Progress in Polymer Science最新文献_第2页

Plastic optical glass as a critical material for optics and photonics 塑料光学玻璃作为光学和光子学的关键材料

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2026.102088

Jake Molineux , Kyung-Jo Kim , Arooj Gul , Sam W. Durfee , Robert A. Norwood , Jeffrey Pyun

Despite the ubiquity of commodity plastics for optical glass in modern society, there remains a need for scholarly delineation of key structure-property relationships to develop new robust, transparent glassy polymers for low-cost, high volume plastic optics. We review the most important synthetic commodity polymers applicable for plastic optical glass applications, herein, referred to as plastic glass, with an emphasis on defining the structure-property correlations required to retain high optical transparency. Furthermore, we discuss the critical need for methods to quantify optical transparency for bulk thick plastic glass materials beyond the current state-of-the-art thin film refractive index measurements, which often do not translate to optical properties in thick bulk glass. We discuss the requirements for measurement of optical transparency in high quality, bulk glass samples via quantification of optical absorption coefficients (α-values) across the visible-infrared (VIS-IR) spectrum (or the specific wavelengths of interest). Reported values for optical absorption coefficients using reproducible protocols remain difficult to find in the modern literature, even for established commodity plastic optics. Hence, we review the methods to determine optical absorption coefficients and properly correct for Fresnel reflection in transmission measurements to enable accurate comparison of different optical materials. The application of this measurement and analysis for determining optical transparency is anticipated to be an essential aspect for the development of next generation commodity plastic glass which remains challenging due to the need for a suite of features to converge, namely low cost, outstanding bulk material properties and manufacturability.

尽管用于光学玻璃的商品塑料在现代社会中无处不在，但仍然需要对关键结构-性能关系进行学术描述，以开发用于低成本，大批量塑料光学的新型坚固，透明的玻璃聚合物。我们回顾了适用于塑料光学玻璃应用的最重要的合成商品聚合物，在这里，被称为塑料玻璃，重点是定义保持高光学透明度所需的结构-性能相关性。此外，我们讨论了量化大块厚塑料玻璃材料光学透明度的方法的迫切需要，而不是目前最先进的薄膜折射率测量，这往往不能转化为厚大块玻璃的光学性质。我们讨论了通过测量可见光-红外光谱（或感兴趣的特定波长）的光学吸收系数（α-值）来测量高质量大块玻璃样品的光学透明度的要求。使用可重复协议的光学吸收系数的报告值在现代文献中仍然很难找到，即使对于已建立的商品塑料光学。因此，我们回顾了确定光学吸收系数的方法，并在透射测量中适当校正Frensel反射，以便准确比较不同光学材料。这种用于确定光学透明度的测量和分析的应用预计将成为下一代商品塑料玻璃开发的一个重要方面，这仍然具有挑战性，因为需要一套特征，即低成本，突出的散装材料性能和可制造性。

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引用次数: 0

Revealing the molecular interactions between lignin and carbohydrates towards improved lignocellulose utilization 揭示木质素与碳水化合物的分子相互作用，提高木质素纤维素的利用率

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102070

Shixu Yu , Yucheng Hu , Tingting Cao, Yutong Zhu, Haichao Li, Tingting You, Feng Xu

Amid growing concerns about dwindling fossil fuel reserves, the development and utilization of sustainable resources have emerged as urgent global priorities. Lignocellulosic biomass, primarily composed of lignin and carbohydrates, holds great promise as a renewable feedstock for the production of bio-based chemicals, fuels, and materials, thereby reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. However, extensive lignin-carbohydrate interactions (LCIs) significantly contribute to the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass, obstructing its efficient fractionation and conversion. Understanding these interactions is critical to comprehensively grasping the mechanisms of intrinsic recalcitrance and formulating strategies to overcome it. In this review, we present an in-depth overview of LCIs, emphasizing the importance of elucidating these interactions to enhance lignocellulose utilization. Unlike previous reviews, we explore both lignin-carbohydrate covalent interactions (LCCIs)—including benzyl ether (BE), γ-ester (GE), and phenyl glycoside (PG) linkages—and lignin-carbohydrate non-covalent interactions (LCNCIs), such as those between lignin and cellulose, as well as lignin and hemicellulose. In addition, we discuss methods for modulating both LCNCIs and LCCIs to improve lignocellulose utilization. Lastly, this review identifies existing challenges and future opportunities in uncovering LCIs, aiming to guide research towards a more comprehensive understanding of the LCI network. The goal is to assist in unleashing the full potential of lignocellulosic biomass across diverse fields, while promoting efficient, environmentally sustainable, and economically viable applications. This review will catalyze deeper scientific engagement with LCIs and inspire innovative strategies for the optimal utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.

随着人们对化石燃料储量日益减少的担忧日益加剧，可持续资源的开发和利用已成为全球紧迫的优先事项。木质纤维素生物质主要由木质素和碳水化合物组成，作为生产生物基化学品、燃料和材料的可再生原料，具有很大的前景，从而减少了我们对化石燃料的依赖。然而，广泛的木质素-碳水化合物相互作用（lci）显著地促进了木质纤维素生物质的顽固性，阻碍了其有效的分馏和转化。理解这些相互作用对于全面掌握内在抗拒的机制和制定克服它的策略至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们提出了深入的综述LCIs，强调阐明这些相互作用的重要性，以提高木质纤维素的利用。与以往的综述不同，我们探索了木质素-碳水化合物共价相互作用(LCCIs) -包括苯醚（BE）， γ-酯（GE）和苯基糖苷（PG）连接-以及木质素-碳水化合物非共价相互作用（LCNCIs），如木质素和纤维素以及木质素和半纤维素之间的相互作用。此外，我们还讨论了调节LCCIs和LCCIs以提高木质纤维素利用率的方法。最后，本综述确定了发现LCI的现有挑战和未来机遇，旨在指导研究更全面地了解LCI网络。我们的目标是在不同领域释放木质纤维素生物质的全部潜力，同时促进高效、环境可持续和经济可行的应用。我们希望催化与LCIs更深层次的科学参与，并激发优化利用木质纤维素生物质的创新策略。

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引用次数: 0

Selective bond cleavage strategies for chemical recycling of thermosets and their composites 热固性材料及其复合材料化学回收的选择性键裂解策略

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102069

Song Gu , Baoming Zhao , Gustavo de Figueiredo Brito , Li Chen , Jinwen Zhang

Thermosetting polymers and their fiber-reinforced composites are widely used in engineering structures due to their superior thermal and mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and high specific strength and stiffness. However, their densely covalent crosslinked networks present trade-offs between degradation efficiency, selectivity, and scalability for end-of-life recycling, which hinder the retention and reuse of material value. As production and in-service stock continue to grow, end-of-life waste streams are rapidly expanding, exacerbating environmental burdens and the loss of high-value resources. Recycling of thermosets and their composites has therefore become a pressing challenge. This review focuses on the concept of selective bond cleavage strategies and examines two complementary pathways: end-based recycling, which targets the selective deconstruction of existing thermosets and composites, and source-based recycling, which involves designing new resin systems with built-in recyclability. It discusses hydrolysis, alcoholysis, aminolysis, ammonolysis, hydrazinolysis and acidolysis of ester, urea and imide linkages, as well as degradation mediated by strong bases, Lewis and Brønsted acids, and transition metals that cleave CO, CN and CC bonds. The design principles of cleavable or dynamic motifs, together with reversible polymerization and on-demand depolymerization in recyclable thermosets are also summarized. Through a comparative literature analysis, we highlight the trade-off between degradation efficiency and selectivity in end-based recycling and the balance among service performance, processability and deconstruction efficiency in source-based recycling. An application-oriented framework centered on selective deconstruction and efficient reconstruction is proposed, emphasizing the critical roles of mass/heat transfer, solvent and phase behavior, separation and reutilization, process intensification and scale-up, and system-level techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment. Finally, we outline the key challenges and future directions for bridging laboratory-scale research with engineering practice and industrial implementation.

热固性聚合物及其纤维增强复合材料因其优越的热学性能和机械性能、耐化学性、高比强度和刚度而广泛应用于工程结构中。然而，它们密集的共价交联网络在降解效率、选择性和可扩展性之间进行了权衡，从而阻碍了材料价值的保留和再利用。随着生产和在役库存的持续增长，报废废物流正在迅速扩大，加剧了环境负担和高价值资源的损失。因此，热固性材料及其复合材料的回收利用已成为一项紧迫的挑战。这篇综述的重点是选择性键裂解策略的概念，并研究了两种互补的途径：基于末端的回收，其目标是选择性地解构现有的热固性和复合材料，以及基于源的回收，包括设计具有内置可回收性的新树脂系统。它讨论了酯、尿素和亚胺键的水解、醇解、氨解、肼解和酸解，以及由强碱、Lewis酸和Brønsted酸和切割C-O、C-N和C-C键的过渡金属介导的降解。总结了可切割或动态基序的设计原则，以及可回收热固性材料的可逆聚合和按需解聚。通过文献对比分析，我们强调了基于终端的回收中降解效率和选择性之间的权衡，以及基于源的回收中服务性能、可加工性和解构效率之间的平衡。提出了一个以选择性解构和高效重构为中心的面向应用的框架，强调了质量/传热、溶剂和相行为、分离和再利用、过程强化和规模化、系统级技术经济分析和生命周期评估的关键作用。最后，我们概述了连接实验室规模研究与工程实践和工业实施的关键挑战和未来方向。

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引用次数: 0

Progress in bioplastics blends, compatibilization, modifications, and AI-driven innovations for material applications 生物塑料共混、增容、改性和人工智能驱动的材料应用创新的进展

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102064

Rohan Shorey , Elnaz Esmizadeh , Tizazu H. Mekonnen

Many bioplastics offer potential advantages over petroleum-based plastics, such as renewability, improved sustainability, and, in some cases, biodegradability or lower toxicity. However, in most cases, their limited mechanical performance, processing stability, or higher production costs hinder widespread adoption. Blending is a key strategy to overcome these limitations; however, the inherent immiscibility of most biopolymers leads to challenges like coarse morphology and poor interfacial adhesion. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of bioplastic blends by examining the fundamental principles (thermodynamic interactions, process kinematics, and morphology development) that control their behavior. It critically evaluates a broad spectrum of compatibilization strategies that span non-reactive and reactive methods and those utilizing nanofillers, aimed at stabilizing blend microstructures and enhancing material performance. A novel aspect of this work is its integration of these material science concepts with important end-of-life considerations, including biodegradability and recyclability challenges. Furthermore, it highlights the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) as novel instruments for accelerating the design and optimization of next-generation bioplastic formulations. Overall, this review concludes that unlocking the full potential of bioplastics for high-performance industrial applications necessitates a holistic approach that integrates tailored blending strategies with advanced computational design, thus paving the way for the realization of a circular bioeconomy.

与石油基塑料相比，许多生物塑料具有潜在的优势，如可再生性、可持续性提高，在某些情况下还具有可生物降解性或低毒性。然而，在大多数情况下，它们有限的机械性能、加工稳定性或较高的生产成本阻碍了它们的广泛采用。混合是克服这些限制的关键策略；然而，大多数生物聚合物固有的不混溶性导致了诸如粗糙的形态和较差的界面粘附等挑战。这篇综述旨在通过检查控制其行为的基本原理（热力学相互作用，过程运动学和形态发展），对生物塑料共混物进行深入分析。它批判性地评估了广泛的增容策略，包括非反应性和反应性方法，以及利用纳米填料的增容策略，旨在稳定共混物的微观结构和提高材料性能。这项工作的一个新颖方面是它将这些材料科学概念与重要的生命终结考虑因素相结合，包括生物降解性和可回收性挑战。此外，它还强调了人工智能（AI）和机器学习（ML）作为加速设计和优化下一代生物塑料配方的新工具的变革作用。总的来说，这篇综述的结论是，释放生物塑料在高性能工业应用中的全部潜力，需要一种全面的方法，将量身定制的混合策略与先进的计算设计相结合，从而为实现循环生物经济铺平道路。

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引用次数: 0

Detecting polymer network architecture and dynamics through the phase angle in oscillatory shear rheology 通过振荡剪切流变学中的相位角检测聚合物网络结构和动力学

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102068

Haocong Shi, Mengtao Wang, Chaoying Wan

Polymers are viscoelastic materials, associated with hierarchical dynamics of chain motion, which is time- and temperature-dependent. The viscoelastic properties are influenced by a number of structural parameters, such as chemical composition, molecular weight, entanglement, molecular topology, phase morphology, the degree of crystallinity, network structures and/or polymer-filler interactions. With the increasing complexities of polymer systems, and the demands for new functions, such as self-healing and stimuli-responsiveness, understanding and quantifying the polymer dynamic behavior is a prerequisite for effective polymer design. Rheology is an efficient and powerful technique in quantifying the viscoelastic behavior of polymer systems across a wide range of time and length scales. Generally, rheology is subdivided into (1) shear and elongation rheology (2) time-dependent, e.g. oscillatory or stationary deformation, and (3) deformation in the linear or non-linear regime. Small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) is perhaps the most commonly used experimental technique to reveal relationships among dynamic moduli (G’, G’’), tan(δ) = G’’/G’, and relaxation (relaxation time τ and related activation energy E_a). Among these properties, the frequency-dependent phase angle δ (ω), which quantifies the phase lag between input strain and output stress, is of high information content. We highlight δ (ω) and δ (|G*|) (the latter is commonly known as van Gurp-Palmen plot), a key rheological signature in differentiation of multiscale polymer architectures. The δ versus |G*| relationship is also explored to validate time–temperature superposition (TTS), offering insights into polymer topology and phase morphology, as well as providing the foundation for nonlinear rheology and transient network design. We reviewed the application of phase angle (δ) in linear shear rheology analysis, through examples of different polymer chain topology (e.g. long-chain branching), phase morphology, entanglements, crystalline, crosslinks and polymer nanocomposites, to provide new insights and help understand the multiscale structure-dynamics relationships in polymer systems.

聚合物是粘弹性材料，与链式运动的层次动力学有关，这是时间和温度相关的。粘弹性性能受到许多结构参数的影响，如化学组成、分子量、纠缠、分子拓扑、相形态、结晶度、网络结构和/或聚合物-填料相互作用。随着聚合物体系的日益复杂，以及对自愈和刺激响应等新功能的需求，理解和量化聚合物的动态行为是有效设计聚合物的先决条件。流变学是一种有效而有力的技术，可以在大范围的时间和长度尺度上量化聚合物体系的粘弹性行为。通常，流变学被细分为(1)剪切和延伸流变学(2)时间相关的，例如振荡或静止变形，以及(3)线性或非线性状态下的变形。小振幅振荡剪切（SAOS）可能是最常用的实验技术来揭示动态模量（G′，G′），tan(δ) = G′/G′和弛豫（弛豫时间τ和相关活化能Ea）之间的关系。在这些特性中，频率相关的相位角δ (ω)具有很高的信息量，它量化了输入应变与输出应力之间的相位滞后。我们强调了δ (ω)和δ (|G*|)（后者通常被称为van Gurp-Palmen图），这是多尺度聚合物结构分化的关键流变特征。研究人员还探索了δ与|G*|的关系，以验证时间-温度叠加（TTS），为聚合物拓扑和相形态提供见解，并为非线性流变学和瞬态网络设计提供基础。我们通过不同聚合物链拓扑（如长链分支）、相形态、纠缠、结晶、交联和聚合物纳米复合材料的例子，回顾了相角（δ）在线性剪切流变学分析中的应用，以提供新的见解，并有助于理解聚合物体系中的多尺度结构动力学关系。

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引用次数: 0

Hydrogels with multiple characteristic pore dimensions: From transport properties to multifunctional materials 具有多种特征孔隙尺寸的水凝胶：从传输特性到多功能材料

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102065

Yuhang Huang , Eugenia Kumacheva

Hydrogels with multiple characteristic pore dimensions (HMPs) have emerged as a powerful class of soft materials inspired by biological systems. By incorporating distinct average pore sizes into a single network, simultaneous control over competing hydrogel transport properties can be achieved, including throughput and selectivity, both of which are important in drug delivery, tissue engineering, catalysis, sensing, and water remediation hydrogel applications. This review highlights recent advances in the design, synthesis, characterization, and applications of HMPs. It highlights the fundamental principles of transport in these hydrogels, including the role of spatial arrangement of regions with different pore dimensions in probe mobility and fluid flow. Experimental and theoretical characterization of distinct pore dimensions in HMPs is followed by the discussion of the contribution of multiple pore dimensions to HMP functionality. The review provides the summary of the strategies for fabricating HMPs and their applications. An outlook highlights key challenges and future opportunities in this field to advance HMPs as the new generation of hydrogel-based materials for diverse applications.

具有多特征孔径（HMPs）的水凝胶是一类受生物系统启发的强大的软材料。通过将不同的平均孔径整合到单个网络中，可以同时控制相互竞争的水凝胶运输特性，包括吞吐量和选择性，这两者在药物输送、组织工程、催化、传感和水凝胶修复应用中都很重要。本文综述了hmp的设计、合成、表征和应用方面的最新进展。它强调了这些水凝胶中传输的基本原理，包括不同孔径区域的空间排列在探针迁移和流体流动中的作用。实验和理论表征了HMP中不同的孔隙尺寸，然后讨论了多个孔隙尺寸对HMP功能的贡献。本文综述了制备hmp的方法及其应用。展望强调了该领域的主要挑战和未来机遇，以推进hmp作为新一代水凝胶基材料的各种应用。

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引用次数: 0

High performance polyimides for additive manufacturing: A critical review 用于增材制造的高性能聚酰亚胺：综述

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102055

Premkumar Kothavade , Abdullah Kafi , Kadhiravan Shanmuganathan , Stuart Bateman

High performance polymers (HPPs), particularly polyimides (PIs), including both thermosetting and thermoplastic types, exhibit remarkable properties such as exceptional mechanical properties, outstanding thermal stability, and inherent flame retardancy. PIs are lightweight and potentially economical alternatives to metal based materials used in demanding applications, such as aerospace, transportation, and defense. However, processing PIs into the desired complex shapes is a significant challenge owing to their high melting temperature, high melt flow viscosity, and very narrow processing temperature window. Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques present an important avenue for processing such materials and emerged as a revolutionary approach to overcome these limitations, offering unprecedented design flexibility, reduced material waste, and the capability for rapid prototyping and production. Despite these advantages, AM of PIs has received considerably less attention, primarily due to significant processing challenges including material printability, thermal management complexities, and dimensional accuracy challenges that have hindered further advancements in this field. This comprehensive review explores the evolution and current status of polyimides additive manufacturing, providing insights into their chemistry, structural modifications, and detailed structure-property relationships. Various AM techniques including vat photopolymerization, material extrusion, direct ink writing, material jetting along with hybrid and emerging approaches are critically discussed, highlighting recent innovations, key challenges, and strategic solutions to enhance processing capabilities. Furthermore, the review identifies prospective research directions, emphasizing the potential for multifunctional and stimuli-responsive polyimides that could revolutionize next-generation applications. Overall, this review aims to stimulate further advancements in polyimide based additive manufacturing, fostering its broader industrial adoption and facilitating significant developments in high performance polymer technology.

高性能聚合物（HPPs），特别是聚酰亚胺（pi），包括热固性和热塑性类型，表现出非凡的性能，如卓越的机械性能，出色的热稳定性和固有的阻燃性。在航空航天、运输和国防等要求苛刻的应用中，pi是金属基材料的轻量级和潜在的经济替代品。然而，由于pi的高熔化温度、高熔体流动粘度和非常狭窄的加工温度窗口，将pi加工成所需的复杂形状是一个重大挑战。增材制造（AM）技术为加工此类材料提供了重要途径，并成为克服这些限制的革命性方法，提供了前所未有的设计灵活性，减少了材料浪费，并具有快速原型和生产的能力。尽管有这些优势，但pi的增材制造受到的关注相当少，主要是由于重大的加工挑战，包括材料可打印性、热管理复杂性和尺寸精度挑战，这些挑战阻碍了该领域的进一步发展。这篇全面的综述探讨了聚酰亚胺增材制造的发展和现状，提供了他们的化学，结构修饰和详细的结构-性能关系的见解。各种增材制造技术，包括还原光聚合，材料挤压，直接油墨书写，材料喷射以及混合和新兴方法进行了批判性讨论，突出了最近的创新，关键挑战和战略解决方案，以提高加工能力。此外，该综述确定了未来的研究方向，强调了多功能和刺激响应聚酰亚胺的潜力，可以彻底改变下一代应用。总体而言，本综述旨在刺激聚酰亚胺增材制造的进一步发展，促进其更广泛的工业应用，并促进高性能聚合物技术的重大发展。

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引用次数: 0

Realizing semicrystalline polymer physics across disparate processing scales: From desktop extrusion to large-format additive manufacturing 实现跨不同加工尺度的半结晶聚合物物理：从桌面挤出到大型增材制造

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102053

Daniel A. Heinze , Arit Das , Christopher B. Williams , Claire McIlroy , Amy M. Peterson , Michael J. Bortner

Semicrystalline polymers pose unique advantages and challenges in translating from small-format extrusion-based additive manufacturing (EB-AM) to large-format EB-AM due to their complex crystallization behavior and the spatio-temporal thermo-mechanical property variations they exhibit during printing and solidification. In this work, we aim to synthesize the current state-of-the-art regarding semicrystalline polymers in EB-AM, with a focus on how polymer physics control process-structure-property relationships at disparate length- and time scales. The impact of crystallization kinetics, polymer chain mobility, and entanglement density on the evolution of printed microstructure and extent of interlayer diffusion is explored, thereby tying the link among molecular scale phenomena, mesoscale morphology development, and macroscopic printed part properties. The widely different thermal and shear histories encountered during small- and large-format EB-AM can have a profound effect on the chain stretch and orientation, crystallization behavior, rheological response, and residual stress state during printing. Strategies to mitigate the exacerbated volumetric shrinkage and warpage issues for semicrystalline polymers in EB-AM through material design and processing modifications are highlighted. Such approaches are critical to not only ensure dimensionally accurate parts but also minimize anisotropy and poor interlayer adhesion. Routes to monitor spherulitic growth and melt-viscosity variations during EB-AM, such as in-situ scattering techniques and infrared thermography, provide insights needed to achieve consistent and reliable processing. Finally, we identify the fundamental research gaps that currently plague semicrystalline polymers in EB-AM and highlight the importance of developing predictive multiscale modeling frameworks coupled with formulation of next-generation material systems and process monitoring capabilities to enable widespread adoption of the technique.

由于其复杂的结晶行为和在打印和凝固过程中表现出的时空热机械性能变化，半结晶聚合物在从小尺寸挤压增材制造（EB-AM）到大尺寸EB-AM的转变中具有独特的优势和挑战。在这项工作中，我们的目标是在EB-AM中合成目前最先进的半结晶聚合物，重点是聚合物物理如何在不同的长度和时间尺度上控制过程-结构-性能关系。结晶动力学、聚合物链迁移率和缠结密度对打印微观结构演变和层间扩散程度的影响，从而将分子尺度现象、中尺度形态发展和宏观打印部件性能联系起来。在小幅面和大幅面EB-AM过程中，不同的热历史和剪切历史会对打印过程中的链拉伸和取向、结晶行为、流变响应和残余应力状态产生深远的影响。强调了通过材料设计和工艺修改来缓解EB-AM中半结晶聚合物体积收缩和翘曲问题的策略。这种方法不仅可以确保零件尺寸精确，而且可以最大限度地减少各向异性和层间粘附不良。监测EB-AM过程中球晶生长和熔体粘度变化的方法，如原位散射技术和红外热成像技术，提供了实现一致和可靠加工所需的见解。最后，我们确定了目前困扰EB-AM中半晶聚合物的基础研究差距，并强调了开发预测性多尺度建模框架的重要性，以及下一代材料系统的制定和过程监控能力，以使该技术得到广泛采用。

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引用次数: 0

Controlled isocyanide polymerization: Towards helical polymers with chiral functions 控制异氰化物聚合：制备具有手性的螺旋聚合物

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102056

Run-Tan Gao , Bing-Hui Duan , Yang Zong , Na Liu , Zong-Quan Wu

The exquisite helix in biological macromolecules is indispensable to realize the living functions. With the aims to mimic natural helices and also to develop chiral materials, controlled synthesis of helical polymers has been a long-term of hot research topic. In the context of reported helical polymers, helical polyisocyanide is constituted of carbon-carbon single bands and bears substituent on each backbone atom and has exhibited significant potentials in chiral recognition, asymmetric catalysis, enantiomer separation, circularly polarized luminescence, and so on. Thus, controlled synthesis of helical polyisocyanide has attracted considerable research interest. This review delves into the controlled polymerization of isocyanides to synthesize helical polyisocyanides. We first summarized the advancements in catalysts and living polymerization strategies that have enabled the precise synthesis of polyisocyanides with controlled handedness, desired molar mass, and low polydispersity. We then discussed the synthesis of block copolymers containing polyisocyanides segments and topological polyisocyanides, including star-shaped polymers, bottlebrush polymers, and cross linked polyisocyanides. The intriguing properties related to these topological structures and helical chirality were also discussed in details. The supramolecular block copolymers, miktoarm star polymers, and bottlebrush polymers containing helical polyisocyanide blocks connected via supramolecular interactions were also summarized and discussed. In addition to the controlled synthesis of helical polyisocyanides, we reviewed the applications of polyisocyanides in chiral recognition, asymmetric catalysis, self-assembly, and drug delivery, by emphasizing the helical chirality in enantioselective processes and smart materials. Lastly, we summarized the remaining challenges and future perspectives in this field, including the requirements for more efficient catalysts and polymerization methods for optically active helical polyisocyanides, and the potential applications of helical polyisocyanides in emerging areas such as sustainable materials, energy, and environmental remediation. This review underscores the significant progress in the field of helical polyisocyanides and their potential to impact a wide range of scientific and technological fields.

生物大分子中精巧的螺旋结构是实现生命功能不可或缺的。为了模拟天然螺旋结构并开发手性材料，螺旋聚合物的可控合成一直是研究的热点。在已报道的螺旋聚合物中，螺旋型多异氰化物由碳-碳单链构成，每个主原子上都有取代基，在手性识别、不对称催化、对映体分离、圆极化发光等方面表现出显著的潜力。因此，螺旋型多异氰酸酯的可控合成引起了广泛的研究兴趣。本文对异氰酸酯的可控聚合合成螺旋型多异氰酸酯进行了综述。我们首先总结了催化剂和活性聚合策略方面的进展，这些进展使得精确合成具有可控的手性、所需的摩尔质量和低多分散性的多异氰化物成为可能。然后，我们讨论了含有多异氰化物片段和拓扑多异氰化物的嵌段共聚物的合成，包括星形聚合物、瓶刷聚合物和交联多异氰化物。并详细讨论了与这些拓扑结构和螺旋手性有关的有趣性质。总结和讨论了超分子嵌段共聚物、密臂星形聚合物和含有螺旋聚异氰化物嵌段的瓶刷聚合物的超分子相互作用。综述了螺旋型多异氰酸酯在手性识别、不对称催化、自组装和药物传递等方面的应用，重点介绍了螺旋型手性在对映选择性过程和智能材料中的应用。最后，总结了该领域存在的挑战和未来的展望，包括对更高效的催化剂和聚合方法的需求，以及螺旋多异氰化物在可持续材料、能源和环境修复等新兴领域的潜在应用。本文综述了螺旋型多异氰酸酯的研究进展及其在科技领域的广泛应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Advancements in the molecular design of thiazolo[5,4‑d]thiazole-based conjugated polymers and their emerging applications 噻唑[5,4 - d]基噻唑缀合聚合物的分子设计进展及其新应用

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102054

Govardhana Babu Bodedla , Miao Zhang , Wai-Yeung Wong

Conjugated polymers, such as conjugated porous polymers, covalent organic frameworks, covalent triazine frameworks, and linear conjugated polymers comprising thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole (TzTz) moieties, have been demonstrated as a promising new class of materials for various applications. These include photocatalytic water splitting, hydrogen peroxide production, carbon dioxide reduction, degradation of pollutants, photocatalytic organic transformations, organic light-emitting diodes, organic field-effect transistors, organic solar cells, Zn-air batteries, electrochromic devices, photocatalytic enzyme activity, carbon dioxide uptake, and nonlinear optical applications. Remarkably, the introduction of rigid, planar, and electron-withdrawing TzTz building blocks in polymeric architectures enhances their light-harvesting ability, the separation and mobility of charge carriers, favorable energy level alignments, and surface properties due to the extension of π-conjugated structures, strong intermolecular π-π stacking, and high oxidative stability. Considering the intriguing applications of TzTz-based conjugated polymers in the above-mentioned areas, this review comprehensively discusses how the structure-activity relationship can advance these applications. To our knowledge, no review has yet summarized the structure-optoelectronic, morphological, and thermal property relationships and applications of TzTz-based conjugated polymers. Hence, this review will be helpful in designing more efficient TzTz-based conjugated polymers for various future applications.

共轭聚合物，如共轭多孔聚合物、共价有机框架、共价三嗪框架和含有噻唑[5,4-d]噻唑（TzTz）基团的线性共轭聚合物，已被证明是一种有前景的新型材料。其中包括光催化水分解、过氧化氢生产、二氧化碳还原、污染物降解、光催化有机转化、有机发光二极管、有机场效应晶体管、有机太阳能电池、锌空气电池、电致变色器件、光催化酶活性、二氧化碳吸收和非线性光学应用。值得注意的是，在聚合物结构中引入刚性、平面和吸电子的TzTz构建块，增强了它们的光捕获能力、载流子的分离和迁移能力、有利的能级排列，以及π共轭结构的扩展、强分子间π-π堆叠和高氧化稳定性所带来的表面性能。考虑到tzz基共轭聚合物在上述领域的有趣应用，本文全面讨论了结构-活性关系如何促进这些应用。据我们所知，目前还没有综述综述了tzz基共轭聚合物的结构-光电、形态和热性能关系及其应用。因此，本文的综述将有助于设计出更高效的基于tzz的共轭聚合物，用于未来的各种应用。

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引用次数: 0