Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.426-436
Mark A. Kozintcev
Research objectives: Attribution and description of the anonymous manuscript, conventionally named “History of Crimea”, from the collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Research materials: Anonymous manuscript “History of Crimea”, kept in the collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the signature B 747. Results and novelty of research: The manuscript is a miscellany of various information about the Crimean Khanate, as well international relations, mainly between Russia and Turkey. In 1881, its Ottoman-Turkish text in Arabic script was published by the famous Russian researcher Vasiliy D. Smirnov (1846–1922), on the basis of the St. Petersburg copy, with corrections made according to the copy kept in Paris. V.D. Smirnov made several assumptions on who was the author of the text. The analysis showed the correctness of one of his assumptions, namely that the author – compiler of the text was Kesbî, the Turkish official from the second half of the eighteenth century. The identification of the author became possible due to the appearance of studies on the written heritage of Kesbi in recent decades, primarily the works of A. Ogreten. The comparison of B 747 with the text of “İbretnüma-yı devlet” (“Instruction to the State”, 1213 AH (1798–99 CE)) published by Ahmet Öğreten in 2002, leaves no doubt that the “History of Crimea” is the St. Petersburg copy of the aforesaid manuscript. In recent years, new hypotheses also appeared concerning the author, disputing the opinion of A. Öğreten and aiming to show that the miscellany was compiled not by Mustafa Kesbî, but by another Ottoman official, who wrote under the pseudonym Kesbî, Mehmed Haşim. At the same time, the text of the St. Petersburg copy of “İbretnüma-yı devlet” published by V.D. Smirnov 140 years ago, as well as the copy of the manuscript kept in Paris, still remains out of sight of Turkish specialists engaged in the study of this written text.
研究目的:对俄罗斯科学院东方手稿研究所收藏的匿名手稿的归属和描述，该手稿通常被命名为“克里米亚历史”。研究资料:匿名手稿《克里米亚的历史》，保存在俄罗斯科学院东方手稿研究所收藏，署名b747。研究成果和新颖性:该手稿是关于克里米亚汗国以及国际关系的各种信息的杂集，主要是俄罗斯和土耳其之间的信息。1881年，俄罗斯著名学者瓦西里·d·斯米尔诺夫(Vasiliy D. Smirnov, 1846-1922)在圣彼得堡抄本的基础上，根据保存在巴黎的抄本进行了修正，出版了阿拉伯文的奥斯曼-土耳其文本。V.D.斯米尔诺夫对谁是这篇文章的作者做了几个假设。分析表明他的一个假设是正确的，即文本的作者和编纂者是Kesbî，一位来自18世纪下半叶的土耳其官员。由于近几十年来对Kesbi书面遗产的研究出现，主要是A. Ogreten的作品，作者的识别成为可能。将波音747与艾哈迈德Öğreten于2002年出版的“İbretnüma-yı devlet”(《国家指令》，1213伊斯兰历(公元1798-99年))的文本进行比较，毫无疑问，“克里米亚历史”是上述手稿的圣彼得堡副本。近年来，关于作者的新假设也出现了，与A. Öğreten的观点产生了争议，并旨在表明该杂集不是由Mustafa Kesbî编写的，而是由另一位奥斯曼官员编写的，他以笔名Kesbî， Mehmed ha im。与此同时，140年前由V.D.斯米尔诺夫出版的“İbretnüma-yı devlet”的圣彼得堡副本的文本，以及保存在巴黎的手稿副本，仍然看不到从事该书面文本研究的土耳其专家。
{"title":"Anonymous Manuscript “History of Crimea” (B 747) kept at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Attribution of the Source","authors":"Mark A. Kozintcev","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.426-436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.426-436","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: Attribution and description of the anonymous manuscript, conventionally named “History of Crimea”, from the collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Research materials: Anonymous manuscript “History of Crimea”, kept in the collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the signature B 747. Results and novelty of research: The manuscript is a miscellany of various information about the Crimean Khanate, as well international relations, mainly between Russia and Turkey. In 1881, its Ottoman-Turkish text in Arabic script was published by the famous Russian researcher Vasiliy D. Smirnov (1846–1922), on the basis of the St. Petersburg copy, with corrections made according to the copy kept in Paris. V.D. Smirnov made several assumptions on who was the author of the text. The analysis showed the correctness of one of his assumptions, namely that the author – compiler of the text was Kesbî, the Turkish official from the second half of the eighteenth century. The identification of the author became possible due to the appearance of studies on the written heritage of Kesbi in recent decades, primarily the works of A. Ogreten. The comparison of B 747 with the text of “İbretnüma-yı devlet” (“Instruction to the State”, 1213 AH (1798–99 CE)) published by Ahmet Öğreten in 2002, leaves no doubt that the “History of Crimea” is the St. Petersburg copy of the aforesaid manuscript. In recent years, new hypotheses also appeared concerning the author, disputing the opinion of A. Öğreten and aiming to show that the miscellany was compiled not by Mustafa Kesbî, but by another Ottoman official, who wrote under the pseudonym Kesbî, Mehmed Haşim. At the same time, the text of the St. Petersburg copy of “İbretnüma-yı devlet” published by V.D. Smirnov 140 years ago, as well as the copy of the manuscript kept in Paris, still remains out of sight of Turkish specialists engaged in the study of this written text.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77826912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.314-331
D. Timokhin
Research objectives: The Mongol-Khorezm war of 1219–1221 affected mainly the lands of Khorasan, Transoxiana and modern Afghanistan, while the Iranian territories did not experience the horrors of the invasion, except during the campaign of Subedei and Jebe. As a result, after 1223, the lands of Iran either became part of the state of khorezmshah Jalal al-Din Mankburni, or local ruling elites were formed there. This fact was the main cause of the campaign of Mongol commander Chormagan in the lands of Iran, and then in the south Caucasus. Despite the existing research dealing with Chormagan’s biography and activities, certain narratives related to him in Muslim sources continue to be a matter of debate. This study is devoted to their analysis. Research materials: The author sought to use the entire corpus of Muslim sources, which reflected the biography of Chormagan and the Mongol actions on the territory of Iran and neighboring regions in the 1220s and early 1230s. Special attention is paid to the information from the texts belonging to the genre of “local histories”, much less often used by researchers to solve similar scholarly issues. Research results and novelty: The analysis of information from the Muslim sources in this article allowed, first of all, to cast doubt on some conclusions present in the most famous reconstruction of Chormagan’s biography, written by Timothy May. They are related to the date of the beginning of the Chormagan’s campaign, which ended with the subjugation of the Iranian lands and led to the Mongol invasion of the South Caucasus. In addition, taking into account the data provided in this article, it should be noted that the reconstruction of the route taken by the Mongol detachments also requires a significant revision. Finally, it should be recognized that some military formations of the conquerors operated in various regions of modern Iran before and simultaneously with the beginning of the Chormagan’s campaign.
{"title":"About some Controversial Stories Related to the Campaign of Chormagan in Iran in Muslim Sources","authors":"D. Timokhin","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.314-331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.314-331","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: The Mongol-Khorezm war of 1219–1221 affected mainly the lands of Khorasan, Transoxiana and modern Afghanistan, while the Iranian territories did not experience the horrors of the invasion, except during the campaign of Subedei and Jebe. As a result, after 1223, the lands of Iran either became part of the state of khorezmshah Jalal al-Din Mankburni, or local ruling elites were formed there. This fact was the main cause of the campaign of Mongol commander Chormagan in the lands of Iran, and then in the south Caucasus. Despite the existing research dealing with Chormagan’s biography and activities, certain narratives related to him in Muslim sources continue to be a matter of debate. This study is devoted to their analysis. Research materials: The author sought to use the entire corpus of Muslim sources, which reflected the biography of Chormagan and the Mongol actions on the territory of Iran and neighboring regions in the 1220s and early 1230s. Special attention is paid to the information from the texts belonging to the genre of “local histories”, much less often used by researchers to solve similar scholarly issues. Research results and novelty: The analysis of information from the Muslim sources in this article allowed, first of all, to cast doubt on some conclusions present in the most famous reconstruction of Chormagan’s biography, written by Timothy May. They are related to the date of the beginning of the Chormagan’s campaign, which ended with the subjugation of the Iranian lands and led to the Mongol invasion of the South Caucasus. In addition, taking into account the data provided in this article, it should be noted that the reconstruction of the route taken by the Mongol detachments also requires a significant revision. Finally, it should be recognized that some military formations of the conquerors operated in various regions of modern Iran before and simultaneously with the beginning of the Chormagan’s campaign.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88169504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.437-455
Elmira E. Abibullayeva
Objective: To acquaint the domestic and foreign academic audience with the written source on medicine from the period of the Crimean Khanate, by providing its basic information (essence, content, style). Research materials: Original handwritten Arabic-language text of a medical treatise from the funds of the Bakhchisarai Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Museum-Reserve; data from the Kadiasker notebook for the year 1674–1675 from the Republican Crimean Tatar Library named after I. Gasprinsky. Research results and novelty: In the course of the work on a collection of books from the funds of the Bakhchisaray Museum-Reserve, a treatise on medicine was identified and studied. The materials presented below can significantly enrich the existing knowledge about the little-studied aspect of history, such as the medicine and practical methods of treatment in everyday life in the Crimean Khanate. Transliteration and translation into Russian of the fragments of the text will help the researchers to form a picture of diseases, practices and methods of healing and recovery through both individual medicinal plants and recipes.
{"title":"Treatise on Medicine from the Funds of the Bakhchisaray Museum-Reserve","authors":"Elmira E. Abibullayeva","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.437-455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.437-455","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To acquaint the domestic and foreign academic audience with the written source on medicine from the period of the Crimean Khanate, by providing its basic information (essence, content, style). Research materials: Original handwritten Arabic-language text of a medical treatise from the funds of the Bakhchisarai Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Museum-Reserve; data from the Kadiasker notebook for the year 1674–1675 from the Republican Crimean Tatar Library named after I. Gasprinsky. Research results and novelty: In the course of the work on a collection of books from the funds of the Bakhchisaray Museum-Reserve, a treatise on medicine was identified and studied. The materials presented below can significantly enrich the existing knowledge about the little-studied aspect of history, such as the medicine and practical methods of treatment in everyday life in the Crimean Khanate. Transliteration and translation into Russian of the fragments of the text will help the researchers to form a picture of diseases, practices and methods of healing and recovery through both individual medicinal plants and recipes.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80988084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.332-343
Jack J. Wilson
Research objectives: Nogai, a great-grandson of Jochi, is most commonly known as the all-mighty kingmaker of the late thirteenth century Golden Horde, who in scholarship is portrayed as appointing and deposing khans at will and establishing an independent khanate on the lower Danube. However, the author argues that this is a portrayal with little basis in the primary source materials, and instead largely a creation of the secondary literature. The present article sets out to trace its development in the secondary literature from the nineteenth century onwards. Research materials: Briefly noting the portrayal of Nogai’s role in the relevant primary sources – the Rus’ chronicles, Mamluk historians, Rashīd al-Dīn and Marco Polo – then notes the contrast in the most prominent secondary literature on the Golden Horde of the last century, including d’Ohsson, Veselovskij, Vernadsky, Spuler through to Vásáry and Favereau. Research results and novelty: Much of the basis for the modern idea of Nogai the Khanmaker owes to Veselovskij’s 1922 biography of Nogai, built upon by the influential histories on the Golden Horde by Vernadsky and Spuler. Later scholars have combined these accounts, exaggerating claims of his prominence with each succeeding generation and accepting, unquestioned, Nogai’s modern status as the near-total master of the Jochid ulus.
{"title":"Nogai the Khanmaker: A Historiographical Problem","authors":"Jack J. Wilson","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.332-343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.332-343","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: Nogai, a great-grandson of Jochi, is most commonly known as the all-mighty kingmaker of the late thirteenth century Golden Horde, who in scholarship is portrayed as appointing and deposing khans at will and establishing an independent khanate on the lower Danube. However, the author argues that this is a portrayal with little basis in the primary source materials, and instead largely a creation of the secondary literature. The present article sets out to trace its development in the secondary literature from the nineteenth century onwards. Research materials: Briefly noting the portrayal of Nogai’s role in the relevant primary sources – the Rus’ chronicles, Mamluk historians, Rashīd al-Dīn and Marco Polo – then notes the contrast in the most prominent secondary literature on the Golden Horde of the last century, including d’Ohsson, Veselovskij, Vernadsky, Spuler through to Vásáry and Favereau. Research results and novelty: Much of the basis for the modern idea of Nogai the Khanmaker owes to Veselovskij’s 1922 biography of Nogai, built upon by the influential histories on the Golden Horde by Vernadsky and Spuler. Later scholars have combined these accounts, exaggerating claims of his prominence with each succeeding generation and accepting, unquestioned, Nogai’s modern status as the near-total master of the Jochid ulus.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90735331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.456-481
D. Prokhorov
Research objectives: Introduction of archival materials for the history of the Jewish communities of Crimea in the Middle Ages and Modern Times into scientific discourse. Research materials: Study of funds of the Russian State Historical Archives (RGIA, St. Petersburg) and State Archives of the Republic of Crimea (GARK, Simferopol) resulted in the introduction of the materials related to the history of the Karaite community of Kyrk-Yer (Chufut-Kale) into scientific discourse. This includes little-known translations of yarliqs and fermans, securing the legal and economic status, issued at different times by the Crimean khans to representatives of the Karaite community. The translations into Russian were made in the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth century by representatives of Russian academic circles, orientalists, historians, as well as officials of the institutions of the Taurida Governorate. Results and scientific novelty: The study considers a number of little-known documents related to the history of the Crimean Khanate, found in the archival collections of the Russian Federation. One of the earliest translations into Russian of the yarliq of the Crimean Khan Selyamet-Girey I (1608) from the collection of the Russian orientalist and statesman V.V. Grigoriev was discovered in fund No. 853 “Vasily Vasilyevich Grigoriev (1816–1881), professor of the history of the East of St. Petersburg University, governor of the Orenburg Kirghiz region, head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA)”. This document is particularly important because its original has not survived. Additionally, materials of the fund 241 “Taurida and Odessa Karaite Spiritual Government” of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea (GARK) were found to contain documents, reporting the translations of the decisions of the “Kadiasker court”, as well as fermans to the Kyrk-Yer Jewish community of khans: Saadet-Girey I (1524), Inayet-Girey (1635), Mohammed-Girey IV (1642), Murad-Girey (1678–1683) and Saadet-Girey IV (1717–1724). The appendices to the article contain the full texts of the translations of the khan’s fermans into Russian made in the late 19th – early 20th centuries with the participation of prominent Russian orientalists. These documents are a valuable source for the scientific reconstruction of the past of the old nations of the Crimean peninsula in the Middle Ages and Modern Times, as well as the economic and legal life of representatives of various categories of the communities of the Crimean Khanate.
研究目标:将中世纪和近代克里米亚犹太社区历史的档案材料引入科学论述。研究材料:对俄罗斯国家历史档案馆(RGIA，圣彼得堡)和克里米亚共和国国家档案馆(GARK，辛菲罗波尔)的资金进行研究，导致将与Kyrk-Yer (Chufut-Kale)卡拉特社区历史相关的材料引入科学论述。这包括鲜为人知的yarliqs和fermans的翻译，以确保法律和经济地位，克里米亚可汗在不同时期向卡拉特社区的代表发布。俄文译本是在19世纪下半叶至20世纪初由俄罗斯学术界代表、东方学家、历史学家以及陶里达省机构官员完成的。结果和科学的新见性:这项研究考虑了一些鲜为人知的与克里米亚汗国历史有关的文件，这些文件是在俄罗斯联邦的档案收藏中发现的。俄罗斯东方学家和政治家V.V.格里戈里耶夫的收藏中最早的一本克里米亚汗Selyamet-Girey I(1608)的yarliq俄文译本是在第853号基金中发现的“瓦西里·瓦西里耶维奇·格里戈里耶夫(1816-1881)，圣彼得堡大学东部历史教授，奥伦堡吉尔吉斯地区州长，俄罗斯国家历史档案馆(RGIA)新闻事务主要理事会负责人”。这份文件尤其重要，因为它的原件没有保存下来。此外，克里米亚共和国国家档案馆(GARK)的241号基金“陶里达和敖德萨卡拉特精神政府”的材料被发现包含文件，报告了“卡迪亚斯克法院”的决定的翻译，以及对基尔克-耶尔犹太社区汗的fermans: Saadet-Girey I (1524)， Inayet-Girey (1635)， mohammad - girey IV (1642)， Murad-Girey(1678-1683)和Saadet-Girey IV(1717-1724)。文章的附录包含了19世纪末至20世纪初由著名的俄罗斯东方学家参与的可汗的俄文译本的全文。这些文件是科学地重建中世纪和近代克里米亚半岛旧民族的过去，以及克里米亚汗国各种社区代表的经济和法律生活的宝贵资料。
{"title":"Translations of Yarliqs of the Crimean khans to the Jewish Community of Kyrk-Yer (Chufut-Kale) in the Archives of the Russian Federation (According to the Materials of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea and the Russian State Historical Archive)","authors":"D. Prokhorov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.456-481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.456-481","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: Introduction of archival materials for the history of the Jewish communities of Crimea in the Middle Ages and Modern Times into scientific discourse. Research materials: Study of funds of the Russian State Historical Archives (RGIA, St. Petersburg) and State Archives of the Republic of Crimea (GARK, Simferopol) resulted in the introduction of the materials related to the history of the Karaite community of Kyrk-Yer (Chufut-Kale) into scientific discourse. This includes little-known translations of yarliqs and fermans, securing the legal and economic status, issued at different times by the Crimean khans to representatives of the Karaite community. The translations into Russian were made in the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth century by representatives of Russian academic circles, orientalists, historians, as well as officials of the institutions of the Taurida Governorate. Results and scientific novelty: The study considers a number of little-known documents related to the history of the Crimean Khanate, found in the archival collections of the Russian Federation. One of the earliest translations into Russian of the yarliq of the Crimean Khan Selyamet-Girey I (1608) from the collection of the Russian orientalist and statesman V.V. Grigoriev was discovered in fund No. 853 “Vasily Vasilyevich Grigoriev (1816–1881), professor of the history of the East of St. Petersburg University, governor of the Orenburg Kirghiz region, head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA)”. This document is particularly important because its original has not survived. Additionally, materials of the fund 241 “Taurida and Odessa Karaite Spiritual Government” of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea (GARK) were found to contain documents, reporting the translations of the decisions of the “Kadiasker court”, as well as fermans to the Kyrk-Yer Jewish community of khans: Saadet-Girey I (1524), Inayet-Girey (1635), Mohammed-Girey IV (1642), Murad-Girey (1678–1683) and Saadet-Girey IV (1717–1724). The appendices to the article contain the full texts of the translations of the khan’s fermans into Russian made in the late 19th – early 20th centuries with the participation of prominent Russian orientalists. These documents are a valuable source for the scientific reconstruction of the past of the old nations of the Crimean peninsula in the Middle Ages and Modern Times, as well as the economic and legal life of representatives of various categories of the communities of the Crimean Khanate.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87579414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.414-425
Dmitry V. Sadofeev
Objective: to compare preserved epigraphic monuments from Staryi Krym with the “Travel book” by Evliya Çelebi and clarify the name of the founder of the madrasah. Research materials: The article is based on the study of the “Travel Book” by Evliya Çelebi published in the Ottoman language in 1928, particularly his visit to Staryi Krym; translation of the “Travel Book” into Russian by E.V. Bakharevsky; modern transliteration into Latin by a group of researchers in Turkey; Russian publications of epigraphic monuments of Staryi Krym starting from the mid-nineteenth century and up to the present. These materials have been compared with the tombstone and inscription above the entrance to the so-called “Uzbek Mosque”. The manuscript “Muizz al-ansab” and various dictionaries from the Turkic languages were used as additional materials. Results and novelty of the research: A comparison of previously published sources and researches helped to consider various options for reading the name, acceptable for the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries, and the drawing of the inscription of the tombstone confirmed that O. Akchokrakly’s reading of the name was correct. In addition, on the basis of the new material, it has been confirmed that the Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi during his journeys wrote down the inscriptions he saw with minor errors and that these inscriptions can be considered trustworthy, with some caution. According to the inscription on the tombstone found in 1925, the name of the founder of the madrasah should be read as Ilchi Khatun.
{"title":"“Kizhe”: on the name of the Madrasah’s Founder in Staryi Krym","authors":"Dmitry V. Sadofeev","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.414-425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.414-425","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: to compare preserved epigraphic monuments from Staryi Krym with the “Travel book” by Evliya Çelebi and clarify the name of the founder of the madrasah. Research materials: The article is based on the study of the “Travel Book” by Evliya Çelebi published in the Ottoman language in 1928, particularly his visit to Staryi Krym; translation of the “Travel Book” into Russian by E.V. Bakharevsky; modern transliteration into Latin by a group of researchers in Turkey; Russian publications of epigraphic monuments of Staryi Krym starting from the mid-nineteenth century and up to the present. These materials have been compared with the tombstone and inscription above the entrance to the so-called “Uzbek Mosque”. The manuscript “Muizz al-ansab” and various dictionaries from the Turkic languages were used as additional materials. Results and novelty of the research: A comparison of previously published sources and researches helped to consider various options for reading the name, acceptable for the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries, and the drawing of the inscription of the tombstone confirmed that O. Akchokrakly’s reading of the name was correct. In addition, on the basis of the new material, it has been confirmed that the Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi during his journeys wrote down the inscriptions he saw with minor errors and that these inscriptions can be considered trustworthy, with some caution. According to the inscription on the tombstone found in 1925, the name of the founder of the madrasah should be read as Ilchi Khatun.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79242029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.303-313
A. Gorsky
Research objectives: The article aims to reveal the time, circumstances and consequences of the first demands of Mongol conquerors to the main Russian princes to visit the residence of Batu. Research materials: The texts of Old Russian chronicles – Hypatian, Laurentian, First Novgorod and others, Vita of Mikhail Chernigovskiy, “History of the Mongols” by John of Plano Carpini. Results and novelty of the research: It is established that at the end of 1242 – the beginning of 1243 the demands to visit the residence of Batu (who just returned from the campaign in Central Europe) were received by all three of the strongest Russian Princes – Yaroslav Vsevolodich, Mikhail Vsevolodich and Daniil Romanovich. The decision to leave the Russian princes in their possessions at that moment was not accepted yet, and the possibility of the earlier employed Mongol regime of direct control remained. Mikhail and Daniil shied away from the visit, while Yaroslav came to Batu and received an all-Russian ‘seniority’. These events predetermined the establishment of a model of rule in Rus’ through local rulers.
{"title":"The First Challenges of the Russian Princes to the Mongol Rulers: Years 1242–1243","authors":"A. Gorsky","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.303-313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.303-313","url":null,"abstract":"Research objectives: The article aims to reveal the time, circumstances and consequences of the first demands of Mongol conquerors to the main Russian princes to visit the residence of Batu. Research materials: The texts of Old Russian chronicles – Hypatian, Laurentian, First Novgorod and others, Vita of Mikhail Chernigovskiy, “History of the Mongols” by John of Plano Carpini. Results and novelty of the research: It is established that at the end of 1242 – the beginning of 1243 the demands to visit the residence of Batu (who just returned from the campaign in Central Europe) were received by all three of the strongest Russian Princes – Yaroslav Vsevolodich, Mikhail Vsevolodich and Daniil Romanovich. The decision to leave the Russian princes in their possessions at that moment was not accepted yet, and the possibility of the earlier employed Mongol regime of direct control remained. Mikhail and Daniil shied away from the visit, while Yaroslav came to Batu and received an all-Russian ‘seniority’. These events predetermined the establishment of a model of rule in Rus’ through local rulers.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87824847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.482-490
A. Aksanov
Research objective: To analyze and verify the concept of “party division” of the political elite of the Kazan Khanate. Research materials: Historiographical sources, Russian chronicles, historical writings, diplomatic documents, etc. Research results and novelty: According to many researchers, political conflicts in the Kazan Khanate were caused by the struggle between the pro-Moscow and Eastern parties. One group of Kazan inhabitants focused on trade and economic ties with the Russian lands, and the other – with the Muslim world. The conflict of economic interests allegedly led to deep political contradictions, which served as a basis of the formation of the parties. However, as a result of this study, it was found that the semantics of the contents in the chronicles is not consistent with the concept of “party division”. The lengthy chronicle passages accompanying the descriptions of the events in the Moscow-Kazan relations were designed to show the negative qualities of the Kazan people (adulation and treachery), comparing them with the wicked peoples from the Bible. However, the researchers, applying the so-called rational approach to apologetic excursions, explained the “adulation” and “impiety” of the Kazan inhabitants as manifestations of party struggles. Not only that the concept of party division does not fit into the semantic aspect of chronicle reports, it is also faced with a number of logical contradictions arising from a comprehensive analysis of sources.
{"title":"On the Question of the “Party division” of the Political Elite of the Kazan Khanate","authors":"A. Aksanov","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.482-490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.482-490","url":null,"abstract":"Research objective: To analyze and verify the concept of “party division” of the political elite of the Kazan Khanate. Research materials: Historiographical sources, Russian chronicles, historical writings, diplomatic documents, etc. Research results and novelty: According to many researchers, political conflicts in the Kazan Khanate were caused by the struggle between the pro-Moscow and Eastern parties. One group of Kazan inhabitants focused on trade and economic ties with the Russian lands, and the other – with the Muslim world. The conflict of economic interests allegedly led to deep political contradictions, which served as a basis of the formation of the parties. However, as a result of this study, it was found that the semantics of the contents in the chronicles is not consistent with the concept of “party division”. The lengthy chronicle passages accompanying the descriptions of the events in the Moscow-Kazan relations were designed to show the negative qualities of the Kazan people (adulation and treachery), comparing them with the wicked peoples from the Bible. However, the researchers, applying the so-called rational approach to apologetic excursions, explained the “adulation” and “impiety” of the Kazan inhabitants as manifestations of party struggles. Not only that the concept of party division does not fit into the semantic aspect of chronicle reports, it is also faced with a number of logical contradictions arising from a comprehensive analysis of sources.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74819044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.491-494
L. Giniyatullina
On June 15, 2021, within the framework of the Year of Native Languages and National Unity in the Republic of Tatarstan, Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences hosted the International Scientific Conference “Medieval Written Heritage of the Tatars” (towards the 700th anniversary of the birth of Saif Sarai). The conference was attended by representatives of various scientific centers: Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA) at the Organization for Islamic Cooperation, Republican Institute of Higher Education of Belarus, State Historical Museum, Nazarbayev University, University of Wisconsin, Russian Academy of Sciences, G. Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Arts of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, and others. The conference covered the following topics: current issues of studying the legacy of Saif Sarai, the reflection of Tatar history in written sources, issues of studying the language of written monuments, literary traditions of medieval Tatars, popularization of the Tatar written heritage, etc. Following the International Scientific Conference, it was decided to continue scientific research and activities related to the work of the medieval Tatar poet Saif Sarai.
{"title":"Interregional Scientific Conference “Readings of Saif Sarai – 2022” (Samara Region, Kamyshla, May 17, 2022)","authors":"L. Giniyatullina","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.491-494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.491-494","url":null,"abstract":"On June 15, 2021, within the framework of the Year of Native Languages and National Unity in the Republic of Tatarstan, Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences hosted the International Scientific Conference “Medieval Written Heritage of the Tatars” (towards the 700th anniversary of the birth of Saif Sarai). The conference was attended by representatives of various scientific centers: Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA) at the Organization for Islamic Cooperation, Republican Institute of Higher Education of Belarus, State Historical Museum, Nazarbayev University, University of Wisconsin, Russian Academy of Sciences, G. Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Arts of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, and others. The conference covered the following topics: current issues of studying the legacy of Saif Sarai, the reflection of Tatar history in written sources, issues of studying the language of written monuments, literary traditions of medieval Tatars, popularization of the Tatar written heritage, etc. Following the International Scientific Conference, it was decided to continue scientific research and activities related to the work of the medieval Tatar poet Saif Sarai.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73270463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.284-302
L. V. Vorotyntsev
Research objective: A critical analysis of several positions and theses presented in the article by A.V. Mayorov “Woman, diplomacy and war: Russian princes in negotiations with Batu on the eve of the Mongol invasion”. Research materials: Russian chronicles, “The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan by Batu”, “Praise to the Ryazan Princes”, materials of the Discharge department, “Letter about the Image of the life of Tartars” by friar Julian, “Collection of Chronicles” by Rashid al-Din, “History of the Conqueror of the World” by Ata-Melik Juveini, “The Secret History of the Mongols”, “Yuan Shi” (History of the Yuan Dynasty), “History” by George Pachymeres, The Bible. The books of Holy Scripture of the Old and New Testaments. Results and novelty of the research: On the basis of the analysis of the written sources and information presented in a number of scientific studies, the author concludes that the thesis of A.V. Mayorov on the compliance with historical realities of the information presented in the “Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan by Batu” is insufficiently argumented. The researcher’s hypotheses about the purposeful policy of Batu aimed at the peaceful inclusion of the principalities of Northeastern Russia into the state system of the Mongol Empire, and the simultaneous provocation of the ruling elites of the Ryazan Principality to a military conflict through the murder of prince Fyodor Yuryevich, contain a number of logical contradictions and are not confirmed by information from both Russian chronicles and foreign sources on the Mongol Western Campaign.
{"title":"Batu’s Ryazan Gambit: on new Interpretations of the Messages from “The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan by Batu” in Modern Research","authors":"L. V. Vorotyntsev","doi":"10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.284-302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-2.284-302","url":null,"abstract":"Research objective: A critical analysis of several positions and theses presented in the article by A.V. Mayorov “Woman, diplomacy and war: Russian princes in negotiations with Batu on the eve of the Mongol invasion”. Research materials: Russian chronicles, “The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan by Batu”, “Praise to the Ryazan Princes”, materials of the Discharge department, “Letter about the Image of the life of Tartars” by friar Julian, “Collection of Chronicles” by Rashid al-Din, “History of the Conqueror of the World” by Ata-Melik Juveini, “The Secret History of the Mongols”, “Yuan Shi” (History of the Yuan Dynasty), “History” by George Pachymeres, The Bible. The books of Holy Scripture of the Old and New Testaments. Results and novelty of the research: On the basis of the analysis of the written sources and information presented in a number of scientific studies, the author concludes that the thesis of A.V. Mayorov on the compliance with historical realities of the information presented in the “Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan by Batu” is insufficiently argumented. The researcher’s hypotheses about the purposeful policy of Batu aimed at the peaceful inclusion of the principalities of Northeastern Russia into the state system of the Mongol Empire, and the simultaneous provocation of the ruling elites of the Ryazan Principality to a military conflict through the murder of prince Fyodor Yuryevich, contain a number of logical contradictions and are not confirmed by information from both Russian chronicles and foreign sources on the Mongol Western Campaign.","PeriodicalId":41481,"journal":{"name":"Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie-Golden Horde Review","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76654376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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