Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2019.1618625
Hans van de Ven
ABSTRACT This article suggests that the study of the War of Resistance against Japanese aggression should pay due attention to the effect of the war on the wartime everyday, that is, on Chinese culture, politics, society, and the economy away from the battlefield. Not only was the impact deep and enduring, but evolving, regionally and socially divergent responses to the war also shaped the war’s military. In modern war, as Karl von Clausewitz pointed out, public morale is a key factor in deciding the outcome of the fighting. The article first sketches the war’s impact on the Chinese economy, suggesting that the main consequences were “demodernization” and the revival of traditional trading patterns. It then discusses the reading lives of a young woman who grew up during the war and a senior Nationalist official to delineate contrasting emotional private responses, with one person finding in literature an inspirational alternative and the other becoming increasingly disillusioned. The article concludes with an examination of three popular history textbooks. They all stressed the importance of an awareness of Chinese civilization but narrated its nature and its prospects in contrasting ways. Such textbooks were used in required Chinese history courses at universities. The article makes no attempt to be comprehensive but instead uses a few examples as illustrations of the potential of researching wartime everydayness.
{"title":"Wartime everydayness: beyond the battlefield in China’s Second World War","authors":"Hans van de Ven","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2019.1618625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2019.1618625","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article suggests that the study of the War of Resistance against Japanese aggression should pay due attention to the effect of the war on the wartime everyday, that is, on Chinese culture, politics, society, and the economy away from the battlefield. Not only was the impact deep and enduring, but evolving, regionally and socially divergent responses to the war also shaped the war’s military. In modern war, as Karl von Clausewitz pointed out, public morale is a key factor in deciding the outcome of the fighting. The article first sketches the war’s impact on the Chinese economy, suggesting that the main consequences were “demodernization” and the revival of traditional trading patterns. It then discusses the reading lives of a young woman who grew up during the war and a senior Nationalist official to delineate contrasting emotional private responses, with one person finding in literature an inspirational alternative and the other becoming increasingly disillusioned. The article concludes with an examination of three popular history textbooks. They all stressed the importance of an awareness of Chinese civilization but narrated its nature and its prospects in contrasting ways. Such textbooks were used in required Chinese history courses at universities. The article makes no attempt to be comprehensive but instead uses a few examples as illustrations of the potential of researching wartime everydayness.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74975516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2019.1624346
Micah S. Muscolino
ABSTRACT In addition to examining how wartime imperatives shaped the agricultural research, demonstration, and extension programs undertaken by the Nationalist government’s Tianshui Water and Soil Conservation Experiment Area (the Experiment Area) after its founding in 1942, this article assesses the rural populace’s responses to these conservation measures. While the Experiment Area’s plans to construct terraces and ditches were not well suited to the socioeconomic and environmental conditions that existed in rural Gansu during the 1940s, its introduction of non-native tree and grass species to check water and soil loss met with an enthusiastic response from Tianshui’s populace. Water and soil conservation specialists aspired to rationalize human interactions with the environment as part of wartime efforts to develop the northwest, but to realize these goals they had to take socioecological realities in the region and the needs of rural residents into account. Wartime conservation’s environmental legacies, the article also shows, extended into the period after 1949.
{"title":"Tianshui’s three treasures: water and soil conservation in wartime northwest China","authors":"Micah S. Muscolino","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2019.1624346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2019.1624346","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In addition to examining how wartime imperatives shaped the agricultural research, demonstration, and extension programs undertaken by the Nationalist government’s Tianshui Water and Soil Conservation Experiment Area (the Experiment Area) after its founding in 1942, this article assesses the rural populace’s responses to these conservation measures. While the Experiment Area’s plans to construct terraces and ditches were not well suited to the socioeconomic and environmental conditions that existed in rural Gansu during the 1940s, its introduction of non-native tree and grass species to check water and soil loss met with an enthusiastic response from Tianshui’s populace. Water and soil conservation specialists aspired to rationalize human interactions with the environment as part of wartime efforts to develop the northwest, but to realize these goals they had to take socioecological realities in the region and the needs of rural residents into account. Wartime conservation’s environmental legacies, the article also shows, extended into the period after 1949.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73449000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2019.1632564
Seung-joon Lee
ABSTRACT This article explores the multilayered dimensions of food politics in wartime Chongqing. A substantial number of wartime Chongqing dwellers were migrants who flocked to the city, having evacuated from coastal China to follow the Nationalists after the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War. They could not simply be called refugees. Rather, they were sophisticated urbanites known by Chongqing natives as “downriver folks” who brought their political awareness and cultural tastes to the new wartime capital. Some introduced their sumptuous dining culture to Chongqing, thereby provoking a public sense of deprivation, while others brought organizational skills with which to turn public discontent into a political issue. This article argues that an increasing sense of deprivation stemming from the deterioration of the food situation in the city, if seemingly less significant than massive rural famine, became more consequential in the long run than any other political issue in the subsequent Civil War years.
{"title":"Airborne prawns and decayed rice: food politics in Wartime Chongqing","authors":"Seung-joon Lee","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2019.1632564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2019.1632564","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the multilayered dimensions of food politics in wartime Chongqing. A substantial number of wartime Chongqing dwellers were migrants who flocked to the city, having evacuated from coastal China to follow the Nationalists after the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War. They could not simply be called refugees. Rather, they were sophisticated urbanites known by Chongqing natives as “downriver folks” who brought their political awareness and cultural tastes to the new wartime capital. Some introduced their sumptuous dining culture to Chongqing, thereby provoking a public sense of deprivation, while others brought organizational skills with which to turn public discontent into a political issue. This article argues that an increasing sense of deprivation stemming from the deterioration of the food situation in the city, if seemingly less significant than massive rural famine, became more consequential in the long run than any other political issue in the subsequent Civil War years.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80818537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2019.1641290
Judd C. Kinzley
ABSTRACT This article argues that American and British narratives about the existence of a “stockpile” of Chinese goods had a powerful impact on US-China relations, China’s war effort, and China’s wartime everyday. Focusing on both the material and discursive construction of the so-called stockpile in the early 1940s, the work seeks to deconstruct a powerful symbol that was long used by both British and American officials (particularly in the US War Department) to delegitimize the Nationalist government’s war effort against Japan. Drawing on sources collected at archives in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Taiwan, the article seeks to rethink many commonly held assumptions about American aid and to reveal the powerful influence that the symbolic presence of the stockpile had in shaping Sino-American relations in the wartime period and beyond.
{"title":"The power of the “Stockpile”: American aid and China’s Wartime everyday","authors":"Judd C. Kinzley","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2019.1641290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2019.1641290","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article argues that American and British narratives about the existence of a “stockpile” of Chinese goods had a powerful impact on US-China relations, China’s war effort, and China’s wartime everyday. Focusing on both the material and discursive construction of the so-called stockpile in the early 1940s, the work seeks to deconstruct a powerful symbol that was long used by both British and American officials (particularly in the US War Department) to delegitimize the Nationalist government’s war effort against Japan. Drawing on sources collected at archives in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Taiwan, the article seeks to rethink many commonly held assumptions about American aid and to reveal the powerful influence that the symbolic presence of the stockpile had in shaping Sino-American relations in the wartime period and beyond.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79897321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2019.1641289
Daoxuan Huang
ABSTRACT During the Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) imposed restrictions on the marriage of its cadres, so as to maintain the Party’s effective control and combat cohesion. The Central Committee of the CCP did not issue uniform regulations on this topic; most decisions were made by the base areas, with the indirect support of the Central Committee. Marriage and love are personal matters, and the restrictions certainly caused emotional suffering for ordinary cadres affected. However, there were important reasons for the CCP’s implementation of these measures. Through punishment and guidance, these restrictions were carried out smoothly and did not cause great upheaval. As love and marriage became areas subject to the political power of the CCP, they unexpectedly became a focal point of the collision between individuality and Party spirit and between the individual and the group.
{"title":"Disciplined love: the Chinese Communist Party’s wartime restrictions on cadre love and marriage","authors":"Daoxuan Huang","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2019.1641289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2019.1641289","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) imposed restrictions on the marriage of its cadres, so as to maintain the Party’s effective control and combat cohesion. The Central Committee of the CCP did not issue uniform regulations on this topic; most decisions were made by the base areas, with the indirect support of the Central Committee. Marriage and love are personal matters, and the restrictions certainly caused emotional suffering for ordinary cadres affected. However, there were important reasons for the CCP’s implementation of these measures. Through punishment and guidance, these restrictions were carried out smoothly and did not cause great upheaval. As love and marriage became areas subject to the political power of the CCP, they unexpectedly became a focal point of the collision between individuality and Party spirit and between the individual and the group.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82633699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2018.1546932
Jie Shen
{"title":"The relief campaign after the Eight-Nation Alliance’s invasion in 1900","authors":"Jie Shen","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2018.1546932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2018.1546932","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73018214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2018.1544804
Yuefeng Zhou
intellectual history. In addition to modern Chinese magistrates as a group, the author also examines individuals at high, middle, and lower ranks within the judicial system, such as Tang Xuan, Huang Zunsan, Shen Jiaben, Yu Shaosong, Xie Jian, Dong Kang, and Xu Shiying. By integrating individuals with groups, he responds to the problem of the disappearance of the individual caused by trends towards making historical studies more scientific, and he explores how to return the individual to our studies of legal history and modern history. The discussion in this book focuses on the “old” and the “new” approaches to cultivating modern Chinese magistrates, the institutional reforms in the late Qing period and magistrates as a group, Shen Jiaben’s experience and feelings in the first year of the Republican period, the division and reorganization of magistrate groups after the Revolution of 1911, the connections within legal circles during the Beijing government years, and the period of change and the choices made by legal professionals. Different chapters are well integrated in this book, though each of them uses important historical documents to focus on a particular topic. Hence this book offers in-depth discussions of various issues and yet maintains the unity and integrity of an academic monograph. In theory, magistrates as a group were supposed to function as a stabilizing force in modern China, and this was supposedly reflected in the stability of the group itself. In fact, this was seldom the case. The magistrates lived in a time of change, and their role was not necessarily to resolve social disputes and maintain the existing social order. Instead, many of them also became reformers striving for a modern nation-state. The author mentions that in modern Chinese history, magistrates actually played multiple roles. They were involved in constructing a modern nation-state, changing the social customs, and maintaining the existing social order. By using specific cases, he demonstrates not only the difficulty of balancing these roles, but also the contradictions they entailed and the serious conflicts that ensued, a situation that created many legal and judicial problems. In this period of change, construction and transformation were absolute, and the maintenance of what was left unchanged was relative. Modern Chinese magistrates can be perceived as “reformers maintaining the order.” (226) It should be mentioned that this book does not pay enough attention to the judicial work of the magistrates, and consequently, there is still room for further research. Future research should attach importance to judicial documents, such as decisions and indictments.
{"title":"The search for a new republic: a study on thoughts and activities of Zhang Dongsun at his early age (1886-1932)","authors":"Yuefeng Zhou","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2018.1544804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2018.1544804","url":null,"abstract":"intellectual history. In addition to modern Chinese magistrates as a group, the author also examines individuals at high, middle, and lower ranks within the judicial system, such as Tang Xuan, Huang Zunsan, Shen Jiaben, Yu Shaosong, Xie Jian, Dong Kang, and Xu Shiying. By integrating individuals with groups, he responds to the problem of the disappearance of the individual caused by trends towards making historical studies more scientific, and he explores how to return the individual to our studies of legal history and modern history. The discussion in this book focuses on the “old” and the “new” approaches to cultivating modern Chinese magistrates, the institutional reforms in the late Qing period and magistrates as a group, Shen Jiaben’s experience and feelings in the first year of the Republican period, the division and reorganization of magistrate groups after the Revolution of 1911, the connections within legal circles during the Beijing government years, and the period of change and the choices made by legal professionals. Different chapters are well integrated in this book, though each of them uses important historical documents to focus on a particular topic. Hence this book offers in-depth discussions of various issues and yet maintains the unity and integrity of an academic monograph. In theory, magistrates as a group were supposed to function as a stabilizing force in modern China, and this was supposedly reflected in the stability of the group itself. In fact, this was seldom the case. The magistrates lived in a time of change, and their role was not necessarily to resolve social disputes and maintain the existing social order. Instead, many of them also became reformers striving for a modern nation-state. The author mentions that in modern Chinese history, magistrates actually played multiple roles. They were involved in constructing a modern nation-state, changing the social customs, and maintaining the existing social order. By using specific cases, he demonstrates not only the difficulty of balancing these roles, but also the contradictions they entailed and the serious conflicts that ensued, a situation that created many legal and judicial problems. In this period of change, construction and transformation were absolute, and the maintenance of what was left unchanged was relative. Modern Chinese magistrates can be perceived as “reformers maintaining the order.” (226) It should be mentioned that this book does not pay enough attention to the judicial work of the magistrates, and consequently, there is still room for further research. Future research should attach importance to judicial documents, such as decisions and indictments.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90026801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2018.1561095
M. Ching
Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980), whommany consider the founding father of media studies, first coined the phrase “the medium is the message” in his Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, published in 1964. Since then, this idea has been hammered into the heads of every first-year undergraduate student majoring in media studies. In Understanding Media, McLuhan states that “It is the medium that shapes and controls the scale and form of human association and action. The content or uses of such media are as diverse as they are ineffectual in shaping the form of human association.” In other words, the particular materiality of a medium not only constructs and creates a particular kind of message, but also affects how the message is received, understood, interpreted, and responded to. It can even be argued that every medium invokes human behaviors and thought patterns unique to that medium. Therefore, as far as communication studies and media history are concerned, a medium itself, not the content it carries, should be the focus of study. Although McLuhan’s proposition “the medium is the message” is widely accepted in communication studies, scholars in the field of media history still do not seem to have taken this idea seriously enough, as evidenced by their general preoccupation with content rather than the medium itself. For instance, some read through old newspapers to collect information relevant to a particular topic; others go through pictorial magazines in search of visual evidence as proof of particular facts. In both cases, the materiality of the medium itself, be it a newspaper or a pictorial magazine, is usually ignored. This problem is exacerbated by the wide use of digital technologies in research and further compounded by the need for libraries to protect the original materials in their collections bymaking them available only in digital format or reprints. Given the ease of using a computer to search for a particular word and the limited accessibility of original materials, researchers today often lack the opportunity to touch the actual medium itself. Consequently, there are many questions they cannot answer. What is the texture of the paper on which the words are printed?What is the exact original size of a slide or photograph?Was the movie in question shot on 16mm or 35mm film, with or without a sound track? And what about the print quality of a book, a pamphlet, or a newspaper? It is regrettable that most libraries in China do not collect audiovisual materials and that the few that do rarely make their collections available to the public. This too deprives scholars of a direct and unabridged experience with these media. Strictly speaking, any research on media history that fails to adequately consider the dimension of themedium itself does not qualify as media history. At best, such
{"title":"Rethinking media history in modern China: the cases of lithography, slide shows, the telegraph, and motion pictures","authors":"M. Ching","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2018.1561095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2018.1561095","url":null,"abstract":"Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980), whommany consider the founding father of media studies, first coined the phrase “the medium is the message” in his Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, published in 1964. Since then, this idea has been hammered into the heads of every first-year undergraduate student majoring in media studies. In Understanding Media, McLuhan states that “It is the medium that shapes and controls the scale and form of human association and action. The content or uses of such media are as diverse as they are ineffectual in shaping the form of human association.” In other words, the particular materiality of a medium not only constructs and creates a particular kind of message, but also affects how the message is received, understood, interpreted, and responded to. It can even be argued that every medium invokes human behaviors and thought patterns unique to that medium. Therefore, as far as communication studies and media history are concerned, a medium itself, not the content it carries, should be the focus of study. Although McLuhan’s proposition “the medium is the message” is widely accepted in communication studies, scholars in the field of media history still do not seem to have taken this idea seriously enough, as evidenced by their general preoccupation with content rather than the medium itself. For instance, some read through old newspapers to collect information relevant to a particular topic; others go through pictorial magazines in search of visual evidence as proof of particular facts. In both cases, the materiality of the medium itself, be it a newspaper or a pictorial magazine, is usually ignored. This problem is exacerbated by the wide use of digital technologies in research and further compounded by the need for libraries to protect the original materials in their collections bymaking them available only in digital format or reprints. Given the ease of using a computer to search for a particular word and the limited accessibility of original materials, researchers today often lack the opportunity to touch the actual medium itself. Consequently, there are many questions they cannot answer. What is the texture of the paper on which the words are printed?What is the exact original size of a slide or photograph?Was the movie in question shot on 16mm or 35mm film, with or without a sound track? And what about the print quality of a book, a pamphlet, or a newspaper? It is regrettable that most libraries in China do not collect audiovisual materials and that the few that do rarely make their collections available to the public. This too deprives scholars of a direct and unabridged experience with these media. Strictly speaking, any research on media history that fails to adequately consider the dimension of themedium itself does not qualify as media history. At best, such","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89885225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2018.1556981
Xin Xie, M. Ching
ABSTRACT Lithography, which originated in Germany, was introduced into China by European missionaries in the nineteenth century. Inexpensive and uncomplicated, it quickly became an important medium for disseminating knowledge throughout a century of social change in modern China. The indigenization of this foreign technology in China was constantly shaped by and in turn shaped a variety of factors such as equipment, materials, human agency, and the market. This new method of printing enabled Chinese publishers to disseminate information and knowledge vividly and introduced Chinese elements into the printing of images and musical notation.
{"title":"Pictures and music from stone: the indigenization of lithography in modern China, 1876–1945","authors":"Xin Xie, M. Ching","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2018.1556981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2018.1556981","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lithography, which originated in Germany, was introduced into China by European missionaries in the nineteenth century. Inexpensive and uncomplicated, it quickly became an important medium for disseminating knowledge throughout a century of social change in modern China. The indigenization of this foreign technology in China was constantly shaped by and in turn shaped a variety of factors such as equipment, materials, human agency, and the market. This new method of printing enabled Chinese publishers to disseminate information and knowledge vividly and introduced Chinese elements into the printing of images and musical notation.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74118388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2018.1559537
Xufeng Tan
{"title":"Sacred labor: the perspective of early Chinese sociology","authors":"Xufeng Tan","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2018.1559537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2018.1559537","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75307823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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