Pub Date : 2018-04-08DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2018.1441953
D. Cram
Abstract One of the notions crucial to understanding early methods of phonetic transcription is the ‘Proper Alphabet Principle’: the idea that each human language should have its own distinct writing system. Having a distinct orthography was taken to be a defining characteristic of the three holy languages (Hebrew, Greek and Latin), and this also applied in the case of ‘exotic’ languages ranging from Arabic to Chinese. The principle further assumes that the relation between alphabet and language is biunique: each language has one and only one proper alphabet, and vice versa. My purpose is to examine how this principle has permeated ideas about writing in the western tradition. I will start by examining the theory and practice of phonetic transcription in the seventeenth century, both in the context of philosophical language schemes and early comparative philology, and then position these developments within the larger historical context, leading to the establishment of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in the nineteenth century. The fundamental principle of the IPA—that it is independent of any specific language—is the precise complement of the Proper Alphabet Principle. The two principles turn out to interplay in complex ways in the development of ideas about phonetic transcription.
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Pub Date : 2018-04-08DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2018.1441952
A. Laird
Abstract This paper challenges Walter Mignolo’s influential view that the Renaissance grammarian Nebrija’s theory of writing had a role in justifying Spanish imperialism and that it contributed to the diminution or elimination of native language and memory in the Americas. It will be shown that Isidore of Seville’s comparatively versatile conception of writing, which accommodated pictograms, was far more pervasive in Spain and the New World, fostering parallel advances in written and pictorial communication by indigenous groups, while European letters provided a flexible means of notation for Amerindian languages.
{"title":"Colonial grammatology: the versatility and transformation of European letters in sixteenth-century Spanish America","authors":"A. Laird","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2018.1441952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2018.1441952","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper challenges Walter Mignolo’s influential view that the Renaissance grammarian Nebrija’s theory of writing had a role in justifying Spanish imperialism and that it contributed to the diminution or elimination of native language and memory in the Americas. It will be shown that Isidore of Seville’s comparatively versatile conception of writing, which accommodated pictograms, was far more pervasive in Spain and the New World, fostering parallel advances in written and pictorial communication by indigenous groups, while European letters provided a flexible means of notation for Amerindian languages.","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17597536.2018.1441952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44929630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-15DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2018.1431499
J. Beal
{"title":"The first century of English monolingual lexicography","authors":"J. Beal","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2018.1431499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2018.1431499","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17597536.2018.1431499","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47066782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-12DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2018.1431497
Doyle Calhoun
isation of Frisian, Pieter Duijff presents details of the problems that arise when deciding on preferred word forms in the standard word list for Frisian, whereby peripheral dialect terms are usually discounted and greater distance from dominant languages are encouraged. Miren Lourdes Oñederra discusses the currently unresolved matter of the standard pronunciation of Basque. Whilst encouraging a large degree of variation to be allowed in standard Basque pronunciation, Oñederra at the same time draws attention to speakers of Basque who learn the language as a second language and who have little experience of the dialects, hence showing that the task involves keeping a delicate balance between uniformity and variation. In her general discussion of standard languages and standards, Pam Peters neatly sums up in the epilogue the main themes covered in the preceding chapters and succinctly describes the common linkages in the contributions. Overall, the volume serves as a valuable resource for exploring language norms and standards from the angle of prescriptivism. The goals of the book to embrace a broad scope of linguistic contexts across four very different thematic sections are commendable. For the most part, the book succeeds in fulfilling these objectives. The chapters are generally well-researched, largely refer to relevant empirical data where appropriate and provide new insights from both contemporary and historical approaches, making the volume a respectable and worthy addition to the field.
{"title":"Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe","authors":"Doyle Calhoun","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2018.1431497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2018.1431497","url":null,"abstract":"isation of Frisian, Pieter Duijff presents details of the problems that arise when deciding on preferred word forms in the standard word list for Frisian, whereby peripheral dialect terms are usually discounted and greater distance from dominant languages are encouraged. Miren Lourdes Oñederra discusses the currently unresolved matter of the standard pronunciation of Basque. Whilst encouraging a large degree of variation to be allowed in standard Basque pronunciation, Oñederra at the same time draws attention to speakers of Basque who learn the language as a second language and who have little experience of the dialects, hence showing that the task involves keeping a delicate balance between uniformity and variation. In her general discussion of standard languages and standards, Pam Peters neatly sums up in the epilogue the main themes covered in the preceding chapters and succinctly describes the common linkages in the contributions. Overall, the volume serves as a valuable resource for exploring language norms and standards from the angle of prescriptivism. The goals of the book to embrace a broad scope of linguistic contexts across four very different thematic sections are commendable. For the most part, the book succeeds in fulfilling these objectives. The chapters are generally well-researched, largely refer to relevant empirical data where appropriate and provide new insights from both contemporary and historical approaches, making the volume a respectable and worthy addition to the field.","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17597536.2018.1431497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47933269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-26DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2017.1340231
J. Bellamy
{"title":"Prescription and tradition: establishing standards across time and space (multilingual matters 165)","authors":"J. Bellamy","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2017.1340231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2017.1340231","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17597536.2017.1340231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46223942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2018.1493305
Simon Coffey
{"title":"Linguistic and cultural foreign policies of European states: 18th–20th centuries","authors":"Simon Coffey","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2018.1493305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2018.1493305","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17597536.2018.1493305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48854763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2018.1484017
J. Subbiondo
ABSTRACT Federico Garlanda (1857–1913) contributed towards the popularisation of linguistics in nineteenth-century Europe and the United States. Garlanda’s popular books on the science of language, The Philosophy of Words and The Fortunes of Words, are precursors of the university textbook in introductory linguistics. This article examines three recurring themes in Garlanda’s books on linguistics: history and science, history and linguistics, and language and consciousness. Forward-looking for his time, Garlanda argued that the present state of a language was an excellent starting point for studying its historical development. He contended that a study of child language acquisition could lead to discovering the origins of language. He held that the history of words of a language provided an insight into the evolution of consciousness. Garlanda was among the first linguists to present a brief critical and popular history of linguistics.
{"title":"Federico Garlanda’s The Philosophy of Words (1886) and The Fortunes of Language (1887): models in their class","authors":"J. Subbiondo","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2018.1484017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2018.1484017","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Federico Garlanda (1857–1913) contributed towards the popularisation of linguistics in nineteenth-century Europe and the United States. Garlanda’s popular books on the science of language, The Philosophy of Words and The Fortunes of Words, are precursors of the university textbook in introductory linguistics. This article examines three recurring themes in Garlanda’s books on linguistics: history and science, history and linguistics, and language and consciousness. Forward-looking for his time, Garlanda argued that the present state of a language was an excellent starting point for studying its historical development. He contended that a study of child language acquisition could lead to discovering the origins of language. He held that the history of words of a language provided an insight into the evolution of consciousness. Garlanda was among the first linguists to present a brief critical and popular history of linguistics.","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17597536.2018.1484017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44128870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2018.1484020
M. Konvička
ABSTRACT Our modern terminology and concepts are often based on much older linguistic discourses. A case in point is the alleged medieval roots of the modern term ars obligatoria that I discuss in this paper. The term appeared in a number of structuralist texts on the obligatoriness of grammatical categories, and it is repeatedly, albeit vaguely, ascribed to the Scholastics. In this paper, I review two hypotheses about the origins of this term. The only extant proposal argues that the term ars obligatoria does not refer to the obligatoriness of grammatical categories but alludes to the position of grammar as the first, fundamental and thus obligatory discipline within the system of the Seven Liberal Arts. Alternatively, I argue that the term refers to the medieval tradition of obligatory disputations, the so-called ars obligatoria. Just as a speaker must follow the grammatical rules of a language, so must a disputant follow the rules of the disputation.
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Pub Date : 2017-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2018.1431498
A. Luhtala
{"title":"Elementary and grammar education in late medieval France: Lyon, 1285–1530","authors":"A. Luhtala","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2018.1431498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2018.1431498","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2017-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17597536.2018.1431498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48561012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2018.1492807
Matteo Tarsi
ABSTRACT This article discusses Jón Ólafsson from Grunnavík (1705–1779), a prominent spokesperson for purism and language cultivation in eighteenth-century Iceland. Jón’s attitude towards his mother tongue is investigated here by discussing several representative texts that he wrote: his youthful translation of Barthold Feind’s Cosmographia (1727, AM 958 4to); a Latin lecture on the Icelandic language (written no later than 1730, AM 1013 4to, ff. 68r–76r); the introduction to Jón’s orthographic treatise (ca. 1733, AM 435 fol.); a purist wordlist (ca. 1736, AM 1013 4to, f. 37v); and Hagþenkir, a treatise on education (1737, JS 83 fol.). After a short introduction, there follows a brief overview of Jón Ólafsson’s life, learning, and scholarly publications. The next section examines Jón’s attitude towards his mother tongue as reflected in the aforementioned texts. In the concluding section, the issue of language cultivation in - eighteenth-century Iceland is addressed. In particular, it is argued that in Jón’s foster father, Páll Vídalín (1667–1727), there exists a link between Jón Ólafsson and the ‘father’ of Icelandic purism, Arngrímur Jónsson the Learned (1568–1648).
摘要本文讨论了18世纪冰岛纯粹主义和语言培养的著名代言人Grunnavík（1705–1779）的Jónólafsson。Jón对母语的态度在这里通过讨论他写的几个有代表性的文本来调查：他年轻时翻译的Barthold Feind的《宇宙图》（1727，AM 958 4to）；关于冰岛语的拉丁语讲座（不迟于1730年，AM 1013 4to，ff。68r–76r）；介绍了Jón的正字法论文（约1733年，AM 435 fol.）；纯粹主义的单词表（约1736年，AM 1013 4to，f.37v）；以及Hagþenkir，一篇关于教育的论文（1737年，JS 83 fol.）。在简短的介绍之后，下面是对Jónólafsson的生活、学习和学术出版物的简要概述。下一节考察了Jón对母语的态度，这反映在上述文本中。在最后一节中，讨论了十八世纪冰岛的语言培养问题。特别是，有人认为，在Jón的养父Páll Vídalín（1667-1727）身上，Jólafsson和冰岛纯粹主义之父Arngrímur Jónsson the Learned（1568-1648）之间存在联系。
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