Pub Date : 2016-06-07DOI: 10.1080/21931674.2016.1180870
A. Gehring
Abstract This article focuses on Dutch retirement migrants who move to Spain and Turkey after retirement. Retirement migrants move at a stage in their life cycle which can be associated with health deterioration. The need to seek access to healthcare provisions may therefore be important in the migratory experience of retirement migrants. This article provides an analysis at three different and interrelated levels by drawing on an analytical framework of Faist, Bilecen, Barglowski and Sienkiewicz. The article discusses the interrelationship between: (1) European, national, and private rules and regulations on health care which determine retirement migrants’ access to healthcare provisions in the home and host state; (2) retirement migrants’ social networks as a space where collective meaning is given to these rules and regulations and where retirement migrants create preferences for healthcare provisions; and (3) retirement migrants’ strategies to access their preferred set of healthcare provisions in the home and host state. It will be argued that retirement migrants may navigate their way through the healthcare systems and may change their mobility or residence pattern in order to be seen as a resident in the Netherlands or Spain/Turkey in order to access their preferred set of healthcare provisions.
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Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21931674.2016.1184024
C. Schmitt
In late 2014, the UN Refugee Agency counted 59.5 million people around the world on the run (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2015). This is the highest number that has been registered since World War II. The statistics include refugees fleeing across national borders, so-called internally displaced persons who do not cross state borders, and asylum seekers. Fifty-one percent of the refugees are children and underage adolescents. Many of them flee together with family and relatives, others are on their own. In 2014, 34,300 unaccompanied or separated children filled in an asylum application in 82 countries (UNHCR, 2015). The actual figure might be even higher, since unaccompanied children are not statistically accounted for in every country (Rieger, 2015, p. 68). The majority fled from Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, and Eritrea. Flight reasons of young refugees are various: many escape from wars and the consequent fear of being recruited as child soldiers (e.g. Homfeldt & Schmitt, 2012, pp. 160f; Kohli, 2007, pp. 29–34). Girls in particular are afraid of sexual exploitation, or have experienced it already. Others flee due to persecution of their religion, ethnicity, or their family’s political affiliation. Sometimes, young refugees experience violence in their family, forced marriage, or genital mutilation. Another drive can be the desire for a secure existence, good education and job perspectives, or to escape a natural disaster. Some of the young people are sent by their families to create a better life elsewhere. Others lose their parents or relatives during their flight, or flee of their own accord, for example because they have already lost both parents in their country of origin. Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable on the run. They often depend on traffickers, pass unsafe states, and are at risk of being abused or robbed. By the time they reach their country of destination and come into contact with social services, many of the young people suffer from their experiences and are in urgent need of professional support (e.g. Stotz, Elbert, Müller, & Schauer, 2015). Social workers are confronted with biographies that span across several nation-states and encompass experiences in the country of origin, during the flight, and in the country of destination. They are challenged to stabilize the lifeworlds of the young people. This paper argues that a transnational social work with young refugees is needed and suggests first conceptual ideas. The addresseesʼ lifeworlds and biographies are transnational and therefore require a social work education and practice which exceeds a solely national frame of thinking and acting.
2014年底，联合国难民署统计，全球有5950万人处于逃亡状态。(联合国难民事务高级专员，2015年)这是自第二次世界大战以来登记的最高数字。统计数据包括跨越国界逃离的难民、不跨越国界的所谓境内流离失所者和寻求庇护者。51%的难民是儿童和未成年青少年。他们中的许多人与家人和亲戚一起逃离，其他人则独自一人。2014年，共有34300名无人陪伴或失散儿童在82个国家申请庇护(联合国难民署，2015年)。实际数字可能更高，因为并不是每个国家都统计无人陪伴儿童(Rieger, 2015, p. 68)。大多数人是从叙利亚、阿富汗、索马里和厄立特里亚逃来的。年轻难民逃离的原因是多种多样的:许多人逃离战争，因此害怕被招募为儿童兵(例如Homfeldt & Schmitt, 2012, pp. 160f;Kohli, 2007，第29-34页)。女孩尤其害怕性剥削，或者已经经历过性剥削。其他人则因宗教、种族或家庭政治派别受到迫害而逃离。有时，年轻难民会遭遇家庭暴力、强迫婚姻或生殖器切割。另一种动力可能是对安全生存、良好教育和就业前景的渴望，或者是逃离自然灾害。有些年轻人被他们的家人送到别处去创造更好的生活。另一些人在逃亡期间失去了父母或亲戚，或自愿逃离，例如因为他们在原籍国已经失去了双亲。儿童和青少年在逃亡中尤其容易受到伤害。他们往往依赖贩运者，经过不安全的国家，并面临被虐待或抢劫的风险。当他们到达目的地国并接触社会服务时，许多年轻人都遭受了他们的经历，迫切需要专业支持(例如Stotz, Elbert, m ller， & Schauer, 2015)。社会工作者面临着跨越几个民族国家的传记，包括在原籍国、逃亡期间和目的地国的经历。他们面临着稳定年轻人生活世界的挑战。本文认为需要开展跨国难民社会工作，并提出了初步的概念构想。收件人的生活世界和传记是跨国的，因此需要一种超越单一国家思维和行动框架的社会工作教育和实践。
{"title":"Transnational social work with young refugees","authors":"C. Schmitt","doi":"10.1080/21931674.2016.1184024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21931674.2016.1184024","url":null,"abstract":"In late 2014, the UN Refugee Agency counted 59.5 million people around the world on the run (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2015). This is the highest number that has been registered since World War II. The statistics include refugees fleeing across national borders, so-called internally displaced persons who do not cross state borders, and asylum seekers. Fifty-one percent of the refugees are children and underage adolescents. Many of them flee together with family and relatives, others are on their own. In 2014, 34,300 unaccompanied or separated children filled in an asylum application in 82 countries (UNHCR, 2015). The actual figure might be even higher, since unaccompanied children are not statistically accounted for in every country (Rieger, 2015, p. 68). The majority fled from Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, and Eritrea. Flight reasons of young refugees are various: many escape from wars and the consequent fear of being recruited as child soldiers (e.g. Homfeldt & Schmitt, 2012, pp. 160f; Kohli, 2007, pp. 29–34). Girls in particular are afraid of sexual exploitation, or have experienced it already. Others flee due to persecution of their religion, ethnicity, or their family’s political affiliation. Sometimes, young refugees experience violence in their family, forced marriage, or genital mutilation. Another drive can be the desire for a secure existence, good education and job perspectives, or to escape a natural disaster. Some of the young people are sent by their families to create a better life elsewhere. Others lose their parents or relatives during their flight, or flee of their own accord, for example because they have already lost both parents in their country of origin. Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable on the run. They often depend on traffickers, pass unsafe states, and are at risk of being abused or robbed. By the time they reach their country of destination and come into contact with social services, many of the young people suffer from their experiences and are in urgent need of professional support (e.g. Stotz, Elbert, Müller, & Schauer, 2015). Social workers are confronted with biographies that span across several nation-states and encompass experiences in the country of origin, during the flight, and in the country of destination. They are challenged to stabilize the lifeworlds of the young people. This paper argues that a transnational social work with young refugees is needed and suggests first conceptual ideas. The addresseesʼ lifeworlds and biographies are transnational and therefore require a social work education and practice which exceeds a solely national frame of thinking and acting.","PeriodicalId":413830,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Social Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129489525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21931674.2016.1182350
Yvonne Niekrenz, Matthias D. Witte, Lisa D Albrecht
Over the past 20 years, both “the body” and “transnationalism” have been elaborated as sociological terms, empirically investigated as research topics, and finally established within the social-scientific discourses as the so called “turns” (see Gugutzer, 2006; Levitt & Nyberg-Sørensen, 2004). Although there is an increasing interest in the social role of the body, and the transnational paradigm has established itself as a new point of reference for migratory movements, both “turns” are brought together only very rarely. Speaking about the body within the social sciences means speaking from the perspective of the embodied actor; an actor whose knowledge, practices, and sensations are carnal; one who is situated in a specific presence at a certain place, one who is affected by and affecting the local surroundings. Considering common definitions of transnationalism, it is always highlighted that the local surrounding may become hybridized through transnational linkages and (re-) presentations of distant others and remote events. Within a general definition that describes transnationalism as a circulation of goods, people, and information, which leads to a relatively stable mesh that stretches across national borders and manifests itself within different localities (e.g. Pries, 2008, p. 4), the bodily and finite matter of those people living transnationally and its impacts on transnational lifeworlds seems to be comparatively weightless – be it only that it is taken for granted. The TSR Special Issue “Transnational Lives. Transnational Bodies?” asks: in what way do transnational lives result in transnational bodies? While common definitions of transnationalism stress the cross-linkages between different localities, people, and communities that are queering national borders, the fact that actors are emplaced by their bodies means that the body becomes something to manage and mediate with a quality of its own. At the same time, it is the physical weight and the matter of the local body that demands actual or virtual movement. One of the first attempts to conceptualize transnationalism as an embodied phenomenon was made by Kevin Dunn in 2010. Dunn states that the body has always been present in migration research – be it only “by the movement of people across space” – but it has not been “a prominent spatial scale of analysis in the field” (Dunn, 2010, p. 1). Following Dunn’s path of argumentation, we hypothesize that transnational lifeworlds and lives not only need to be embodied and locally embedded in order to become a social reality, but that the body itself makes demands by its very own quality and thus already can be considered as a trans-bordered phenomenon. Bodies do not simply exist as bodies per se but they are materializing and symbolizing socio-political categories and constructions: they are
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Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21931674.2016.1184820
G. Amitsis
At the outbreak of the economic crisis in 2010, Greece was faced with a rare conjuncture of extremely difficult socio-economic circumstances. This huge challenge revealed the long-lasting weaknesses and distortions both of the public as well as of the private and civil sector. In order to return to normality, Greece is compelled to achieve two parallel goals: on one hand, maintain its capacity to support current standard public policies and, on the other hand, to promote deep and radical reforms on many different levels. However, the achievement of both of these goals has proven to be extremely difficult (Amitsis, 2012) due to the heavy fiscal constraints (e.g. inability to cover gaps in human resources, basic infrastructures, technological equipment etc.) imposed in the context of the Financial Stability Mechanisms1 implemented since May 2010. The situation has significantly worsened during the last year due to political instability (two snap elections in one year), as well as the long-lasting negotiations between Greece and the Troika which led – during summer 2015 – to an internal tacit “payment freezing” for the public sector and the implementation of a capitol control mechanism (the latter still in force until this day). In the field of migration and asylum policies, the effects of the crisis have been utterly detrimental. Greece has traditionally been lacking an autonomous and sound migration management system, since the creation of such a system has never before been a strong policy priority. After the crisis, the development of a national migration/asylum system became even more difficult due to the aforementioned fiscal constraints (European Parliament, 2015). In view of these circumstances, the recent refugee and migration crisis found Greece completely unprepared and very weak.
{"title":"The development of national asylum policies in times of economic recession: Challenges for Greece","authors":"G. Amitsis","doi":"10.1080/21931674.2016.1184820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21931674.2016.1184820","url":null,"abstract":"At the outbreak of the economic crisis in 2010, Greece was faced with a rare conjuncture of extremely difficult socio-economic circumstances. This huge challenge revealed the long-lasting weaknesses and distortions both of the public as well as of the private and civil sector. In order to return to normality, Greece is compelled to achieve two parallel goals: on one hand, maintain its capacity to support current standard public policies and, on the other hand, to promote deep and radical reforms on many different levels. However, the achievement of both of these goals has proven to be extremely difficult (Amitsis, 2012) due to the heavy fiscal constraints (e.g. inability to cover gaps in human resources, basic infrastructures, technological equipment etc.) imposed in the context of the Financial Stability Mechanisms1 implemented since May 2010. The situation has significantly worsened during the last year due to political instability (two snap elections in one year), as well as the long-lasting negotiations between Greece and the Troika which led – during summer 2015 – to an internal tacit “payment freezing” for the public sector and the implementation of a capitol control mechanism (the latter still in force until this day). In the field of migration and asylum policies, the effects of the crisis have been utterly detrimental. Greece has traditionally been lacking an autonomous and sound migration management system, since the creation of such a system has never before been a strong policy priority. After the crisis, the development of a national migration/asylum system became even more difficult due to the aforementioned fiscal constraints (European Parliament, 2015). In view of these circumstances, the recent refugee and migration crisis found Greece completely unprepared and very weak.","PeriodicalId":413830,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Social Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129007489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21931674.2016.1175146
Yvonne Niekrenz, Matthias D. Witte, Lisa D Albrecht
Abstract The everyday life of more and more people is characterized by transnationalism. People increasingly interact across borders and in a network of transnational relationships. While interactions may be border-crossing, the actors’ body remains situated and limited in time and space. However, the thesis of this paper is that transnationalism processes are embodied. Thus, we speak of an embodiment of transnational settings. We focus on symbolic interactionism – Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead in particular provide a large repertoire of concepts – to theoretically conceive transnational bodies. To show how transnational embodiment can manifest itself we use the example of young people and their youth cultural life worlds. This offers an insight into the embodiment of standards and norms, such as ideals of beauty, that circulate transnationally, e.g. by the use of communication technologies.
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Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21931674.2016.1186381
Laura Otto
Since Malta, a small island in the Mediterranean Sea located south of Italy and north of Libya, became an EU member state in 2004, it simultaneously turned into one of the important states of entry for migrants (Bordermonitoring, n.d., p. 4). About 20% of the total number of people arriving in Malta are assessed as unaccompanied minors (UAM) (Aditus, 2014, p. 2, interview with Refugee Commissioner, 19 June 2013). The conditions and treatment of the border regime are linked to that result and differ from those for people assessed as adults. Moreover, the age assessment result influences the daily lives of the young migrants and they have to act according to the expected behavior. Access to education as well as the housing situation and rights to social security are also linked to the result (SCEP Separated Children in Europe Programme, 2012). This article gives some insights into the age assessment process in Malta and reflects on its impact on the migrants assessed as minors. The following questions are addressed:
马耳他是地中海上的一个小岛，位于意大利南部和利比亚北部，自2004年成为欧盟成员国以来，它同时成为移民的重要入境国之一(Bordermonitoring, n.d，第4页)。抵达马耳他的总人数中约有20%被评估为无人陪伴的未成年人(UAM) (Aditus, 2014, p. 2，与难民专员的访谈，2013年6月19日)。边境制度的条件和待遇与这一结果有关，并且与成人评估的条件和待遇不同。此外，年龄评估结果影响了流动青年的日常生活，他们必须按照预期的行为行事。教育机会、住房状况和社会保障权利也与结果有关(SCEP欧洲失散儿童方案，2012年)。本文对马耳他的年龄评估过程提供了一些见解，并反映了其对被评估为未成年人的移民的影响。讨论了以下问题:
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Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21931674.2016.1184018
A. Willmott
For displaced populations, the provision of education, including primary, secondary, and various adult skills training and learning opportunities, are widely recognized in development literature as...
{"title":"Non-formal education for urban refugees in Kampala","authors":"A. Willmott","doi":"10.1080/21931674.2016.1184018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21931674.2016.1184018","url":null,"abstract":"For displaced populations, the provision of education, including primary, secondary, and various adult skills training and learning opportunities, are widely recognized in development literature as...","PeriodicalId":413830,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Social Review","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131554060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21931674.2016.1180883
M. Kharel
{"title":"Immigrant and refugee students in Canada","authors":"M. Kharel","doi":"10.1080/21931674.2016.1180883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21931674.2016.1180883","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":413830,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Social Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133876971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21931674.2016.1180843
Laura Cassain
Abstract Argentina is traditionally known as an immigration country, but at the end of the 1990s, the largest emigration flow of its history began. Spain was one of the preferred destinations for thousands of Argentines searching for new opportunities after the big 1998 downturn that led to an economical, social, and political collapse at the end of 2001. Since 2008, the international financial crisis has hit the Spanish economy and labor market. Unemployment affected the whole population but especially the immigrants, many of whom decided to return to their countries. The aim of this article is to analyze, within these multiple socio-historical contexts, the intertwined migratory trajectories and return processes of different generations of an Argentine family, highlighting the plural meanings and implications that return migrations have in different stages of the life course. Regarding family dynamics, it is also a main concern to address the tensions and controversies running through each of these collectively embedded experiences. In order to explore these tensions I will focus not only on the negotiations that surround the decision-making process and its implications for the assignment of roles, but also on the un/comfortable and un/expected new distances and proximities, absence and presence, and sojourns and belongings experienced in return processes.
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Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1080/21931674.2016.1180846
Alexandra König, Katharina Schaur, Jimy Perumadan
Abstract Transnational migrants negotiate their life and belonging in complex, multi-sited settings, structured by mobility regimes granting unequal access to movement and residence rights. Emotions, in all their diversity, are part and parcel of transnational lives: international mobility and transnational practices shape emotional processes and, conversely, emotions are controlled by individuals and shape their transnational practices. We argue that the Foucauldian notion of “technologies of the self” provides a major conceptual clarification of the relationship between transnational space, emotions, and the body. To support our argument, we present the results of an analysis of qualitative interviews with transnationally mobile migrants originating from Ukraine, India, the Philippines, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, who are based in Austria and engaging in transnational practices. We identify three patterns of interactions between processes of embodiment of our respondents and the shaping of transnational space, which are mediated by different techniques of emotional self-governance.
{"title":"Dividing, connecting, relocating: Emotions and journeys of embodiment in transnational space","authors":"Alexandra König, Katharina Schaur, Jimy Perumadan","doi":"10.1080/21931674.2016.1180846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21931674.2016.1180846","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Transnational migrants negotiate their life and belonging in complex, multi-sited settings, structured by mobility regimes granting unequal access to movement and residence rights. Emotions, in all their diversity, are part and parcel of transnational lives: international mobility and transnational practices shape emotional processes and, conversely, emotions are controlled by individuals and shape their transnational practices. We argue that the Foucauldian notion of “technologies of the self” provides a major conceptual clarification of the relationship between transnational space, emotions, and the body. To support our argument, we present the results of an analysis of qualitative interviews with transnationally mobile migrants originating from Ukraine, India, the Philippines, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, who are based in Austria and engaging in transnational practices. We identify three patterns of interactions between processes of embodiment of our respondents and the shaping of transnational space, which are mediated by different techniques of emotional self-governance.","PeriodicalId":413830,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Social Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126388844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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