in comparison to Slovak and Slavonic languages. In the end, we stress the importance of some breakthrough considerations of the Czech linguist Mathesius, who developed a theory of word order as the most significant factor of the so-called "functional sentence perspective" of inflected languages.
{"title":"Costrutti con ordine marcato nell'Italiano contemporaneo","authors":"Nicola Cardia","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0019-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0019-7","url":null,"abstract":"In the introductory part of our contribution we focused our attention on word order in Italian and we tried to approximate the most specific morphosyntactic attributes of Italian in comparison to other Romance and inflected languages. The unusual flexibility of several syntagmas (for example adjectives), as well as the continuous tendency towards distortion of the basic word order in Italian is manifested by a wide range of marked constructions. These, however, are phenomena that can be recorded even in the earlier literary Works (in particular, the so-called left dislocation and other marked constructions), such as the so-called cleft sentence. We examined these phenomena both from the diachronic and the synchronic perspective in comparison to Slovak and Slavonic languages. In the end, we stress the importance of some breakthrough considerations of the Czech linguist Mathesius, who developed a theory of word order as the most significant factor of the so-called \"functional sentence perspective\" of inflected languages.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"19 1","pages":"57-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0015-Y
František Štícha
According to some grammars of German the agent can be lexically added to the passive predicate both with the preposition von and durch without a distinct difference in meaning. These grammars do not forbid the use of such passive sentences as Eva wird durch Hans geliebt or Bucher werden vor allem durch Frauen gelesen. The use of the preposition durch in such cases seems very unusual and may be considered ungrammatical. In such cases the search in a big corpus can be very useful. This article presents statistical support for arguing that the use of the preposition durch in passive sentences with a personal agent (human, animal or institution) is ungrammatical in many cases. It can only be used if the agent is subjectively presented – in sentences like Im 5. bis 6. Jahrhundert wurden die Alemannen durch die Franken verdrangt. – as a sort of means.
根据一些德语语法，谓语主体可以在词法上与介词von和durch一起加到被动谓语中，在意义上没有明显的区别。这些语法并没有禁止使用被动句，如Eva wird durch Hans geliebt或Bucher werden vor allem durch Frauen gelesen。在这种情况下使用介词durch似乎很不寻常，可能被认为是不合语法的。在这种情况下，在一个大的语料库中搜索是非常有用的。这篇文章提供了统计数据来支持这样的论点，即在带有人称代理(人、动物或机构)的被动句中使用介词durch在许多情况下是不符合语法的。它只能在主体被主观呈现的情况下使用——在像im5这样的句子中。bis 6。我想知道我是怎么死的，我是怎么死的。——作为一种手段。
{"title":"DIE AGENSPHRASE MIT 'VON' UND 'DURCH' BEIM PERSÖNLICHEN AGENS IN PASSIVSÄTZEN","authors":"František Štícha","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0015-Y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0015-Y","url":null,"abstract":"According to some grammars of German the agent can be lexically added to the passive predicate both with the preposition von and durch without a distinct difference in meaning. These grammars do not forbid the use of such passive sentences as Eva wird durch Hans geliebt or Bucher werden vor allem durch Frauen gelesen. The use of the preposition durch in such cases seems very unusual and may be considered ungrammatical. In such cases the search in a big corpus can be very useful. This article presents statistical support for arguing that the use of the preposition durch in passive sentences with a personal agent (human, animal or institution) is ungrammatical in many cases. It can only be used if the agent is subjectively presented – in sentences like Im 5. bis 6. Jahrhundert wurden die Alemannen durch die Franken verdrangt. – as a sort of means.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"18 1","pages":"57-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0011-2
Petr Čermák
The article discusses hitherto unidentified contributions of Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) to Ottův slovnik naucný nove doby ('Otto Encyclopaedia of the New Age'), a prestigious encyclopaedia published in Prague between 1930–1943. To complement the five entries by the great linguist for the Encyclopaedia that are listed in the existing bibliographies of his work (Phoneme, Phonology, Linguistics, Metrics, and Mathesius, Vilem), the article identifies the following entries as also written by Jakobson: Morpheme, Prague Linguistic Circle and Havranek, Bohuslav. Whereas the authorship of the latter can only be considered highly probable, the remaining two are identified as indisputable products of Roman Jakobson. The article contains an English translation of, and a brief commentary on, all the hitherto unidentified entries.
这篇文章讨论了罗曼·雅各布森(1896-1982)对Ottův slovnik naucný nove doby(“新时代奥托百科全书”)的贡献，这是一部1930-1943年在布拉格出版的著名百科全书。为了补充这位伟大的语言学家在百科全书中列出的五个条目(音素，音位学，语言学，计量学和马西修斯，维勒姆)，文章确定了以下条目也是雅各布森写的:Morpheme，布拉格语言学圈和Havranek, Bohuslav。而后者的作者只能被认为是极有可能的，其余两个被确定为无可争议的产品罗曼·雅各布森。这篇文章包含了迄今为止尚未确认的所有条目的英文翻译和简短评论。
{"title":"Roman Jakobson's Unknown Contributions to Ottův Slovník Naučný Nové Doby (Otto Encyclopaedia of the New Age)","authors":"Petr Čermák","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0011-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0011-2","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses hitherto unidentified contributions of Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) to Ottův slovnik naucný nove doby ('Otto Encyclopaedia of the New Age'), a prestigious encyclopaedia published in Prague between 1930–1943. To complement the five entries by the great linguist for the Encyclopaedia that are listed in the existing bibliographies of his work (Phoneme, Phonology, Linguistics, Metrics, and Mathesius, Vilem), the article identifies the following entries as also written by Jakobson: Morpheme, Prague Linguistic Circle and Havranek, Bohuslav. Whereas the authorship of the latter can only be considered highly probable, the remaining two are identified as indisputable products of Roman Jakobson. The article contains an English translation of, and a brief commentary on, all the hitherto unidentified entries.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0016-X
H. Jílková
Many advertising slogans are built on the textualisation of the message and deal with positive connotations. The knowledge of the original text and the surprising alteration of the text, in other words, the change of the expected, usually bring about a positive irritation and intensify our attention during reception (the so-called element of estrangement). The intertextualisation manifests itself in various forms, mostly as an allusion to the content or the structure of the original text (a literary work, the title of a film, a proverb, a phraseologism, a quotation, etc). The use of these intertextual hints is effective in accordance with the active participation of the recipients and it is certainly dependent on their intellectual capacity.
{"title":"Prätext als eines der Verkaufsfördern den sprachlichen Mittel","authors":"H. Jílková","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0016-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0016-X","url":null,"abstract":"Many advertising slogans are built on the textualisation of the message and deal with positive connotations. The knowledge of the original text and the surprising alteration of the text, in other words, the change of the expected, usually bring about a positive irritation and intensify our attention during reception (the so-called element of estrangement). The intertextualisation manifests itself in various forms, mostly as an allusion to the content or the structure of the original text (a literary work, the title of a film, a proverb, a phraseologism, a quotation, etc). The use of these intertextual hints is effective in accordance with the active participation of the recipients and it is certainly dependent on their intellectual capacity.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"18 1","pages":"67-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0012-1
Jana Maroszová
This paper deals with the social forces working on the language standard. The model presented in the following text is mainly based on U. Ammon's sociolinguistic researches and on J. Habermas' recent comments on the theory of communication. Further, it is embedded in the more general context of having authority and social power. The first part of the model is represented by the imagination of the language norm that the language speakers and writers (text producers) share and by the language codex as a written, officially recognized product of codification. The social roles played by the language speakers constitute the second part. The model distinguishes between the role of the language users ("practitioners") and the established role of the critics. The latter can split into several part roles (codifiers, norm authorities and language experts). Finally, the third part of the model consists of texts as products of communication.
{"title":"On A Model of Social Forces Acting on the Language Standard","authors":"Jana Maroszová","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0012-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0012-1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the social forces working on the language standard. The model presented in the following text is mainly based on U. Ammon's sociolinguistic researches and on J. Habermas' recent comments on the theory of communication. Further, it is embedded in the more general context of having authority and social power. The first part of the model is represented by the imagination of the language norm that the language speakers and writers (text producers) share and by the language codex as a written, officially recognized product of codification. The social roles played by the language speakers constitute the second part. The model distinguishes between the role of the language users (\"practitioners\") and the established role of the critics. The latter can split into several part roles (codifiers, norm authorities and language experts). Finally, the third part of the model consists of texts as products of communication.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"18 1","pages":"10-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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