Progress in Materials Science最新文献_第3页

Nanoplatform-Guided modulation of organelle dynamics: mechanistic insights and therapeutic strategies 纳米平台引导的细胞器动力学调节：机制见解和治疗策略

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101644

Yanqi Chen , Lianglong Chen , Chunyu Liu , Chaoyang Huang , Bo Liu , Hai Zhou , Xiaoyang Liu , Jiaqi Liang , Tingzi Zhao , Limin Zhao , Haobo Pan , Huihui Zhang , Lei Yang

Intracellular organelles are critical for regulating biochemical and signaling events essential for cellular homeostasis. Their dynamic behaviors, including morphology, localization, interactions, and turnover, significantly influence cell fate under physiological and pathological conditions. Recent advances in materials science, cell biology, and nanotechnology have enabled precise modulation of organelle dynamics using engineered bioactive materials. Nanoplatforms with tunable chemical and structural properties show exceptional potential for interfacing with organelles, facilitating synergistic signaling for targeted regulation. These material-organelle interactions can disrupt aberrant functions or restore equilibrium, offering novel therapeutic strategies for diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying nanomaterial-mediated organelle modulation remain poorly understood, and clinical translation faces challenges, with few FDA- or EMA-approved nanotherapeutics available. This review summarizes progress in nanomaterial-mediated regulation of organelle dynamics, focusing on mitochondria, lysosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum. It outlines design principles for organelle-targeting materials, surveys tools for monitoring organelle behavior, and discusses molecular mechanisms of intracellular modulation. Additionally, it addresses challenges and opportunities for clinical translation and proposes future research directions to inspire next-generation therapeutic materials for precise subcellular intervention.

胞内细胞器对调节细胞内稳态所必需的生化和信号事件至关重要。它们的动态行为，包括形态、定位、相互作用和周转，在生理和病理条件下显著影响细胞的命运。材料科学、细胞生物学和纳米技术的最新进展使得利用工程生物活性材料精确调节细胞器动力学成为可能。具有可调化学和结构特性的纳米平台显示出与细胞器界面的特殊潜力，促进靶向调控的协同信号传导。这些物质-细胞器相互作用可以破坏异常功能或恢复平衡，为癌症、神经变性和代谢紊乱等疾病提供了新的治疗策略。然而，纳米材料介导的细胞器调节机制仍然知之甚少，临床转化面临挑战，FDA或ema批准的纳米治疗药物很少。本文综述了纳米材料介导的细胞器动力学调控的进展，重点介绍了线粒体、溶酶体和内质网。它概述了细胞器靶向材料的设计原则，调查了监测细胞器行为的工具，并讨论了细胞内调节的分子机制。此外，它解决了临床翻译的挑战和机遇，并提出了未来的研究方向，以激发下一代治疗材料的精确亚细胞干预。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond exfoliation: a critical assessment of borophene claims from β-boron and a framework for evidence in 2D boron research 超越剥离：对β-硼的硼苯索赔的关键评估和二维硼研究的证据框架

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101646

Plinio Innocenzi, Usama Anwar

The discovery of borophene, a two-dimensional boron polymorph stabilized on metal substrates, has promoted intense efforts to obtain free-standing 2D boron sheets. Since its first epitaxial synthesis on Ag(111), several reports have claimed the formation of borophene sheets through mechanical or liquid-phase “exfoliation” of bulk β-rhombohedral boron. These claims, if correct, would represent a breakthrough in fabricating non-van der Waals bidimensional materials. In this review, we have critically evaluated the available experimental evidence in the published data. In the first part of the article, the structure of β-Boron (β-B) and borophene has been described; the presence and potential role of defects in producing 2D materials via top-down synthesis have been then analyzed. In the second part, we have discussed how the absence of van der Waals gaps in β-B precludes true “exfoliation” and is inconsistent with the theoretical framework. The formation of nanostructures upon “exfoliation” is better explained as defect-mediated cleavage formation of nanoscale intrinsic van der Waals gaps boron fragments, often oxidized, rather than true borophene polymorphs (β₁₂, χ₃). Based on this analysis, we propose diagnostic criteria for identifying the phases obtained through top-down synthesis processes starting from β-B. This critical review highlights how to avoid structural assignment errors and outlines best practices for phase identification in the search for 2D materials derived from non-layered solids.

硼苯是一种稳定在金属衬底上的二维硼多晶体，它的发现促进了人们对获得独立的二维硼片的强烈努力。自首次在Ag（111）上外延合成以来，一些报道声称通过机械或液相“剥落”大块β-菱形体硼形成硼苯片。如果这些说法是正确的，将代表着制造非范德华二维材料的突破。在这篇综述中，我们对已发表数据中的现有实验证据进行了批判性评估。本文第一部分介绍了β-硼（β-B）和硼苯的结构；然后分析了缺陷在自上而下合成二维材料中的存在和潜在作用。在第二部分中，我们讨论了β-B中范德华间隙的缺失如何排除了真正的“剥离”，并且与理论框架不一致。“剥落”后纳米结构的形成可以更好地解释为纳米级内在范德华间隙硼碎片的缺陷介导解理形成，通常被氧化，而不是真正的硼苯多晶（β12, χ3）。基于这一分析，我们提出了从β-B开始的自上而下合成过程中获得相的诊断标准。这篇重要的综述强调了如何避免结构分配错误，并概述了在寻找源自非层状固体的二维材料时相识别的最佳实践。

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引用次数: 0

Editorial – A note from the Editor-in-Chief 社论-总编辑的注释

IF 37.4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101645

Eduard Arzt

Section snippets

Declaration of competing interest

The author declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

竞争利益声明作者声明，他们没有已知的竞争经济利益或个人关系，可能会影响本文所报道的工作。

引用次数: 0

Bioinks used in the repair of nerve injury in vivo 生物墨水用于体内神经损伤的修复

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101643

Luyao Wang , Xiaolei Zhou , Shengchao Wang , Feng Wen , Ihsan Ullah , Wenju Zhang , Xu Gao , Bing Song , Zhifeng You , Huaqiong Li

Three-dimensional (3D) biofabricated neural tissue is widely recognized as one of the most challenging tissues to engineer compared to other tissue types. The development of suitable bioinks and printing methods has indeed significantly enhanced their fabrication and translational applications. However, reviews focusing on the therapeutic effects of 3D biofabricated neural tissue using different types of bioinks are lacking. In this review, the definition of an ideal bioink is modified, with an emphasis on the harmony between printability and bioactivity instead of biocompatibility, and the key parameters influencing the printability and bioactivity of bioinks, including the cell type, biocompatibility, stiffness, rheological properties, and conductivity, are discussed. Furthermore, bioinks employed for the repair of spinal cord injury, brain-related diseases, and peripheral nerve injury in vivo are also investigated in this review. Additionally, critical factors affecting the translational applications of bioinks are addressed, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of publications on 3D bioprinted neural tissues over the past two decades is provided, and the associated prospects and challenges are discussed. This review offers valuable insights into bioinks employed in nerve tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

与其他组织类型相比，三维（3D）生物制造神经组织被广泛认为是最具挑战性的组织之一。合适的生物墨水和印刷方法的发展确实大大提高了它们的制造和转化应用。然而，关于使用不同类型生物墨水的3D生物制造神经组织的治疗效果的综述是缺乏的。本文对理想生物墨水的定义进行了修改，强调了打印性和生物活性之间的协调，而不是生物相容性，并讨论了影响生物墨水打印性和生物活性的关键参数，包括细胞类型、生物相容性、刚度、流变性和电导率。此外，本文还对生物墨水用于脊髓损伤、脑相关疾病和周围神经损伤的体内修复进行了研究。此外，还讨论了影响生物墨水转化应用的关键因素，对过去二十年来生物3D打印神经组织的出版物进行了全面的文献计量分析，并讨论了相关的前景和挑战。本文综述了生物墨水在神经组织工程和再生医学中的应用。

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引用次数: 0

Organogels: Mechanistic insights, design strategies, and translational applications 有机凝胶：机械洞察、设计策略和转化应用

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101642

Hong Chen , Dong Zhang , Shengwei Xiao , Jiang Wu , Jialun Wei , Yijing Tang , Chao Zhao , Jie Zheng

Organogels, the organic analogs of hydrogels, are emerging soft-wet materials composed of three-dimensional polymer networks swollen with organic or hybrid organic–aqueous solvents. Unlike conventional hydrogels that rely primarily on water as the solvent, organogels leverage a broader spectrum of solvent systems, enabling tunable network architectures, diverse gelation mechanisms, and enhanced functional properties. This solvent diversity not only expands the application potential of organogels across fields such as energy, biomedicine, and environmental science, but also introduces challenges related to synthesis strategies, gelation kinetics, specialized polymerization conditions, and environmental sustainability. This review begins with a systematic examination of the fundamental mechanisms underlying organogel formation, including solvent selection, polymer network design, fabrication methods, and gelation pathways. Then, we highlight the broad functionalities of organogels, from fundamental properties such as antifreezing, anti-drying, and electrical conductivity, to advanced capabilities including stimuli-responsive behavior for sensing and drug delivery, and to emerging functionalities like antifouling and antibacterial capabilities, highlighting their potential in medical, energy, and environmental applications. Finally, we address current challenges and future directions for innovation in organogel research, including opportunities in computational modeling and sustainable design. By integrating mechanistic insights with functional outcomes, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of organogels while charting a roadmap for their continued development and application.

有机凝胶，水凝胶的有机类似物，是一种新兴的软湿材料，由有机或有机-水混合溶剂膨胀的三维聚合物网络组成。与主要依赖水作为溶剂的传统水凝胶不同，有机凝胶利用了更广泛的溶剂体系，实现了可调的网络结构、不同的凝胶机制和增强的功能特性。这种溶剂的多样性不仅扩大了有机凝胶在能源、生物医学和环境科学等领域的应用潜力，而且也带来了与合成策略、凝胶动力学、特殊聚合条件和环境可持续性相关的挑战。这篇综述从有机凝胶形成的基本机制开始，包括溶剂选择、聚合物网络设计、制造方法和凝胶化途径。然后，我们强调了有机凝胶的广泛功能，从抗冻、抗干燥和导电性等基本特性，到先进的功能，包括用于传感和药物输送的刺激响应行为，以及诸如防污和抗菌功能等新兴功能，强调了它们在医疗、能源和环境应用中的潜力。最后，我们讨论了有机凝胶研究中当前的挑战和未来的创新方向，包括计算建模和可持续设计的机会。通过将机理见解与功能结果相结合，本综述旨在提供对有机凝胶的全面了解，同时为其继续开发和应用绘制路线图。

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引用次数: 0

Acrylation of bioresources for 3D printing: strategies, technologies, and applications 3D打印生物资源的丙烯化：策略、技术和应用

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101641

Turdimuhammad Abdullah , Elif Cerrahoğlu Kaçakgil , Fatmagül Gedik , Volkan Mustafa Akbulut , Cemil Dizman

3D printing has revolutionized manufacturing across various industries, but the increased emphasis on sustainability necessitates the development of renewable bioresource feedstocks, which often fail to meet the specifications required for 3D printing. To overcome these drawbacks, acrylic functionalization has emerged as a viable option for improving the chemical, mechanical, and surface properties and processability of bioresources. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of acrylation techniques that can be employed for a diverse range of bioresources to facilitate their utilization as a feedstock for 3D printing applications. The article begins by examining modifications of bioresources to acrylated materials that can improve their properties and enhance their suitability for 3D printing applications. Subsequently, the review examines a range of 3D printing techniques that are compatible with modified bioresources. Case studies are then presented that examine the modification of plant-, animal-, and marine-based bioresources and their utilization in 3D printing for a variety of applications. Finally, the review addresses the challenges and identifies future research directions, including green modification techniques, synergistic combinations of bioresources, 4D printing, and developing bio-based covalent adaptative networks. The aim is to accelerate the development of sustainable, high-performance materials for 3D printing while promoting environmentally responsible manufacturing practices.

3D打印已经彻底改变了各行各业的制造业，但对可持续性的日益重视需要开发可再生生物资源原料，而这些原料往往无法满足3D打印所需的规格。为了克服这些缺点，丙烯酸功能化已经成为改善生物资源的化学、机械、表面性能和可加工性的可行选择。本综述旨在全面总结丙烯化技术，该技术可用于各种生物资源，以促进其作为3D打印应用的原料。文章首先研究了生物资源对丙烯酸化材料的改性，可以改善其性能并增强其对3D打印应用的适用性。随后，该综述研究了一系列与改性生物资源兼容的3D打印技术。然后提出了案例研究，检查植物，动物和海洋生物资源的修改及其在3D打印中的各种应用。最后，综述了未来的研究方向，包括绿色改性技术、生物资源协同组合、4D打印和发展生物共价自适应网络。其目的是加速可持续的高性能3D打印材料的开发，同时促进对环境负责的制造实践

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引用次数: 0

Multiscale electronic structure engineering of transition metal oxides: From atomic-scale, mesoscale, and external-field manipulation to multifunctional applications 过渡金属氧化物的多尺度电子结构工程：从原子尺度、中尺度、外场操纵到多功能应用

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101640

Shuyun Yao , Zhiyu Yang , Yi-Ming Yan , Zhiqun Lin

Transition metal oxides (TMOs), with their highly tunable charge, spin, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom, represent a versatile class of materials central to energy, catalytic, electronic, and biomedical applications. Electronic structure engineering serves as a critical approach to modulating the properties of TMOs, with significant advancements recently achieved at atomic-scale precision, mesoscopic structural design, and external-field stimulation. However, current research predominantly focuses on single-dimensional modulation, lacking a systematic understanding of the coupling mechanisms among multi-scale strategies and their structure-property correlations. This review adopts a mechanism-centric perspective to comprehensively outline the modulation pathways of TMOs’ electronic structures across atomic-scale strategies (doping, defects, strain), mesoscale architectures (heterointerfaces), and external-field stimuli (light, electricity, magnetism, heat). Special emphasis is placed on elucidating their mechanistic roles in governing charge transfer, spin polarization, orbital reconstruction, and band structure evolution. Furthermore, we construct a functional landscape linking multi-scale electronic structure modulation strategies with performance responses, spanning three interdisciplinary application domains: energy, information technology, and life sciences. This framework provides a transferable methodological paradigm for material design across different length scales. Finally, we highlight key challenges that remain to be addressed in multi-scale electronic structure engineering and discuss future research directions. Our review aims to provide systematic insights and technical guidelines for the structural regulation and high-performance integration of TMOs and related functional materials.

过渡金属氧化物（TMOs）具有高度可调的电荷、自旋、轨道和晶格自由度，是能源、催化、电子和生物医学应用的核心材料。电子结构工程是调制TMOs特性的关键方法，最近在原子尺度精度、介观结构设计和外场刺激方面取得了重大进展。然而，目前的研究主要集中在单维调制上，缺乏对多尺度策略之间耦合机制及其结构-性质相关性的系统认识。本文采用以机制为中心的观点，全面概述了TMOs电子结构在原子尺度策略（掺杂、缺陷、应变）、中尺度结构（异质界面）和外场刺激（光、电、磁、热）中的调制途径。特别强调阐明它们在控制电荷转移、自旋极化、轨道重建和能带结构演化中的机制作用。此外，我们构建了一个连接多尺度电子结构调制策略与性能响应的功能景观，涵盖三个跨学科应用领域：能源、信息技术和生命科学。该框架为不同长度尺度的材料设计提供了可转移的方法范例。最后，我们强调了在多尺度电子结构工程中有待解决的关键挑战，并讨论了未来的研究方向。本文旨在为TMOs及其相关功能材料的结构调控和高性能集成提供系统的见解和技术指导。

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引用次数: 0

Strain-induced phase transformations, chemical reactions, microstructure evolution, and severe plastic deformations under high pressure 应变诱导相变、化学反应、微观结构演变和高压下的严重塑性变形

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101625

Valery I. Levitas

Processes involving SPD and phase transformations and chemical reactions (PTs/CRs) under high pressures are widespread for obtaining new nanostructured high-pressure phases and their processing, mechanochemical synthesis, military applications, geology, and astrogeology. SPD drastically reduce the pressure required for PTs/CRs (by one-two orders of magnitude) and PT hysteresis; lead to hidden metastable phases, which cannot be obtained otherwise, and substitute reversible PTs/CRs with irreversible ones. This review includes breakthroughs in understanding multifaceted interactions between high-pressure PTs/CRs, SPD, and microstructure evolution from the viewpoint of advanced mechanics and thermodynamics of materials under stress and plastic strain tensors. A novel concept of plastic strain-induced PTs/CRs under high pressure is explored using four-scale theory and simulations (from atomistic to nano- and scale-free phase-field approaches to macroscale) coupled to in situ experiments in traditional and rotational diamond anvil cells, and their integration. Its development revealed various phenomena and misinterpretations, resolved numerous puzzles, found the first general rules in these fields, and suggested ways for economic defect-induced synthesis of high-pressure phases and nanostructures. Coupled analytical/computational/experimental approaches are developed for complete characterization of occurring processes and finding all heterogeneous scalar and tensorial fields. Various material classes (metals, ceramics, rocks, semiconductors, powders, etc.) are considered. Applications include high-pressure torsion, surface treatment (polishing, cutting, etc.), high-pressure mechanochemistry and tribology, PTs/CRs in shear bands leading to severe transformation/reaction-induced plasticity and self-blown-up processes, mechanisms of deep-focus earthquakes, the appearance of microdiamonds in low-pressure-temperature Earth crust, and the mechanochemical origin of life beyond Earth. Unresolved problems and future directions are outlined.

高压下的SPD、相变和化学反应（PTs/CRs）在获得新的纳米结构高压相及其加工、机械化学合成、军事应用、地质和天体地质等方面得到了广泛的应用。SPD大大降低了PTs/ cr所需的压力（降低了1 - 2个数量级）和PT滞后；导致隐藏的亚稳相，否则无法获得，并以不可逆的pt / cr代替可逆的pt / cr。本文综述了从材料在应力和塑性应变张量作用下的高级力学和热力学角度，在理解高压PTs/ cr、SPD和微观结构演变之间的多方面相互作用方面取得的突破。利用四尺度理论和模拟（从原子到纳米和无尺度相场方法到宏观尺度），结合传统和旋转金刚石砧细胞的原位实验，探索了高压下塑性应变诱导PTs/ cr的新概念。它的发展揭示了各种现象和误解，解决了许多难题，发现了这些领域的第一个一般规律，并为经济缺陷诱导的高压相和纳米结构的合成提供了途径。耦合分析/计算/实验方法的发展，以完成发生过程的表征和发现所有异构标量和张量场。考虑各种材料类别（金属，陶瓷，岩石，半导体，粉末等）。应用领域包括高压扭转、表面处理（抛光、切割等）、高压机械化学和摩擦学、导致剧烈转化/反应诱导塑性和自爆过程的剪切带中的PTs/ cr、深震源地震的机制、低压低温地壳中微金刚石的出现以及地球外生命的机械化学起源。概述了尚未解决的问题和未来的方向。

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引用次数: 0

The role of protein content in body fluids in magnesium alloy bioimplant degradation: A machine learning approach 体液中蛋白质含量在镁合金生物植入物降解中的作用：一种机器学习方法

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101636

M.N. Bharath , R.K. Singh Raman , Alankar Alankar

Magnesium (Mg)-based temporary bioimplants are increasingly favoured in biomedical applications due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility and bone-regeneration properties that are consistent with Wolff’s Law. However, their high degradation rates in physiological environments pose a significant challenge. Among various influencing factors, protein adsorption, particularly from bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fibrinogen, plays a critical role by either mitigating or accelerating corrosion depending on the protein type, concentration, exposure duration and surrounding conditions. This review focuses on the potential of Machine Learning (ML) to address these uncertainties by uncovering complex, nonlinear interactions between proteins and Mg surfaces. Traditional empirical models often fall short in capturing such interactions due to their dependence on predefined formulations and extensive datasets. In contrast, ML provides a data-driven approach that can identify subtle patterns from heterogeneous experimental data. This review discusses ML pipelines, including data preprocessing, feature engineering and the use of large language models (LLMs) to generate knowledge graphs to map cause-effect relationships. Case studies illustrate the classification of corrosive biofluid environments based on protein profiles. Overall, ML and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, particularly inverse generative modelling, offer promising strategies to improve the design and reliability of Mg-based biomedical implants.

镁（Mg）基临时生物植入物由于其生物可降解性、生物相容性和符合沃尔夫定律的骨再生特性，在生物医学应用中越来越受到青睐。然而，它们在生理环境中的高降解率带来了重大挑战。在各种影响因素中，蛋白质吸附，特别是来自牛血清白蛋白（BSA）和纤维蛋白原的蛋白质吸附，根据蛋白质类型、浓度、暴露时间和周围条件的不同，起着减轻或加速腐蚀的关键作用。这篇综述的重点是机器学习（ML）的潜力，通过揭示蛋白质和Mg表面之间复杂的非线性相互作用来解决这些不确定性。传统的经验模型由于依赖于预定义的公式和广泛的数据集，往往无法捕捉到这种相互作用。相比之下，ML提供了一种数据驱动的方法，可以从异构实验数据中识别细微的模式。本文讨论了机器学习管道，包括数据预处理、特征工程和使用大型语言模型（llm）来生成知识图以映射因果关系。案例研究说明了基于蛋白质谱的腐蚀性生物流体环境的分类。总体而言，ML和人工智能（AI）技术，特别是逆生成建模，为改善mg基生物医学植入物的设计和可靠性提供了有前途的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Hollow nanoarchitectures: Materials engineering, nanochemistry, and biomedical applications 空心纳米结构：材料工程、纳米化学和生物医学应用

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101634

Sandip Ghosh , Chia-Jung Yang , Jui-Yang Lai

The realm of drug delivery has traditionally centered on the exploration of structural and compositional characteristics of solid nanomaterials. Recent investigations have illuminated the significance of voids within nanomaterials, underscoring their multidimensional characteristics. In particular, the hollow nanostructures or nanoarchitectures, characterized by their porous/nonporous shells and empty interiors, possess unique advantages for the confinement of therapeutic agents and biomolecules, facilitating targeted delivery through functionalization with active ligands. Despite considerable strides in research surrounding these advanced materials, the overarching organization of existing studies remains suboptimal. Unlike existing review literature, this balanced review article aims to establish a coherent and progressive framework for the development of advanced hollow nanostructures by addressing critical design and engineering strategies applicable in the field of nanomedicine and theranostics. A selection of seminal works has been integrated to provide foundational knowledge, while ensuring that the application sections reflect the latest developments in the field, the literature examined is restricted to high-quality publications from the preceding five years. Additionally, this review includes a commentary on patents and clinical implications. Our findings suggest that hollow nanostructures exhibit substantial potential for future biomedical applications, thereby warranting further investigation and development in this promising domain.

传统上，药物递送领域集中于探索固体纳米材料的结构和组成特征。最近的研究已经阐明了纳米材料中空洞的重要性，强调了它们的多维特性。特别是，空心纳米结构或纳米结构以其多孔/无孔外壳和中空内部为特征，在限制治疗剂和生物分子方面具有独特的优势，通过活性配体的功能化促进靶向递送。尽管围绕这些先进材料的研究取得了长足的进步，但现有研究的总体组织仍然不够理想。与现有的综述文献不同，这篇平衡的综述文章旨在通过解决适用于纳米医学和治疗学领域的关键设计和工程策略，为先进中空纳米结构的发展建立一个连贯和渐进的框架。已汇编了一些开创性的作品，以提供基础知识，同时确保应用部分反映该领域的最新发展，所审查的文献仅限于过去五年的高质量出版物。此外，本综述还包括对专利和临床意义的评论。我们的研究结果表明，空心纳米结构在未来的生物医学应用中具有巨大的潜力，因此值得在这一有前途的领域进行进一步的研究和开发。

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引用次数: 0