Pub Date : 2016-05-11DOI: 10.4172/2315-7844.1000186
J. M. Balaba
This practical research looks into the application by the government service insurance System (GSIS) of the Philippines of responsible investment strategies espoused in the delivery of social security benefits by the leading public pension funds in the world. Two of these, namely the ABP (Stichting Pensioenfonds) of The Netherlands and the California public employees’ retirement system (CalPERS) of the USA, are in focus here. This study was undertaken to highlight the performance of the GSIS Pension Fund as a business case and to evaluate the sustainability of the GSIS fund management practices vis-a-vis responsible investment strategies that have been espoused by the leading pension funds of the world.
{"title":"Benchmarking the Worlds Leading Pension Funds: How Fares theGovernment Service Insurance System of the Philippines","authors":"J. M. Balaba","doi":"10.4172/2315-7844.1000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2315-7844.1000186","url":null,"abstract":"This practical research looks into the application by the government service insurance System (GSIS) of the Philippines of responsible investment strategies espoused in the delivery of social security benefits by the leading public pension funds in the world. Two of these, namely the ABP (Stichting Pensioenfonds) of The Netherlands and the California public employees’ retirement system (CalPERS) of the USA, are in focus here. This study was undertaken to highlight the performance of the GSIS Pension Fund as a business case and to evaluate the sustainability of the GSIS fund management practices vis-a-vis responsible investment strategies that have been espoused by the leading pension funds of the world.","PeriodicalId":413735,"journal":{"name":"Review of Public Administration and Management","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132953120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-22DOI: 10.4172/2315-7844.1000185
Kingston Magaya, Tinotenda Chidhawu
This study seeks to assess the maintenance and promotion of professional ethics in the public procurement systems of Zimbabwe from 2009 to 2013. The information gathered reveal causal factors behind the violation of professional ethics. The Public Choice Theory propounded by Buchanan and the Principal-Agent Theory will help in explaining why such results have been attained. This paper was compiled after reviewing some procurement publications, journal articles, and newspapers as well as employing questionnaires and interviews. The research found that there is rampant and endemic violation of professional ethics in the Zimbabwean public procurement systems since the 1990s. About US$2 billion is believed to be lost due to financial indiscipline in 2012 only. This was because of a multiplicity of factors which acted as contributing factors for the thriving of corruption. Among these several factors include political predation, low remuneration levels as well as lack of knowledge which goes with the rigors of public procurement business. The study concludes that the determinants of unofficial practices are mainly due to political predation thereby impacting negatively on the economy. The study also makes some recommendations on how professional ethics could be fully maintained and promoted and such recommendations include decentralizing public procurement, national commitment towards rooting and stamping out graft, training of procurement officials, adopting e-commerce mechanisms and ensuring compliance to the code of conduct. The paper also notes the effects of financial indiscipline in the State Procurement Board. Zimbabwe’s public procurement systems if managed properly, would reduce skewed and uneven development, lure foreign investors and improve service discharge in the form of quality project implementation in the public sector.
{"title":"An Assessment of Professional Ethics in Public Procurement Systems inZimbabwe: Case of the State Procurement Board (2009-2013)","authors":"Kingston Magaya, Tinotenda Chidhawu","doi":"10.4172/2315-7844.1000185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2315-7844.1000185","url":null,"abstract":"This study seeks to assess the maintenance and promotion of professional ethics in the public procurement systems of Zimbabwe from 2009 to 2013. The information gathered reveal causal factors behind the violation of professional ethics. The Public Choice Theory propounded by Buchanan and the Principal-Agent Theory will help in explaining why such results have been attained. This paper was compiled after reviewing some procurement publications, journal articles, and newspapers as well as employing questionnaires and interviews. The research found that there is rampant and endemic violation of professional ethics in the Zimbabwean public procurement systems since the 1990s. About US$2 billion is believed to be lost due to financial indiscipline in 2012 only. This was because of a multiplicity of factors which acted as contributing factors for the thriving of corruption. Among these several factors include political predation, low remuneration levels as well as lack of knowledge which goes with the rigors of public procurement business. The study concludes that the determinants of unofficial practices are mainly due to political predation thereby impacting negatively on the economy. The study also makes some recommendations on how professional ethics could be fully maintained and promoted and such recommendations include decentralizing public procurement, national commitment towards rooting and stamping out graft, training of procurement officials, adopting e-commerce mechanisms and ensuring compliance to the code of conduct. The paper also notes the effects of financial indiscipline in the State Procurement Board. Zimbabwe’s public procurement systems if managed properly, would reduce skewed and uneven development, lure foreign investors and improve service discharge in the form of quality project implementation in the public sector.","PeriodicalId":413735,"journal":{"name":"Review of Public Administration and Management","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116045681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-29DOI: 10.4172/2315-7844.1000184
Sunita Reddy
In the global medical markets, with the breakthrough in science and biotechnology, ‘Bodies’ and its ‘parts’ can be sold, purchased or even stolen. Around the world, with growing infertility, couples are moving across borders to bear their own biological child, using assisted and New Reproductive Technologies (NRT), culminating into what is called ‘reproductive tourism’ or ‘fertility tourism’. There are different perspectives to see the process of surrogacy, especially the gestationalcommercial, where the third person a ‘surrogate’ bears child/children, for nine months without any genetic relations, only to relinquish to the commissioning couple for a cost. Clearly there are strict laid down rules and regulations in many countries, where altruistic surrogacy is allowed but commercial surrogacy is completely banned and is illegal.
{"title":"Art Bill Still Pending, When Will Surrogates Get Their Due Share in India?","authors":"Sunita Reddy","doi":"10.4172/2315-7844.1000184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2315-7844.1000184","url":null,"abstract":"In the global medical markets, with the breakthrough in science and biotechnology, ‘Bodies’ and its ‘parts’ can be sold, purchased or even stolen. Around the world, with growing infertility, couples are moving across borders to bear their own biological child, using assisted and New Reproductive Technologies (NRT), culminating into what is called ‘reproductive tourism’ or ‘fertility tourism’. There are different perspectives to see the process of surrogacy, especially the gestationalcommercial, where the third person a ‘surrogate’ bears child/children, for nine months without any genetic relations, only to relinquish to the commissioning couple for a cost. Clearly there are strict laid down rules and regulations in many countries, where altruistic surrogacy is allowed but commercial surrogacy is completely banned and is illegal.","PeriodicalId":413735,"journal":{"name":"Review of Public Administration and Management","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114374721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-26DOI: 10.4172/2315-7844.1000182
S. Dahlberg, S. Holmberg
What kind of institutions is most essential to be trustworthy in order for a society to function well? To the extent that previous research has addressed the problem, trust in electoral, judicial and economic institutions and in public administration have been most frequently mentioned as most important for the functioning of society. The problem, however, is worth a more thorough research approach, where trust in different kind of institutions is systematically compared across political systems. The study is based on five different data sources: three aggregated datasets (CSES, WVS and ESS), and two surveys of Swedish citizens (SOM and the Lore Citizen Panel). When it comes to regime support (and legitimacy) institutional trust matters; especially trust in electoral and judicial institutions. Quality of government matters also. Economic factors, however, matter less in this instance. Political factors rule, not economical. Nations succeed when there is trust in electoral and judicial institutions and when there is an impartial public administration.
{"title":"The Importance of Electoral and Judicial Trust for Regime Support","authors":"S. Dahlberg, S. Holmberg","doi":"10.4172/2315-7844.1000182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2315-7844.1000182","url":null,"abstract":"What kind of institutions is most essential to be trustworthy in order for a society to function well? To the extent that previous research has addressed the problem, trust in electoral, judicial and economic institutions and in public administration have been most frequently mentioned as most important for the functioning of society. The problem, however, is worth a more thorough research approach, where trust in different kind of institutions is systematically compared across political systems. The study is based on five different data sources: three aggregated datasets (CSES, WVS and ESS), and two surveys of Swedish citizens (SOM and the Lore Citizen Panel). When it comes to regime support (and legitimacy) institutional trust matters; especially trust in electoral and judicial institutions. Quality of government matters also. Economic factors, however, matter less in this instance. Political factors rule, not economical. Nations succeed when there is trust in electoral and judicial institutions and when there is an impartial public administration.","PeriodicalId":413735,"journal":{"name":"Review of Public Administration and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114577972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-29DOI: 10.4172/2315-7844.1000180
Manal Y. Alduaij, Hanaa G. Al-Amari
This research employs the TAM to examine student’s perceived benefits and perceived barriers of using m-commerce in relation to student demographic factors such as gender, age, year of study, and college of study that moderate students adoption decisions of m-commerce. The study adopts a quantitative approach based on questionnaire development and distribution that resulted in a total sample of 1000 students. Empirical data was analyzed using SPSS-20 software program. First, in relation to gender results indicate that overall male students perceive more benefits in dealing with m-commerce than the female student feel. Second, concerning age, results show that students who are in the age group of ‘17~19’ feel more benefits in dealing with m-commerce than the students who are in the age group of ‘20~more’ feel. Third, concerning year of study, findings show that students who are in the year of study of ‘freshman or sophomore’ feel more benefits in dealing with m-commerce than the students who are in the in the later years of study ‘junior or senior’. Fourth, concerning the college of study, results show that students who are studying in Public Universities feel more benefits in dealing with m-commerce than the students who are studying in the private universities feel.
{"title":"Factors Moderating Students Adoption Decisions of Mobile Commerce","authors":"Manal Y. Alduaij, Hanaa G. Al-Amari","doi":"10.4172/2315-7844.1000180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2315-7844.1000180","url":null,"abstract":"This research employs the TAM to examine student’s perceived benefits and perceived barriers of using m-commerce in relation to student demographic factors such as gender, age, year of study, and college of study that moderate students adoption decisions of m-commerce. The study adopts a quantitative approach based on questionnaire development and distribution that resulted in a total sample of 1000 students. Empirical data was analyzed using SPSS-20 software program. First, in relation to gender results indicate that overall male students perceive more benefits in dealing with m-commerce than the female student feel. Second, concerning age, results show that students who are in the age group of ‘17~19’ feel more benefits in dealing with m-commerce than the students who are in the age group of ‘20~more’ feel. Third, concerning year of study, findings show that students who are in the year of study of ‘freshman or sophomore’ feel more benefits in dealing with m-commerce than the students who are in the in the later years of study ‘junior or senior’. Fourth, concerning the college of study, results show that students who are studying in Public Universities feel more benefits in dealing with m-commerce than the students who are studying in the private universities feel.","PeriodicalId":413735,"journal":{"name":"Review of Public Administration and Management","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123633381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-29DOI: 10.4172/2315-7844.1000181
Alej, R. Garcia
The development of management thinking, has focused on the study and emphasis of the organizations, that is, single approach by specializing in specific segments, whether the task, structure, strategy, and very sparingly, It has attended the study of shared organizational values and human identity; Therefore, these approaches have been maximized in order to seek more effective solutions to organizational problems; Thus, the demands and pressures that are subject organizations of the future, if their senior executives aim to achieve more efficient management of resources for the generation of products and services of higher value, which allows a higher yield for investors and a better quality of life for workers, it is necessary to formulate and implement sophisticated new methods, tools, instruments and management systems that are centered on people, this is their shared values, to achieve organizations founded on human identity.
{"title":"Towards Excellence Organization Founded in Human Identity","authors":"Alej, R. Garcia","doi":"10.4172/2315-7844.1000181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2315-7844.1000181","url":null,"abstract":"The development of management thinking, has focused on the study and emphasis of the organizations, that is, single approach by specializing in specific segments, whether the task, structure, strategy, and very sparingly, It has attended the study of shared organizational values and human identity; Therefore, these approaches have been maximized in order to seek more effective solutions to organizational problems; Thus, the demands and pressures that are subject organizations of the future, if their senior executives aim to achieve more efficient management of resources for the generation of products and services of higher value, which allows a higher yield for investors and a better quality of life for workers, it is necessary to formulate and implement sophisticated new methods, tools, instruments and management systems that are centered on people, this is their shared values, to achieve organizations founded on human identity.","PeriodicalId":413735,"journal":{"name":"Review of Public Administration and Management","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133195691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-29DOI: 10.4172/2315-7844.1000179
P. Chastonay, T. Mattig
Population health requires visionary policies, competent professionals, strong health systems, sound management, community commitment and each individual’s health awareness. This is especially true for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). What are NCDs and why do they represent a major challenge for health systems worldwide? As defined by the World Health Organization, NCDs (noncommunicable diseases) primarily include cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease and diabetes as well as mental illness.
{"title":"Non-communicable Diseases: The Forthcoming Challenge for HealthSystems Worldwide","authors":"P. Chastonay, T. Mattig","doi":"10.4172/2315-7844.1000179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2315-7844.1000179","url":null,"abstract":"Population health requires visionary policies, competent professionals, strong health systems, sound management, community commitment and each individual’s health awareness. This is especially true for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). What are NCDs and why do they represent a major challenge for health systems worldwide? As defined by the World Health Organization, NCDs (noncommunicable diseases) primarily include cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease and diabetes as well as mental illness.","PeriodicalId":413735,"journal":{"name":"Review of Public Administration and Management","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132357033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-29DOI: 10.4172/2315-7844.1000178
Adegoke Kudirat Abiola
Marketing in librarianship is an act of planning, organizing, dissemination and controlling of information services on a proactive and users oriented way that ensures the patrons satisfaction while achieving the objectives of the parent organization. To achieve maximum utilization of library resources, librarians must improve the way they market their services due to the fact that marketing is vital to the growth and development of any library irrespective of the parent organization. This paper discussed in detail the implication of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan’s Five Laws of Library Science in marketing library and information resources and services. The paper therefore emphasized more on the importance of using the laws as guiding principle to provide adequate service delivery to the users.
{"title":"Ranganathans Law of Library Science: A Guiding Principle for MarketingLibrary Services","authors":"Adegoke Kudirat Abiola","doi":"10.4172/2315-7844.1000178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2315-7844.1000178","url":null,"abstract":"Marketing in librarianship is an act of planning, organizing, dissemination and controlling of information services on a proactive and users oriented way that ensures the patrons satisfaction while achieving the objectives of the parent organization. To achieve maximum utilization of library resources, librarians must improve the way they market their services due to the fact that marketing is vital to the growth and development of any library irrespective of the parent organization. This paper discussed in detail the implication of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan’s Five Laws of Library Science in marketing library and information resources and services. The paper therefore emphasized more on the importance of using the laws as guiding principle to provide adequate service delivery to the users.","PeriodicalId":413735,"journal":{"name":"Review of Public Administration and Management","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130021666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-18DOI: 10.4172/2315-7844.1000193
Awal Hossain Mollah
The paper has evaluated the relation between the free, fair and credible election and democratic governance in Bangladesh. The paper is a descriptive and qualitative in nature and mainly based on secondary literature. For doing this study, conceptual clarification has been done first and identified few elements of free, fair and credible elections. Then, how far these elements have been ensured in Bangladeshi elections has been evaluated by analyzing all the national elections held since independence. Apart from these, major factors and challenges of holding a free, fair and credible election in Bangladesh have been examined Major findings of this study are: Since the independence of Bangladesh, 10 national elections held in various regimes. 4 out of 10 national elections have been found free, fair and credible which have been conducted by the non-party caretaker government. Rests of the elections are not out of controversy and full of manipulation held under elected government. The present AL government is elected by the 10th parliamentary election under incumbent (AL) government, but a major opposition allies (20 parties) lead by BNP boycotted this election and 154 of the total 300 seats being uncontested. As a result, AL again came to the power without a competitive election and most of the national and International election observers including media world consider this election as unfair and the government is suffering from lack of legitimacy which creates political pressure for another interim election and need a permanent solution.
{"title":"Free, Fair and Credible Election and Democratic Governance in Bangladesh: How Far the Dream of Success?","authors":"Awal Hossain Mollah","doi":"10.4172/2315-7844.1000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2315-7844.1000193","url":null,"abstract":"The paper has evaluated the relation between the free, fair and credible election and democratic governance in Bangladesh. The paper is a descriptive and qualitative in nature and mainly based on secondary literature. For doing this study, conceptual clarification has been done first and identified few elements of free, fair and credible elections. Then, how far these elements have been ensured in Bangladeshi elections has been evaluated by analyzing all the national elections held since independence. Apart from these, major factors and challenges of holding a free, fair and credible election in Bangladesh have been examined Major findings of this study are: Since the independence of Bangladesh, 10 national elections held in various regimes. 4 out of 10 national elections have been found free, fair and credible which have been conducted by the non-party caretaker government. Rests of the elections are not out of controversy and full of manipulation held under elected government. The present AL government is elected by the 10th parliamentary election under incumbent (AL) government, but a major opposition allies (20 parties) lead by BNP boycotted this election and 154 of the total 300 seats being uncontested. As a result, AL again came to the power without a competitive election and most of the national and International election observers including media world consider this election as unfair and the government is suffering from lack of legitimacy which creates political pressure for another interim election and need a permanent solution.","PeriodicalId":413735,"journal":{"name":"Review of Public Administration and Management","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131250085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-14DOI: 10.4172/2315-7844.1000177
Gavin J. Putzer, J. Jaramillo
Purpose: The leading causes of mortality in the US include chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer. These diseases may also be classified as major “lifestyle” diseases that trace partially to imprudent living and risky behavior. Design: To examine the monetary costs of lifestyle choices. Setting: USA Subjects: USA citizens Measures: We utilized the most recent data from the National Center for Health Statistics and mortality costs from the USA Census Bureau in order to estimate the costs of lifestyle decisions leading to premature death. Analysis: This study examines the monetary costs associated with six personal lifestyle decisions- smoking, diet, excessive alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, accidents, sexually transmitted infections-and consequent premature mortalities. Results: Our study showed that 40.0% of the 2.47 million deaths annually in the USA may be attributed to lifestyle decisions. The majority of premature deaths that occurred were associated with three lifestyle decisions-smoking, obesity or excessive alcohol consumption. Smoking, obesity, sexually transmitted infections and accidents decreased vis-a-vis the previous decade; whereas, illicit drugs and alcohol-related premature deaths increased from the previous decade. Conclusion: The value of lifetime earnings lost among individuals as a consequence of lifestyle choices is $241 billion annually. The prospect for future declines in these premature deaths will most likely depend on a decrease in risk factors, continued lifestyle modification and population-based intervention strategies.
{"title":"Premature Mortality Costs Associated with Lifestyle Factors among USCitizens","authors":"Gavin J. Putzer, J. Jaramillo","doi":"10.4172/2315-7844.1000177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2315-7844.1000177","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The leading causes of mortality in the US include chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer. These diseases may also be classified as major “lifestyle” diseases that trace partially to imprudent living and risky behavior. \u0000Design: To examine the monetary costs of lifestyle choices. \u0000Setting: USA Subjects: USA citizens \u0000Measures: We utilized the most recent data from the National Center for Health Statistics and mortality costs from the USA Census Bureau in order to estimate the costs of lifestyle decisions leading to premature death. \u0000Analysis: This study examines the monetary costs associated with six personal lifestyle decisions- smoking, diet, excessive alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, accidents, sexually transmitted infections-and consequent premature mortalities. \u0000Results: Our study showed that 40.0% of the 2.47 million deaths annually in the USA may be attributed to lifestyle decisions. The majority of premature deaths that occurred were associated with three lifestyle decisions-smoking, obesity or excessive alcohol consumption. Smoking, obesity, sexually transmitted infections and accidents decreased vis-a-vis the previous decade; whereas, illicit drugs and alcohol-related premature deaths increased from the previous decade. \u0000Conclusion: The value of lifetime earnings lost among individuals as a consequence of lifestyle choices is $241 billion annually. The prospect for future declines in these premature deaths will most likely depend on a decrease in risk factors, continued lifestyle modification and population-based intervention strategies.","PeriodicalId":413735,"journal":{"name":"Review of Public Administration and Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132785372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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