Progress in Polymer Science最新文献_第2页

Hydrogels with multiple characteristic pore dimensions: From transport properties to multifunctional materials 具有多种特征孔隙尺寸的水凝胶：从传输特性到多功能材料

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102065

Yuhang Huang , Eugenia Kumacheva

Hydrogels with multiple characteristic pore dimensions (HMPs) have emerged as a powerful class of soft materials inspired by biological systems. By incorporating distinct average pore sizes into a single network, simultaneous control over competing hydrogel transport properties can be achieved, including throughput and selectivity, both of which are important in drug delivery, tissue engineering, catalysis, sensing, and water remediation hydrogel applications. This review highlights recent advances in the design, synthesis, characterization, and applications of HMPs. It highlights the fundamental principles of transport in these hydrogels, including the role of spatial arrangement of regions with different pore dimensions in probe mobility and fluid flow. Experimental and theoretical characterization of distinct pore dimensions in HMPs is followed by the discussion of the contribution of multiple pore dimensions to HMP functionality. The review provides the summary of the strategies for fabricating HMPs and their applications. An outlook highlights key challenges and future opportunities in this field to advance HMPs as the new generation of hydrogel-based materials for diverse applications.

具有多特征孔径（HMPs）的水凝胶是一类受生物系统启发的强大的软材料。通过将不同的平均孔径整合到单个网络中，可以同时控制相互竞争的水凝胶运输特性，包括吞吐量和选择性，这两者在药物输送、组织工程、催化、传感和水凝胶修复应用中都很重要。本文综述了hmp的设计、合成、表征和应用方面的最新进展。它强调了这些水凝胶中传输的基本原理，包括不同孔径区域的空间排列在探针迁移和流体流动中的作用。实验和理论表征了HMP中不同的孔隙尺寸，然后讨论了多个孔隙尺寸对HMP功能的贡献。本文综述了制备hmp的方法及其应用。展望强调了该领域的主要挑战和未来机遇，以推进hmp作为新一代水凝胶基材料的各种应用。

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引用次数: 0

Progress in bioplastics blends, compatibilization, modifications, and AI-driven innovations for material applications 生物塑料共混、增容、改性和人工智能驱动的材料应用创新的进展

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102064

Rohan Shorey , Elnaz Esmizadeh , Tizazu H. Mekonnen

Many bioplastics offer potential advantages over petroleum-based plastics, such as renewability, improved sustainability, and, in some cases, biodegradability or lower toxicity. However, in most cases, their limited mechanical performance, processing stability, or higher production costs hinder widespread adoption. Blending is a key strategy to overcome these limitations; however, the inherent immiscibility of most biopolymers leads to challenges like coarse morphology and poor interfacial adhesion. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of bioplastic blends by examining the fundamental principles (thermodynamic interactions, process kinematics, and morphology development) that control their behavior. It critically evaluates a broad spectrum of compatibilization strategies that span non-reactive and reactive methods and those utilizing nanofillers, aimed at stabilizing blend microstructures and enhancing material performance. A novel aspect of this work is its integration of these material science concepts with important end-of-life considerations, including biodegradability and recyclability challenges. Furthermore, it highlights the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) as novel instruments for accelerating the design and optimization of next-generation bioplastic formulations. Overall, this review concludes that unlocking the full potential of bioplastics for high-performance industrial applications necessitates a holistic approach that integrates tailored blending strategies with advanced computational design, thus paving the way for the realization of a circular bioeconomy.

与石油基塑料相比，许多生物塑料具有潜在的优势，如可再生性、可持续性提高，在某些情况下还具有可生物降解性或低毒性。然而，在大多数情况下，它们有限的机械性能、加工稳定性或较高的生产成本阻碍了它们的广泛采用。混合是克服这些限制的关键策略；然而，大多数生物聚合物固有的不混溶性导致了诸如粗糙的形态和较差的界面粘附等挑战。这篇综述旨在通过检查控制其行为的基本原理（热力学相互作用，过程运动学和形态发展），对生物塑料共混物进行深入分析。它批判性地评估了广泛的增容策略，包括非反应性和反应性方法，以及利用纳米填料的增容策略，旨在稳定共混物的微观结构和提高材料性能。这项工作的一个新颖方面是它将这些材料科学概念与重要的生命终结考虑因素相结合，包括生物降解性和可回收性挑战。此外，它还强调了人工智能（AI）和机器学习（ML）作为加速设计和优化下一代生物塑料配方的新工具的变革作用。总的来说，这篇综述的结论是，释放生物塑料在高性能工业应用中的全部潜力，需要一种全面的方法，将量身定制的混合策略与先进的计算设计相结合，从而为实现循环生物经济铺平道路。

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引用次数: 0

Well-defined polysaccharide graft (Co)polymers: Synthesis, applications, and structure-property relationships 定义明确的多糖接枝（Co）聚合物：合成、应用和结构-性能关系

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102057

Jeffrey E. Thompson , John B. Matson , Kevin J. Edgar

Polysaccharide graft (co)polymers represent a fascinating, complex, and diverse class of materials. By combining the sustainable, biodegradable, and abundant nature of polysaccharides with the physicochemical tunability of synthetic polymers, polysaccharide graft (co)polymers are appealing candidates for high-performance sustainable materials. Careful synthetic design of polysaccharide graft (co)polymers, while challenging, is necessary to fully understand their structure, which is required to elucidate structure-property relationships. With explorations including stimuli responsive nanoparticles, renewable thermoplastic elastomers, and smart drug delivery systems, polysaccharide graft (co)polymers show great promise in a variety of applications. In this review, we discuss the synthetic tools available in producing well-defined polysaccharide graft (co)polymers, as well as their applications and structure-property relationships, highlighting the value of these materials to those striving for a sustainable future.

多糖接枝（co）聚合物代表了一种迷人的、复杂的、多样化的材料。通过将多糖的可持续性、可生物降解性和丰富的性质与合成聚合物的物理化学可调性相结合，多糖接枝（co）聚合物是高性能可持续材料的诱人候选者。多糖接枝（co）聚合物的精心合成设计虽然具有挑战性，但对于充分了解其结构是必要的，这需要阐明结构-性能关系。随着对刺激响应纳米颗粒、可再生热塑性弹性体和智能药物输送系统的探索，多糖接枝（co）聚合物在各种应用中显示出巨大的前景。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了用于生产明确的多糖接枝（co）聚合物的合成工具，以及它们的应用和结构-性能关系，强调了这些材料对那些努力实现可持续未来的人的价值。

引用次数: 0

Advancements in the molecular design of thiazolo[5,4‑d]thiazole-based conjugated polymers and their emerging applications 噻唑[5,4 - d]基噻唑缀合聚合物的分子设计进展及其新应用

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102054

Govardhana Babu Bodedla , Miao Zhang , Wai-Yeung Wong

Conjugated polymers, such as conjugated porous polymers, covalent organic frameworks, covalent triazine frameworks, and linear conjugated polymers comprising thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole (TzTz) moieties, have been demonstrated as a promising new class of materials for various applications. These include photocatalytic water splitting, hydrogen peroxide production, carbon dioxide reduction, degradation of pollutants, photocatalytic organic transformations, organic light-emitting diodes, organic field-effect transistors, organic solar cells, Zn-air batteries, electrochromic devices, photocatalytic enzyme activity, carbon dioxide uptake, and nonlinear optical applications. Remarkably, the introduction of rigid, planar, and electron-withdrawing TzTz building blocks in polymeric architectures enhances their light-harvesting ability, the separation and mobility of charge carriers, favorable energy level alignments, and surface properties due to the extension of π-conjugated structures, strong intermolecular π-π stacking, and high oxidative stability. Considering the intriguing applications of TzTz-based conjugated polymers in the above-mentioned areas, this review comprehensively discusses how the structure-activity relationship can advance these applications. To our knowledge, no review has yet summarized the structure-optoelectronic, morphological, and thermal property relationships and applications of TzTz-based conjugated polymers. Hence, this review will be helpful in designing more efficient TzTz-based conjugated polymers for various future applications.

共轭聚合物，如共轭多孔聚合物、共价有机框架、共价三嗪框架和含有噻唑[5,4-d]噻唑（TzTz）基团的线性共轭聚合物，已被证明是一种有前景的新型材料。其中包括光催化水分解、过氧化氢生产、二氧化碳还原、污染物降解、光催化有机转化、有机发光二极管、有机场效应晶体管、有机太阳能电池、锌空气电池、电致变色器件、光催化酶活性、二氧化碳吸收和非线性光学应用。值得注意的是，在聚合物结构中引入刚性、平面和吸电子的TzTz构建块，增强了它们的光捕获能力、载流子的分离和迁移能力、有利的能级排列，以及π共轭结构的扩展、强分子间π-π堆叠和高氧化稳定性所带来的表面性能。考虑到tzz基共轭聚合物在上述领域的有趣应用，本文全面讨论了结构-活性关系如何促进这些应用。据我们所知，目前还没有综述综述了tzz基共轭聚合物的结构-光电、形态和热性能关系及其应用。因此，本文的综述将有助于设计出更高效的基于tzz的共轭聚合物，用于未来的各种应用。

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引用次数: 0

Realizing semicrystalline polymer physics across disparate processing scales: From desktop extrusion to large-format additive manufacturing 实现跨不同加工尺度的半结晶聚合物物理：从桌面挤出到大型增材制造

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102053

Daniel A. Heinze , Arit Das , Christopher B. Williams , Claire McIlroy , Amy M. Peterson , Michael J. Bortner

Semicrystalline polymers pose unique advantages and challenges in translating from small-format extrusion-based additive manufacturing (EB-AM) to large-format EB-AM due to their complex crystallization behavior and the spatio-temporal thermo-mechanical property variations they exhibit during printing and solidification. In this work, we aim to synthesize the current state-of-the-art regarding semicrystalline polymers in EB-AM, with a focus on how polymer physics control process-structure-property relationships at disparate length- and time scales. The impact of crystallization kinetics, polymer chain mobility, and entanglement density on the evolution of printed microstructure and extent of interlayer diffusion is explored, thereby tying the link among molecular scale phenomena, mesoscale morphology development, and macroscopic printed part properties. The widely different thermal and shear histories encountered during small- and large-format EB-AM can have a profound effect on the chain stretch and orientation, crystallization behavior, rheological response, and residual stress state during printing. Strategies to mitigate the exacerbated volumetric shrinkage and warpage issues for semicrystalline polymers in EB-AM through material design and processing modifications are highlighted. Such approaches are critical to not only ensure dimensionally accurate parts but also minimize anisotropy and poor interlayer adhesion. Routes to monitor spherulitic growth and melt-viscosity variations during EB-AM, such as in-situ scattering techniques and infrared thermography, provide insights needed to achieve consistent and reliable processing. Finally, we identify the fundamental research gaps that currently plague semicrystalline polymers in EB-AM and highlight the importance of developing predictive multiscale modeling frameworks coupled with formulation of next-generation material systems and process monitoring capabilities to enable widespread adoption of the technique.

由于其复杂的结晶行为和在打印和凝固过程中表现出的时空热机械性能变化，半结晶聚合物在从小尺寸挤压增材制造（EB-AM）到大尺寸EB-AM的转变中具有独特的优势和挑战。在这项工作中，我们的目标是在EB-AM中合成目前最先进的半结晶聚合物，重点是聚合物物理如何在不同的长度和时间尺度上控制过程-结构-性能关系。结晶动力学、聚合物链迁移率和缠结密度对打印微观结构演变和层间扩散程度的影响，从而将分子尺度现象、中尺度形态发展和宏观打印部件性能联系起来。在小幅面和大幅面EB-AM过程中，不同的热历史和剪切历史会对打印过程中的链拉伸和取向、结晶行为、流变响应和残余应力状态产生深远的影响。强调了通过材料设计和工艺修改来缓解EB-AM中半结晶聚合物体积收缩和翘曲问题的策略。这种方法不仅可以确保零件尺寸精确，而且可以最大限度地减少各向异性和层间粘附不良。监测EB-AM过程中球晶生长和熔体粘度变化的方法，如原位散射技术和红外热成像技术，提供了实现一致和可靠加工所需的见解。最后，我们确定了目前困扰EB-AM中半晶聚合物的基础研究差距，并强调了开发预测性多尺度建模框架的重要性，以及下一代材料系统的制定和过程监控能力，以使该技术得到广泛采用。

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引用次数: 0

High performance polyimides for additive manufacturing: A critical review 用于增材制造的高性能聚酰亚胺：综述

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102055

Premkumar Kothavade , Abdullah Kafi , Kadhiravan Shanmuganathan , Stuart Bateman

High performance polymers (HPPs), particularly polyimides (PIs), including both thermosetting and thermoplastic types, exhibit remarkable properties such as exceptional mechanical properties, outstanding thermal stability, and inherent flame retardancy. PIs are lightweight and potentially economical alternatives to metal based materials used in demanding applications, such as aerospace, transportation, and defense. However, processing PIs into the desired complex shapes is a significant challenge owing to their high melting temperature, high melt flow viscosity, and very narrow processing temperature window. Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques present an important avenue for processing such materials and emerged as a revolutionary approach to overcome these limitations, offering unprecedented design flexibility, reduced material waste, and the capability for rapid prototyping and production. Despite these advantages, AM of PIs has received considerably less attention, primarily due to significant processing challenges including material printability, thermal management complexities, and dimensional accuracy challenges that have hindered further advancements in this field. This comprehensive review explores the evolution and current status of polyimides additive manufacturing, providing insights into their chemistry, structural modifications, and detailed structure-property relationships. Various AM techniques including vat photopolymerization, material extrusion, direct ink writing, material jetting along with hybrid and emerging approaches are critically discussed, highlighting recent innovations, key challenges, and strategic solutions to enhance processing capabilities. Furthermore, the review identifies prospective research directions, emphasizing the potential for multifunctional and stimuli-responsive polyimides that could revolutionize next-generation applications. Overall, this review aims to stimulate further advancements in polyimide based additive manufacturing, fostering its broader industrial adoption and facilitating significant developments in high performance polymer technology.

高性能聚合物（HPPs），特别是聚酰亚胺（pi），包括热固性和热塑性类型，表现出非凡的性能，如卓越的机械性能，出色的热稳定性和固有的阻燃性。在航空航天、运输和国防等要求苛刻的应用中，pi是金属基材料的轻量级和潜在的经济替代品。然而，由于pi的高熔化温度、高熔体流动粘度和非常狭窄的加工温度窗口，将pi加工成所需的复杂形状是一个重大挑战。增材制造（AM）技术为加工此类材料提供了重要途径，并成为克服这些限制的革命性方法，提供了前所未有的设计灵活性，减少了材料浪费，并具有快速原型和生产的能力。尽管有这些优势，但pi的增材制造受到的关注相当少，主要是由于重大的加工挑战，包括材料可打印性、热管理复杂性和尺寸精度挑战，这些挑战阻碍了该领域的进一步发展。这篇全面的综述探讨了聚酰亚胺增材制造的发展和现状，提供了他们的化学，结构修饰和详细的结构-性能关系的见解。各种增材制造技术，包括还原光聚合，材料挤压，直接油墨书写，材料喷射以及混合和新兴方法进行了批判性讨论，突出了最近的创新，关键挑战和战略解决方案，以提高加工能力。此外，该综述确定了未来的研究方向，强调了多功能和刺激响应聚酰亚胺的潜力，可以彻底改变下一代应用。总体而言，本综述旨在刺激聚酰亚胺增材制造的进一步发展，促进其更广泛的工业应用，并促进高性能聚合物技术的重大发展。

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引用次数: 0

Controlled isocyanide polymerization: Towards helical polymers with chiral functions 控制异氰化物聚合：制备具有手性的螺旋聚合物

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102056

Run-Tan Gao , Bing-Hui Duan , Yang Zong , Na Liu , Zong-Quan Wu

The exquisite helix in biological macromolecules is indispensable to realize the living functions. With the aims to mimic natural helices and also to develop chiral materials, controlled synthesis of helical polymers has been a long-term of hot research topic. In the context of reported helical polymers, helical polyisocyanide is constituted of carbon-carbon single bands and bears substituent on each backbone atom and has exhibited significant potentials in chiral recognition, asymmetric catalysis, enantiomer separation, circularly polarized luminescence, and so on. Thus, controlled synthesis of helical polyisocyanide has attracted considerable research interest. This review delves into the controlled polymerization of isocyanides to synthesize helical polyisocyanides. We first summarized the advancements in catalysts and living polymerization strategies that have enabled the precise synthesis of polyisocyanides with controlled handedness, desired molar mass, and low polydispersity. We then discussed the synthesis of block copolymers containing polyisocyanides segments and topological polyisocyanides, including star-shaped polymers, bottlebrush polymers, and cross linked polyisocyanides. The intriguing properties related to these topological structures and helical chirality were also discussed in details. The supramolecular block copolymers, miktoarm star polymers, and bottlebrush polymers containing helical polyisocyanide blocks connected via supramolecular interactions were also summarized and discussed. In addition to the controlled synthesis of helical polyisocyanides, we reviewed the applications of polyisocyanides in chiral recognition, asymmetric catalysis, self-assembly, and drug delivery, by emphasizing the helical chirality in enantioselective processes and smart materials. Lastly, we summarized the remaining challenges and future perspectives in this field, including the requirements for more efficient catalysts and polymerization methods for optically active helical polyisocyanides, and the potential applications of helical polyisocyanides in emerging areas such as sustainable materials, energy, and environmental remediation. This review underscores the significant progress in the field of helical polyisocyanides and their potential to impact a wide range of scientific and technological fields.

生物大分子中精巧的螺旋结构是实现生命功能不可或缺的。为了模拟天然螺旋结构并开发手性材料，螺旋聚合物的可控合成一直是研究的热点。在已报道的螺旋聚合物中，螺旋型多异氰化物由碳-碳单链构成，每个主原子上都有取代基，在手性识别、不对称催化、对映体分离、圆极化发光等方面表现出显著的潜力。因此，螺旋型多异氰酸酯的可控合成引起了广泛的研究兴趣。本文对异氰酸酯的可控聚合合成螺旋型多异氰酸酯进行了综述。我们首先总结了催化剂和活性聚合策略方面的进展，这些进展使得精确合成具有可控的手性、所需的摩尔质量和低多分散性的多异氰化物成为可能。然后，我们讨论了含有多异氰化物片段和拓扑多异氰化物的嵌段共聚物的合成，包括星形聚合物、瓶刷聚合物和交联多异氰化物。并详细讨论了与这些拓扑结构和螺旋手性有关的有趣性质。总结和讨论了超分子嵌段共聚物、密臂星形聚合物和含有螺旋聚异氰化物嵌段的瓶刷聚合物的超分子相互作用。综述了螺旋型多异氰酸酯在手性识别、不对称催化、自组装和药物传递等方面的应用，重点介绍了螺旋型手性在对映选择性过程和智能材料中的应用。最后，总结了该领域存在的挑战和未来的展望，包括对更高效的催化剂和聚合方法的需求，以及螺旋多异氰化物在可持续材料、能源和环境修复等新兴领域的潜在应用。本文综述了螺旋型多异氰酸酯的研究进展及其在科技领域的广泛应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Precise analysis of rheological properties of transient network using model materials 用模型材料精确分析暂态网络的流变特性

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102042

Takuya Katashima

Transient polymer networks, formed by polymer chains linked through reversible bonds, exhibit time-dependent viscoelasticity, that bridges solid-like elasticity and liquid-like flow. These materials have attracted increasing attention due to their potential for self-healing, toughness, and recyclability. Classical models, such as the Green–Tobolsky and Tanaka–Edwards theories, primarily describe stress relaxation by bond dissociation kinetics, assuming homogeneous equilibrium structures and small deformations. However, real-world applications often involve large, dynamic strains, where nonlinear viscoelasticity, finite extensibility, and spatial flow heterogeneity dominate. Conventional systems frequently suffer from structural and dynamic heterogeneities, complicating efforts to connect molecular dynamics with bulk mechanical behavior. To address these challenges, recent studies have developed a model transient network—Tetra-PEG slime—constructed from tetrafunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) precursors connected via dynamic covalent bonds between phenylboronic acid and diol groups. This system allows for precise control over network connectivity, bond lifetime, and strand architecture, while minimizing unwanted heterogeneities. Leveraging this model, researchers have applied a multimodal approach, combining surface plasmon resonance (SPR), macroscopic rheology, two-dimensional rheo-optics, and particle-tracking microrheology to investigate relaxation behavior across linear and nonlinear regimes. These efforts have uncovered clear correlations between molecular kinetics and viscoelastic relaxation, time–strain separability under large deformations, damping mechanisms tied to strand pullout, and emergent spatial heterogeneity near the percolation threshold. This review summarizes these findings and explores their implications for the rational design of transient networks with programmable mechanical properties, while offering perspectives on future integrations with theory and simulation.

瞬态聚合物网络由聚合物链通过可逆键连接而成，表现出随时间变化的粘弹性，架起了固体弹性和液体流动的桥梁。这些材料由于其自我修复、韧性和可回收性的潜力而引起越来越多的关注。经典模型，如Green-Tobolsky和Tanaka-Edwards理论，主要通过键解离动力学来描述应力松弛，假设均匀平衡结构和小变形。然而，现实世界的应用通常涉及大的动态应变，其中非线性粘弹性、有限可扩展性和空间流动非均质性占主导地位。传统的体系经常受到结构和动力学异质性的影响，这使得将分子动力学与整体力学行为联系起来的工作变得复杂。为了解决这些挑战，最近的研究开发了一种模型瞬态网络-四聚乙二醇黏液-由四功能聚乙二醇（PEG）前体通过苯基硼酸和二醇基团之间的动态共价键连接而成。该系统可以精确控制网络连接、键寿命和链结构，同时最大限度地减少不必要的异构性。利用该模型，研究人员应用了多模态方法，结合表面等离子体共振（SPR）、宏观流变学、二维流变光学和粒子跟踪微流变学来研究线性和非线性体系中的弛豫行为。这些努力揭示了分子动力学与粘弹性松弛、大变形下的时间-应变可分离性、与链拉出相关的阻尼机制以及在渗透阈值附近出现的空间异质性之间的明确相关性。本文总结了这些发现，并探讨了它们对具有可编程力学性能的暂态网络的合理设计的影响，同时为未来的理论和仿真集成提供了展望。

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引用次数: 0

Recent advancements in neutron scattering techniques for quantifying the structure and dynamics of polymers 量化聚合物结构和动力学的中子散射技术的最新进展

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102041

Zhiqiang Cao, Yunfei Wang, Xiaodan Gu

Neutron scattering techniques are powerful tools for characterizing the structure and dynamics of materials. They are particularly well-suited for studying polymer systems, which are typically rich in hydrogen. By combining neutron scattering with deuterium labeling, researchers can unravel complex structural features and dynamic behaviors within these systems. This review highlights recent advances in neutron scattering methods for probing the hierarchical structures and dynamics of polymeric materials, with a focus on developments over the past decade. We begin by discussing elastic techniques—such as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS)—used to examine polymer organization in both solution and solid states. Subsequently, we address the application of neutron reflectometry (NR) and grazing-incidence neutron scattering (GINS) techniques to the study of polymer thin-film structures. Next, we explore inelastic and quasi-elastic techniques, including inelastic neutron scattering (INS), quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS), and neutron spin echo (NSE), which provide insight into polymer dynamics across a broad range of time and length scales. Finally, we consider future directions for neutron scattering in soft matter research, emphasizing emerging methodologies and next-generation neutron sources that promise to further advance our understanding of these complex systems.

中子散射技术是表征材料结构和动力学的有力工具。它们特别适合研究通常富含氢的聚合物体系。通过将中子散射与氘标记相结合，研究人员可以揭示这些系统中复杂的结构特征和动态行为。本文综述了用于探测聚合物材料的层次结构和动力学的中子散射方法的最新进展，重点介绍了过去十年的发展。我们首先讨论弹性技术，如小角中子散射（SANS），用于检测聚合物在溶液和固体状态下的组织。随后，我们讨论了中子反射（NR）和掠入射中子散射（GINS）技术在聚合物薄膜结构研究中的应用。接下来，我们将探索非弹性和准弹性技术，包括非弹性中子散射（INS）、准弹性中子散射（QENS）和中子自旋回波（NSE），这些技术可以在广泛的时间和长度尺度上深入了解聚合物动力学。最后，我们考虑了软物质研究中中子散射的未来方向，强调了新兴的方法和下一代中子源，它们有望进一步推进我们对这些复杂系统的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Recent advances in the molecular engineering of synthetic polypeptides: Design, synthesis, functionality, and biological applications 合成多肽分子工程的最新进展：设计、合成、功能和生物学应用

IF 26.1 1区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Progress in Polymer Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102040

Prabir Maity , Arjun Singh Bisht , Ankita Kumari , Raj Kumar Roy

Proteins are intricate biomolecules composed of amino acids that perform a wide array of essential biological functions. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to replicate their structural and functional complexity through synthetic approaches. Among these, the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) has emerged as the most effective method for synthesizing high-molecular-weight polypeptides on a larger scale. Advances in controlled polymerization techniques, alongside improvements in NCA monomer synthesis, have significantly enhanced the precision and efficiency of polypeptide production. These developments have spurred progress in peptide engineering, enabling the creation of multiblock, branched, and functionally diverse polypeptides, including those incorporating non-natural motifs. Such modifications mimic post-translational modifications found in natural proteins, underscoring the increasing relevance of synthetic polypeptides in designing next-generation functional materials. Synthetic polypeptides and their potential in biomaterial applications have emerged as a highly active research area, particularly following the advent of controlled ROP of NCA monomers. In this article, we present a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the field, primarily over the past decade, emphasizing key developments and emerging directions. Furthermore, it explores how peptide engineering facilitates the development of tailor-made polypeptides with tunable properties, culminating in a discussion on their potential in self-assembly and biomaterials applications.

蛋白质是由氨基酸组成的复杂生物分子，具有广泛的基本生物功能。近年来，在通过合成方法复制其结构和功能复杂性方面做出了相当大的努力。其中，α-氨基酸n -羧酸氢化物（NCA）的开环聚合（ROP）已成为大规模合成高分子量多肽的最有效方法。控制聚合技术的进步，以及NCA单体合成的改进，显著提高了多肽生产的精度和效率。这些发展促进了肽工程的进步，使多片段、分支和功能多样化的多肽得以创造，包括那些包含非自然基序的多肽。这种修饰模仿了在天然蛋白质中发现的翻译后修饰，强调了合成多肽在设计下一代功能材料中的日益重要的意义。合成多肽及其在生物材料中的应用潜力已成为一个高度活跃的研究领域，特别是在NCA单体的可控开环聚合（ROP）出现之后。在本文中，我们对该领域的最新进展进行了全面概述，主要是在过去十年中，强调了关键发展和新兴方向。此外，它还探讨了肽工程如何促进具有可调特性的定制多肽的开发，最终讨论了它们在自组装和生物材料应用中的潜力。

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