Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0013-0
Hana Loucká
In a description, the different parts of a "tout" object are introduced in a text via identification that denotes them as presupposed already known elements standing in a thematic position. The theme is derived from an associative anaphor and transposed by means of a definite nominal unit. The qualities and characteristics attributed to the parts of a "tout" object stand in a rhematic position constituted by the subject complement of the thematic subject. In opening constructions, the individual parts of an "ensemble" object introduced in a text as new elements (therefore standing in a rhematic position) by eans of identification are transposed by an indefinite nominal unit. The individual parts of an "ensemble" object introduced in a text as new rhematic elements can be considered a "linear discovery". They are the result of a successive linear theme mechanism. The phrasal forms attaining the "linear discovery" correspond to the syntactic thematisation of dislocated adverbials or to the scheme S-V-Od/adverbial. None of these procedures represent a unique type constrained to the description of a "tout/ensemble" object.
{"title":"L'ENCHAÎNEMENT THÉMATIQUE ET LES FORMES DE LA PHRASE DANS LA DESCRIPTION LITTÉRAIRE","authors":"Hana Loucká","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0013-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0013-0","url":null,"abstract":"In a description, the different parts of a \"tout\" object are introduced in a text via identification that denotes them as presupposed already known elements standing in a thematic position. The theme is derived from an associative anaphor and transposed by means of a definite nominal unit. The qualities and characteristics attributed to the parts of a \"tout\" object stand in a rhematic position constituted by the subject complement of the thematic subject. In opening constructions, the individual parts of an \"ensemble\" object introduced in a text as new elements (therefore standing in a rhematic position) by eans of identification are transposed by an indefinite nominal unit. The individual parts of an \"ensemble\" object introduced in a text as new rhematic elements can be considered a \"linear discovery\". They are the result of a successive linear theme mechanism. The phrasal forms attaining the \"linear discovery\" correspond to the syntactic thematisation of dislocated adverbials or to the scheme S-V-Od/adverbial. None of these procedures represent a unique type constrained to the description of a \"tout/ensemble\" object.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"18 1","pages":"26-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0014-Z
R. Pípalová
This paper follows in principle the paragraph typology pioneered by Mathesius (1942/1982) and Danes (1995). In this study the original paragraph types are established on a wider range of tentative criteria which include at least the relationship between the Paragraph Theme and the (FSP) themes, (i.e., the degree of in/stability of choices from the Thematic area, affecting the range of the thematic Discourse Subjects and their variability across the paragraph); the types, arrangement and hierarchy of thematic progressions; the type of thematic paradigm (the cohesive ties and means involved in thematic units); the role assigned to thematic progressions and cohesive links (their incidence); and the placement and characteristics of the Paragraph Theme exponents. Furthermore, the paper posits a decisive opposition between the two paragraph supratypes – viz. narrow and broad Paragraph Theme ones. These two major types of paragraphs represent two opposite ends of a relatively continuous cline and epitomize two radically different configurations of features following from the above criteria. The choice between the two constructional patterns, however, is determined primarily by the author's intent, including the manner of his/her presentation of the particular content. What is more, given the recursive tendencies in the build-up of texts, the concepts of narrow vs. broad Theme may be extended to apply virtually to any level of macrotextual build-up.
{"title":"On Narrow and Broad P-Theme Paragraphs","authors":"R. Pípalová","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0014-Z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0014-Z","url":null,"abstract":"This paper follows in principle the paragraph typology pioneered by Mathesius (1942/1982) and Danes (1995). In this study the original paragraph types are established on a wider range of tentative criteria which include at least the relationship between the Paragraph Theme and the (FSP) themes, (i.e., the degree of in/stability of choices from the Thematic area, affecting the range of the thematic Discourse Subjects and their variability across the paragraph); the types, arrangement and hierarchy of thematic progressions; the type of thematic paradigm (the cohesive ties and means involved in thematic units); the role assigned to thematic progressions and cohesive links (their incidence); and the placement and characteristics of the Paragraph Theme exponents. Furthermore, the paper posits a decisive opposition between the two paragraph supratypes – viz. narrow and broad Paragraph Theme ones. These two major types of paragraphs represent two opposite ends of a relatively continuous cline and epitomize two radically different configurations of features following from the above criteria. The choice between the two constructional patterns, however, is determined primarily by the author's intent, including the manner of his/her presentation of the particular content. What is more, given the recursive tendencies in the build-up of texts, the concepts of narrow vs. broad Theme may be extended to apply virtually to any level of macrotextual build-up.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"18 1","pages":"37-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0010-3
Miroslav Bázlik
The paper deals with the frequent occurrence of coordinated structures in legal English, of a more-or-less synonymic nature. Although these constructions may be felt as redundant, they function as stylistic markers and contribute to making the meaning more precise. The examined structures are classified according to their grammatical make-up and their functions. They are tested for the possibilities of reversal, modification, or grammatical change, which are practically non-existent. As this phenomenon is a specific feature of English legal language, it is not necessary for a translator, e.g. into Slovak, to translate each of the coordinated items.
{"title":"Art for Art's Sake? or Peculiarities of Coordination in Legal English","authors":"Miroslav Bázlik","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0010-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0010-3","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the frequent occurrence of coordinated structures in legal English, of a more-or-less synonymic nature. Although these constructions may be felt as redundant, they function as stylistic markers and contribute to making the meaning more precise. The examined structures are classified according to their grammatical make-up and their functions. They are tested for the possibilities of reversal, modification, or grammatical change, which are practically non-existent. As this phenomenon is a specific feature of English legal language, it is not necessary for a translator, e.g. into Slovak, to translate each of the coordinated items.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"17 1","pages":"91-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/V10017-007-0010-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0002-3
Jarmila Petrlíková
Since the gerund behaves as a finite verb form with respect to complementation and modification, it qualifies to form secondary predications. In this role, it is regarded as one of the means of complex sentence condensation. In a number of such cases, there is a theoretical possibility of replacing the gerund construction by a finite dependent clause. Detailed consideration of 175 potential clausal alternatives has shown that there recur certain problems that appear as blocking or obstructive factors having an impact not only on the actual process of replacement, but also on the resulting finite clause functioning as an alternative of the gerund. The limiting factors can be classified into several categories according to the linguistic feature which they involve, their frequency of occurrence and the extent to which they affect the actual replacement. On the other hand, they suggest certain qualities of the gerund which make it different from its potential alternatives and which can be fully exploited mainly in the construction of more complex sentences. Apart from the apparent reduction of the number of finite clauses, the gerund makes it possible to introduce into a sentence a range of various shades of meaning, semantic indications and nuances, and to make thus the language more flexible and capable of expressing complexity of thought.
{"title":"THE GERUND IN THE FUNCTION OF SENTENCE CONDENSER","authors":"Jarmila Petrlíková","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0002-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0002-3","url":null,"abstract":"Since the gerund behaves as a finite verb form with respect to complementation and modification, it qualifies to form secondary predications. In this role, it is regarded as one of the means of complex sentence condensation. In a number of such cases, there is a theoretical possibility of replacing the gerund construction by a finite dependent clause. Detailed consideration of 175 potential clausal alternatives has shown that there recur certain problems that appear as blocking or obstructive factors having an impact not only on the actual process of replacement, but also on the resulting finite clause functioning as an alternative of the gerund. The limiting factors can be classified into several categories according to the linguistic feature which they involve, their frequency of occurrence and the extent to which they affect the actual replacement. On the other hand, they suggest certain qualities of the gerund which make it different from its potential alternatives and which can be fully exploited mainly in the construction of more complex sentences. Apart from the apparent reduction of the number of finite clauses, the gerund makes it possible to introduce into a sentence a range of various shades of meaning, semantic indications and nuances, and to make thus the language more flexible and capable of expressing complexity of thought.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"17 1","pages":"17-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0003-2
Eva Klímová
The article deals with the Italian and the English finite verb form observed in their communicative value, i.e. from the functional sentence perspective (FSP) point of view. The Italian inflectional verbal form is confronted with the English finite verb form with the aim of demonstrating their function within the communicative units of the sentence viewed as a communicative field. The Italian finite verb form, expressing all the grammatical categories, may represent several communicative units: the categories of person and number constitute the theme while the categories of tense and mood constitute the transition proper. The notional component of the verb may have the function of transition or rheme. The grammatical and semantic components are included within one verbal form. Thus the Italian finite verb form may participate in several communicative units and reach high communicative value. The communicative value of the English finite verb form, characteristic for poor inflection and tending to loose its lexical meaning, is lower. Both grammatical and non-grammatical components are conveyed by separate elements. The differences observed between Italian and English on the FSP level reflect the morphosyntactic characteristics of both languages.
{"title":"IL VERBO ITALIANO DI MODO FINITO ED IL VERBO INGLESE NEL LORO VALORE COMUNICATIVO","authors":"Eva Klímová","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0003-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0003-2","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the Italian and the English finite verb form observed in their communicative value, i.e. from the functional sentence perspective (FSP) point of view. The Italian inflectional verbal form is confronted with the English finite verb form with the aim of demonstrating their function within the communicative units of the sentence viewed as a communicative field. The Italian finite verb form, expressing all the grammatical categories, may represent several communicative units: the categories of person and number constitute the theme while the categories of tense and mood constitute the transition proper. The notional component of the verb may have the function of transition or rheme. The grammatical and semantic components are included within one verbal form. Thus the Italian finite verb form may participate in several communicative units and reach high communicative value. The communicative value of the English finite verb form, characteristic for poor inflection and tending to loose its lexical meaning, is lower. Both grammatical and non-grammatical components are conveyed by separate elements. The differences observed between Italian and English on the FSP level reflect the morphosyntactic characteristics of both languages.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"17 1","pages":"30-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0001-4
S. Janigová
The article concentrates on the subject forms of -ing sentence condensers. We tested the general linguistic opinions against the findings obtained by analysis of a corpus compiled from two genres of legal English, i.e. legislation and judicial decisions. Our corpus research derived from a scalar approach to particular types of -ing forms and concentrated on gerundial and participial condensers. Corpus findings confirmed statistical prevalence of the common case subject over the possessive case subject, which, however, cannot be treated as a proof of a higher degree of formality of the possessive case as the law reports comprise both forms without prima facie semantic or stylistic distinction. A specific feature found in respect of the legislative genre is exclusiveness of the possessive form with the pronouns, and the common case form with the nouns. The imperative of explicit expression of the -ing agent that is not identical with the matrix agent intensifies up the axis: deverbal noun – -ing verbal noun – gerund – -ing participle as condenser – -ing participle as indicator of the progressive aspect of a finite verb. Frequency corpus findings suggest that in the case of a possibility of pragmatic identification of the agent, its explicit formal absence is not treated as defective, hence unattached gerundial and participial constructions show a rather stable position in the language system.
{"title":"The subject of -ing forms in a legal English corpus","authors":"S. Janigová","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0001-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0001-4","url":null,"abstract":"The article concentrates on the subject forms of -ing sentence condensers. We tested the general linguistic opinions against the findings obtained by analysis of a corpus compiled from two genres of legal English, i.e. legislation and judicial decisions. Our corpus research derived from a scalar approach to particular types of -ing forms and concentrated on gerundial and participial condensers. Corpus findings confirmed statistical prevalence of the common case subject over the possessive case subject, which, however, cannot be treated as a proof of a higher degree of formality of the possessive case as the law reports comprise both forms without prima facie semantic or stylistic distinction. A specific feature found in respect of the legislative genre is exclusiveness of the possessive form with the pronouns, and the common case form with the nouns. The imperative of explicit expression of the -ing agent that is not identical with the matrix agent intensifies up the axis: deverbal noun – -ing verbal noun – gerund – -ing participle as condenser – -ing participle as indicator of the progressive aspect of a finite verb. Frequency corpus findings suggest that in the case of a possibility of pragmatic identification of the agent, its explicit formal absence is not treated as defective, hence unattached gerundial and participial constructions show a rather stable position in the language system.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-01-01DOI: 10.2478/V10017-007-0008-X
Marie Vachková
This study presents new ways of solving old problems with inventarising the German -bar adjectives in the emerging Large German-Czech Dictionary: the author shows how contrastive analysis should be supplemented by a corpus-based view using new corpuslinguistic tools (Co-occurrence Analysis, Self-Organizing Maps, SOM). The high number of deverbatives is due to high productivity of this word-formation model. This causes problems with selecting an optimal number of dictionary entries. Results of contrastive analysis of German-Czech adjectival counterparts help to discern between easily formed Czech counterparts with -telný and more difficult equivalent types which require the lexicographer's special attention: s/he has to face many problems with equivalency of near synonyms (-bar/-lich). Usually, these are either degraded to absolute synonyms or omitted both in monolingual and bilingual works. A more adequate equivalency can be reached by translating collocations selected using cooccurrence analysis. However, a new corpus-linguistic tool (SOM) presents a topographic scheme which leads the lexicographer toward a conjunction of cooccurrence profiles which indicate typical discourse and cooccurrence partners.
{"title":"ADJEKTIVE AUF -BAR IN KONTRASTIVER UND KORPUSLINGUISTISCHER SICHT. EINE METALEXIKOGRAPHISCHE BETRACHTUNG","authors":"Marie Vachková","doi":"10.2478/V10017-007-0008-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/V10017-007-0008-X","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents new ways of solving old problems with inventarising the German -bar adjectives in the emerging Large German-Czech Dictionary: the author shows how contrastive analysis should be supplemented by a corpus-based view using new corpuslinguistic tools (Co-occurrence Analysis, Self-Organizing Maps, SOM). The high number of deverbatives is due to high productivity of this word-formation model. This causes problems with selecting an optimal number of dictionary entries. Results of contrastive analysis of German-Czech adjectival counterparts help to discern between easily formed Czech counterparts with -telný and more difficult equivalent types which require the lexicographer's special attention: s/he has to face many problems with equivalency of near synonyms (-bar/-lich). Usually, these are either degraded to absolute synonyms or omitted both in monolingual and bilingual works. A more adequate equivalency can be reached by translating collocations selected using cooccurrence analysis. However, a new corpus-linguistic tool (SOM) presents a topographic scheme which leads the lexicographer toward a conjunction of cooccurrence profiles which indicate typical discourse and cooccurrence partners.","PeriodicalId":40638,"journal":{"name":"Linguistica Pragensia","volume":"17 1","pages":"57-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/V10017-007-0008-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68928882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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