Progress in Materials Science最新文献_第5页

Topological-defect carbon for energy conversion applications 用于能量转换应用的拓扑缺陷碳

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101618

Lei Gong , Jiawei Zhu , Shichun Mu

Defective carbon-based materials (DCMs) have recently been considered as one of the most promising alternatives to precious metal catalysts owing to abundance, high conductivity and tunable molecular structures. The presence of topological defects as non-hexagonal rings (e.g., pentagons, heptagons, octagons) in carbon materials would affect the catalytic activity, however, the in-depth understanding of the fundamental relationship between topological defects and catalytic properties is still in its infancy. In addition, the facile synthesis strategy, exploitation and application of topological-defect carbon are still a big challenge. To this end, in this review, four main aspects including synthetic strategies, recognition, catalytic applications, and activity origin of topological-defect carbon are analyzed. The catalytic mechanism of intrinsic topological defects is revealed from theoretical and experimental perspectives. Moreover, the functional role of topological defects beyond intrinsic catalysis is further explored, highlighting their potential as anchoring sites and electronic modulators for metal single atoms or clusters, which synergistically enhance catalytic performance. Finally, the key problem faced by topological defects of carbon-based materials is discussed and the countermeasure is proposed. Undoubtedly, this systematical review will promote the understanding of the carbon-based defect and further stimulate its application as sustainable nonprecious metal catalysts in energy conversion and beyond.

缺陷碳基材料（dcm）由于其丰富、高导电性和可调的分子结构，近年来被认为是贵金属催化剂最有前途的替代品之一。碳材料中存在非六角形环（如五角形、七角形、八角形）等拓扑缺陷会影响催化活性，但对拓扑缺陷与催化性能的基本关系的深入了解尚处于起步阶段。此外，拓扑缺陷碳的简易合成策略、开发和应用仍然是一个很大的挑战。为此，本文从拓扑缺陷碳的合成策略、识别、催化应用和活性来源四个方面进行了综述。从理论和实验两方面揭示了本征拓扑缺陷的催化机理。此外，进一步探讨了拓扑缺陷在内在催化之外的功能作用，强调了它们作为金属单原子或簇的锚定位点和电子调节剂的潜力，从而协同提高了催化性能。最后，讨论了碳基材料拓扑缺陷面临的关键问题，并提出了相应的对策。毫无疑问，这一系统综述将促进对碳基缺陷的认识，并进一步促进其作为可持续的非贵金属催化剂在能源转化等领域的应用。

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引用次数: 0

Tuning the nanoconfinement effect of silicate minerals in functional materials 调节硅酸盐矿物在功能材料中的纳米约束效应

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101621

Xiongbo Dong , Yihui Li , Aidong Tang , Huaming Yang

The nanoconfinement effect inherent in silicate minerals has attracted significant interest for applications in functional materials. The unique nanoconfined space within these minerals function as distinctive nanoreactors, enabling the tuning of material geometric construction and spatial coordination environments, enhancing the transformation and migration rates as well as selectivity of ions and molecules, and modulating chemical reactivity. However, current technological limitations make the precise design and prediction of these effects to achieve breakthrough performance challenging. This critical review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in understanding the nanoconfinement effects of silicate minerals and their applications in energy and environmental domains. We particularly emphasize strategies for optimizing the confinement effect through precise modification of the silicate mineral’s nanoconfined spaces. Illustrated examples provide in-depth insights into the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future opportunities for addressing key scientific and practical issues in the development of silicate mineral-based nanoconfinement. By synthesizing progress, engineering strategies, fundamental understanding, and forward-looking perspectives, this review aims to provide valuable insights for advancing sustainable solutions and novel materials design using silicate minerals.

硅酸盐矿物固有的纳米约束效应在功能材料中的应用引起了人们的极大兴趣。这些矿物内部独特的纳米密闭空间作为独特的纳米反应器，可以调节材料的几何结构和空间协调环境，提高离子和分子的转化和迁移速度以及选择性，并调节化学反应活性。然而，目前的技术限制使得精确设计和预测这些效果以实现突破性性能具有挑战性。本文综述了硅酸盐矿物纳米约束效应及其在能源和环境领域的应用的最新进展。我们特别强调通过精确修改硅酸盐矿物的纳米限制空间来优化限制效果的策略。插图示例提供了对底层机制的深入了解。最后，我们讨论了当前的挑战和未来的机遇，以解决发展硅酸盐矿物基纳米约束的关键科学和实践问题。通过综合研究进展、工程策略、基础认识和前瞻性观点，本文旨在为利用硅酸盐矿物推进可持续解决方案和新型材料设计提供有价值的见解

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引用次数: 0

State of the art challenges and prospects of advanced materials in radiation detection for nuclear energy: a review 核能辐射探测先进材料的发展现状、挑战与展望

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101616

Kamal Asghar , Miguta Faustine Ngulimi , Sion Kim , Bum Kyoung Seo , Guillaume H.V. Bertrand , Changhyun Roh

The precise detection of nuclear radiation and particles is vital for the safe, efficient operation of nuclear energy systems. This review presents recent advances in materials designed for next-generation scintillators, with a special focus on flexible electronics and metamaterials. The generation of radionuclides in nuclear reactors is first reviewed, followed by a discussion on matter-radiation interactions involving alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron particles. This review explores the recent advances in cutting-edge material platforms, quantum dots (QDs), halide perovskites, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), two-dimensional (2D) hybrid materials, glass materials, ceramic materials, hydrogel materials, flexible electronics, and metamaterials as emerging contenders for radiation detection, particularly in nuclear applications. Halide perovskites offer high-Z elements and high light yields for gamma spectroscopy. QDs provide tunable emission and fast response, suitable for compact, flexible designs. MOFs exhibit tunable porosity and electronic structure, enabling selective radiation sensing. 2D materials display unique excitonic properties and ultrafast charge transport, crucial for thin-film scintillators. Metamaterials, with engineered optical properties, introduce new pathways for enhancing photon–matter interactions. Coupled with flexible substrates, these platforms pave the way for highly adaptable radiation detection systems. Future perspectives offer a roadmap toward flexible electronics and metamaterials-based scintillators for homeland security, nuclear safety, and nuclear energy applications.

对核辐射和粒子的精确探测对于核能系统的安全、高效运行至关重要。本文综述了用于下一代闪烁体的材料的最新进展，特别关注柔性电子和超材料。首先回顾了核反应堆中放射性核素的产生，然后讨论了涉及α、β、γ和中子粒子的物质-辐射相互作用。本文综述了前沿材料平台的最新进展，量子点（QDs）、卤化物钙钛矿、金属有机框架（mof）、二维（2D）混合材料、玻璃材料、陶瓷材料、水凝胶材料、柔性电子产品和超材料作为辐射探测的新兴竞争者，特别是在核应用中。卤化物钙钛矿为伽马光谱提供高z元素和高光产率。量子点提供可调谐的发射和快速响应，适合紧凑，灵活的设计。mof具有可调节的孔隙率和电子结构，可实现选择性辐射传感。二维材料显示出独特的激子性质和超快电荷传输，这对薄膜闪烁体至关重要。具有工程光学特性的超材料为增强光子-物质相互作用引入了新的途径。再加上柔性基板，这些平台为高适应性辐射检测系统铺平了道路。未来展望为国土安全、核安全和核能应用提供了柔性电子和基于超材料的闪烁体的路线图。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring graphdiyne, MXene, borophene, and phosphorene as advanced 2D materials for next-generation metallic ion batteries 探索石墨炔、石墨烯、硼烯和磷烯作为下一代金属离子电池的先进二维材料

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101617

Mohd Zahid Ansari , Sajid Ali Ansari , Nazish Parveen , Ghayah M. Alsulaim , Ahmad Umar , Nagih M. Shaalan , Soo-Hyun Kim

Metallic ion batteries such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), potassium-ion batteries (KIBs), and magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) have gained increasing attention as alternatives to conventional lithium-based energy storage technologies. Advanced two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphdiyne (GDY), transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes), borophene, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and phosphorene, offer considerable promise as next-generation anode materials due to their unique physicochemical features. These materials exhibit large surface areas, abundant active sites, tunable porosity, and variable electronic structures, enabling improved ion storage, enhanced conductivity, and structural stability during cycling. Graphdiyne provides high theoretical capacities and favorable diffusion kinetics. MXenes deliver metallic conductivity and functionalized surface terminations that support rapid charge transport. Borophene offers exceptional charge carrier mobility but remains experimentally constrained due to instability. MOF-derived materials contribute redox-active centers and ion-accessible channels, while phosphorene provides high theoretical capacity and fast ion diffusion but suffers from environmental sensitivity. This review highlights recent advances in the structural design, heteroatom doping, and composite engineering of these materials for enhanced performance. Additionally, it outlines the persistent challenges related to interface degradation, structural collapse, and synthesis scalability, while suggesting future directions including in situ/operando characterization and machine learning-guided material discovery for the development of stable, high-capacity metallic ion batteries.

金属离子电池，如锂离子电池（LIBs）、钠离子电池（SIBs）、钾离子电池（KIBs）和镁离子电池（MIBs）作为传统锂基储能技术的替代品越来越受到关注。先进的二维（2D）材料，包括石墨炔（GDY）、过渡金属碳化物/氮化物（MXenes）、硼烯、金属有机框架（mof）和磷烯，由于其独特的物理化学特性，作为下一代阳极材料提供了相当大的前景。这些材料具有较大的表面积，丰富的活性位点，可调节的孔隙率和可变的电子结构，能够改善离子储存，增强电导率和循环过程中的结构稳定性。石墨炔具有较高的理论容量和良好的扩散动力学。MXenes具有金属导电性和功能化的表面终端，支持快速电荷传输。硼罗芬提供了特殊的载流子迁移率，但由于不稳定，实验上仍然受到限制。mof衍生材料提供氧化还原活性中心和离子通道，而磷烯提供高理论容量和快速离子扩散，但受环境敏感性的影响。本文综述了近年来这些材料在结构设计、杂原子掺杂和复合工程方面的研究进展。此外，它还概述了与界面降解、结构崩溃和合成可扩展性相关的持续挑战，同时提出了未来的方向，包括原位/operando表征和机器学习引导的材料发现，以开发稳定的高容量金属离子电池。

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引用次数: 0

Advancing freestanding oxide films: innovations in preparation methods and physical properties 推进独立氧化膜：制备方法和物理性质的创新

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101612

Jie Gong , YanBo Yang , Jiangbo Luo , Wenxing Lv , Junxiong Hu , Yanrong Li , Liang Qiao

Freestanding oxide thin films, released from the constraints of substrate interfacial bonding, exhibit unprecedented structural and property tunability that surpasses conventional epitaxial films. Through van der Waals integration − particularly via hybridization with 2D materials − these films enable novel electronic devices and offer a compelling approach for advancing complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. However, challenges such as large-scale fabrication, transfer-induced damage, optimization of sacrificial layers, and long-term film stability of freestanding oxide films must be addressed to fully realize their potential. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the preparation of freestanding oxide thin films using physical exfoliation and chemical etching techniques. We specifically examine and compare three major types of sacrificial layers used in chemical etching to obtain freestanding films. Additionally, we explore their properties across seven key areas: Stability, ferroelectricity, magnetism, superconductivity, electrical properties, flexibility, and optical characteristics. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in these emerging fields and offer forward-looking perspectives for future developments. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art research on freestanding thin films, offering valuable insights into future investigations.

独立氧化物薄膜，从衬底界面键合的限制中解放出来，表现出前所未有的结构和性能可调性，超越了传统的外延薄膜。通过范德华集成-特别是通过与2D材料的杂交-这些薄膜使新型电子器件成为可能，并为推进互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）技术提供了一种引人注目的方法。然而，为了充分发挥其潜力，必须解决诸如大规模制造、转移引起的损伤、牺牲层的优化以及独立氧化膜的长期膜稳定性等挑战。本文综述了近年来利用物理剥离和化学蚀刻技术制备独立氧化薄膜的研究进展。我们特别研究和比较了化学蚀刻中用于获得独立薄膜的三种主要类型的牺牲层。此外，我们探索了它们在七个关键领域的特性：稳定性、铁电性、磁性、超导性、电性能、柔韧性和光学特性。最后，我们讨论了这些新兴领域当前面临的挑战，并对未来的发展提出了前瞻性的观点。本文旨在对独立薄膜的最新研究进行全面概述，为未来的研究提供有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Additive manufacturing for Dentistry: A comprehensive review of techniques and applications 牙科增材制造：技术和应用的综合综述

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101613

Marzieh Ebrahimi , Hiba Shaikh , Hesam Rezvani Sichani , Remya Ampadi Ramachandran , Mareeswari Paramasivan , Mohammad Fazle Alam , Luis Mezzomo , Nileshkumar Dubey , Mathew T. Mathew

The advancement of effective and versatile additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, also known as 3D printing, represents a revolutionary shift in modern manufacturing processes. This transformative technology has opened remarkable opportunities for the mass customization of medical devices, signaling a shift toward truly personalized medicine. In dentistry specifically, AM has gained considerable attention, offering innovative solutions for fabricating a wide range of products, including dental implants, prostheses, dental devices, drug-delivery systems, and much more. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the seven major categories of 3D-printing techniques (vat photopolymerization, material jetting, binder jetting, material extrusion, powder bed fusion, sheet lamination, and directed energy deposition), as classified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Functional descriptions based on its existing applications are discussed in detail, and future applications based on their expected benefits and potential drawbacks are also addressed. This study emphasizes the potential of AM in dental applications, highlighting its growing capabilities and its critical role in defining the future of dentistry. The findings illustrate current advancements and outline a roadmap for continued innovation and wider implementation within the industry.

有效和通用的增材制造（AM）技术的进步，也被称为3D打印，代表了现代制造工艺的革命性转变。这种变革性的技术为医疗设备的大规模定制提供了非凡的机会，标志着向真正个性化医疗的转变。特别是在牙科领域，AM已经获得了相当大的关注，为制造广泛的产品提供了创新的解决方案，包括牙科植入物、修复体、牙科设备、药物输送系统等等。本文对美国材料测试协会（ASTM）分类的七大类3d打印技术（还原光聚合、材料喷射、粘结剂喷射、材料挤压、粉末床熔融、薄片层压和定向能沉积）进行了全面分析。详细讨论了基于其现有应用的功能描述，并根据其预期的优点和潜在的缺点讨论了未来的应用。这项研究强调了AM在牙科应用中的潜力，强调了其不断增长的能力及其在定义牙科未来方面的关键作用。研究结果说明了当前的进展，并概述了行业内持续创新和更广泛实施的路线图。

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引用次数: 0

Advances in structural engineering and electrochemical insights of MXene-based derivates for next generation micro-supercapacitor with tuneable ink, microelectrode design, and scalable manufacturing strategies 具有可调谐墨水、微电极设计和可扩展制造策略的下一代微型超级电容器的结构工程和电化学研究进展

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101599

Jyoti Prakash Das , Vempuluru Navakoteswara Rao , Sang-Jae Kim

MXenes, an exceptional class of materials that are present in all dimension forms, have garnered significant interest owing to their enormous potential in electrochemical energy storage. The article encompasses different synthesis techniques and their effect on the structure, electrical properties, and surface properties of MXenes. We highlighted the recent development in composition optimization, surface engineering, and structure design has achieved remarkable device performance with reported specific capacitance values ranging from 100 to 1000 mF/cm². The application of machine learning to surface feature optimization and MXene structure prediction is also mentioned. Furthermore, the MXene mechanistic insights by operando and in situ characterization techniques such as in situ Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron XRD, and XANS is discussed. These methods explored the structure evolution, oxidation state, and charge transport upon operation. In short, we envision the integration of MXene with advanced techniques of electrode preparation like inkjet printing, screen printing, and additive manufacturing. These methods provide high-resolution, tuneable, and scalable patterning of electrodes and hence establish possibilities for applications in microsupercapacitors. The purpose of this review is to give a holistic picture of the design approaches of MXene properties by synthesis and processing techniques, and to describe the scaling from laboratory-scale concepts to energy storage applications.

MXenes是一种特殊的材料，存在于所有维度形式中，由于其在电化学能量存储方面的巨大潜力而引起了极大的兴趣。本文介绍了不同的合成技术及其对MXenes结构、电学性能和表面性能的影响。我们强调了最近在成分优化，表面工程和结构设计方面的发展，已经取得了显着的器件性能，报道的比电容值从100到1000 mF/cm2不等。介绍了机器学习在表面特征优化和MXene结构预测中的应用。此外，还讨论了operando的有效性和原位表征技术，如原位拉曼光谱、同步加速器XRD和XANS。这些方法探索了结构演化、氧化态和运行过程中的电荷输运。简而言之，我们设想将MXene与喷墨印刷、丝网印刷和增材制造等先进电极制备技术相结合。这些方法提供了高分辨率、可调谐和可扩展的电极图案，因此为微型超级电容器的应用奠定了可能性。本文综述了MXene性能的合成和加工技术的整体设计方法，并描述了从实验室规模的概念到储能应用的扩展。

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引用次数: 0

Osmium-based materials: emerging properties for biomedical applications 锇基材料：生物医学应用的新特性

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101615

Shaobin He , Long Ma , Ruofei Zhang , Huanran Shen , Wei Chen , Kelong Fan

Osmium (Os), with its unique isotopic system, holds a pivotal role in unraveling the origins of the solar system and the processes of planetary formation. Although discovered in the 19th century, Os remained primarily overlooked for many years. With the advancement of scientific research, Os-based materials have emerged as players, particularly in biomedical applications, attracting growing attention for their potential in cancer therapy, bioimaging, biosensing, etc. This review explores the synthesis, characterization, properties, toxicity, and enzyme-like activity of Os-based materials, highlighting their diverse biomedical applications. Notably, the rapid evolution of nanotechnology has catalyzed the development of nanozymes—nanomaterials that mimic natural enzyme activities—ushering in the rise of Os-based nanozymes. Moving forward, future research will focus on refining the synthesis processes of Os-based materials, improving their biocompatibility, and addressing safety concerns in complex pathological environments, unlocking even more tremendous potential in biomedical applications. More significantly, Os-based materials may also play a key role in interstellar exploration, offering crucial support in catalytic reactions and life support systems.

锇（Os）以其独特的同位素系统，在揭示太阳系的起源和行星形成过程中起着关键作用。虽然在19世纪被发现，但多年来一直被忽视。随着科学研究的进步，os基材料已经崭露头角，特别是在生物医学应用中，其在癌症治疗、生物成像、生物传感等方面的潜力越来越受到关注。本文综述了锇基材料的合成、表征、性质、毒性和酶样活性，重点介绍了它们在生物医学上的广泛应用。值得注意的是，纳米技术的快速发展促进了纳米酶的发展——模仿天然酶活性的纳米材料——引领了基于os的纳米酶的兴起。展望未来，未来的研究将集中在完善os基材料的合成工艺，提高其生物相容性，解决复杂病理环境下的安全性问题，从而在生物医学应用中释放出更巨大的潜力。更重要的是，os基材料也可能在星际探索中发挥关键作用，为催化反应和生命维持系统提供关键支持。

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引用次数: 0

Tailoring interfacial chemistry of aluminum alloy anodes for high-performance aqueous aluminum-ion batteries 用于高性能铝离子电池的铝合金阳极的界面化学

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101611

Jieming Chen , Xue Peng , Huilin Zhang , Ling Kang , Seong Chan Jun , Yusuke Yamauchi , Shude Liu

Aqueous aluminum-ion batteries (AAIBs) hold significant promise for large-scale energy storage due to the high volumetric and gravimetric capacities of metallic aluminum, as well as its abundance and environmental benignity. However, their practical implementation is hindered by the low redox potential of aluminum, parasitic hydrogen evolution, and the formation of passivation layers at the anode–electrolyte interface. Aluminum alloys have emerged as promising anode candidates, offering enhanced corrosion resistance, reduced passivation and improved interfacial stability, enabling more reversible and stable electrochemical performance. Nevertheless, alloy anodes still face suboptimal cycling stability, primarily due to large volumetric and structural changes during charge–discharge processes, which induce mechanical degradation and exacerbate interfacial side reactions. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the interfacial chemistry of aluminum alloy anodes for AAIBs. It first outlines the fundamental energy storage mechanisms and summarizes the key issues of alloy-based anodes. Afterwards, the classification and physicochemical properties of different aluminum alloys are discussed, with emphasis on interfacial characteristics and mechanistic insights into their electrochemical behavior. Critical challenges are further analyzed, and rational design strategies are proposed to enhance performance. Finally, future directions of interfacial engineering are outlined to guide the development of aluminum alloy anodes for next-generation AAIBs.

水铝离子电池（AAIBs）由于金属铝的高体积和重量容量，以及它的丰度和环境友好性，在大规模储能方面具有重要的前景。然而，铝的低氧化还原电位、寄生析氢以及阳极-电解质界面钝化层的形成阻碍了它们的实际实施。铝合金已成为极有前途的阳极候选者，具有增强的耐腐蚀性，减少钝化和改善界面稳定性，实现更可逆和稳定的电化学性能。然而，合金阳极仍然面临着次优的循环稳定性，这主要是由于在充放电过程中体积和结构发生了很大的变化，从而导致机械降解并加剧了界面副反应。本文对aaib用铝合金阳极的界面化学进行了综述。首先概述了合金基阳极的基本储能机理，总结了合金基阳极的关键问题。然后，讨论了不同铝合金的分类和物理化学性质，重点讨论了界面特征和其电化学行为的机理。进一步分析了关键挑战，并提出了合理的设计策略以提高性能。最后，展望了界面工程的发展方向，以指导下一代aaib铝合金阳极的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Printing 3D metallic structures through reduction processes: principle, approaches, and applications 通过还原过程打印3D金属结构：原理，方法和应用

IF 4 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Progress in Materials Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101610

Guo Liang Goh , Samuel Zhuo Han Lee , Daniel Jee Seng Goh , Guo Dong Goh, Ernest Cheah, Wai Yee Yeong

3D printing holds significant promise for the fabrication of functional metal structures in various applications. This is made possible due to the unique properties of metals such as electrical conductivity, electrochemical activity, and catalytic behavior. However, existing methods are hampered by critical limitations. Traditional approaches often require high-temperature sintering and yield conductivities inferior to those of bulk metals. Similarly, existing direct writing techniques face challenges in achieving both fine feature control and high throughput, while mainstream metal 3D printing operates at resolutions too coarse for delicate electronics and metallic micro-/nanostructures. This review addresses these gaps by exploring reduction-based 3D printing strategies, where metal-containing precursors are directly transformed into conductive metals via reduction processes. By systematically examining five cutting-edge approaches, namely reactive ink printing, electroless plating of 3D printed structures, metal precursor printing followed by thermal reduction, in situ photoreduction-based laser fabrication, and electrochemical printing, this work elucidates the underlying reduction mechanisms, energetic considerations, and material behaviours that allows for the fabrication of metallic structures with either enhanced resolution, reduced thermal budget, or both. By unifying insights across these methods, the review outlines a roadmap for overcoming current limitations and advancing integration, resolution, and scalability in future applications of 3D-printed metallic materials.

3D打印在各种应用中为功能性金属结构的制造提供了巨大的希望。这是由于金属的独特性质，如导电性，电化学活性和催化行为。然而，现有的方法受到关键限制的阻碍。传统的方法通常需要高温烧结，并且屈服电导率低于大块金属。同样，现有的直接书写技术在实现精细特征控制和高吞吐量方面面临挑战，而主流金属3D打印的分辨率对于精密电子和金属微/纳米结构来说过于粗糙。本综述通过探索基于还原的3D打印策略来解决这些差距，其中含金属前体通过还原过程直接转化为导电金属。通过系统地研究五种前沿方法，即反应性油墨印刷、3D打印结构的化学镀、金属前驱体打印后的热还原、基于光还原的激光制造和电化学打印，本工作阐明了潜在的还原机制、能量考虑和材料行为，这些方法允许以提高分辨率、减少热预算或两者兼而有之的方式制造金属结构。通过统一这些方法的见解，该综述概述了克服当前限制的路线图，并在3d打印金属材料的未来应用中推进集成、分辨率和可扩展性

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引用次数: 0