Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2019.1706130
D. Stifter
ABSTRACT The etymological study of Early Irish began in the Old Irish period (c. 700‒900 a.d.), under the influence of Isidore of Seville’s Etymologiae, and, because of its flexible hermeneutic potential, it enjoyed great popularity in the middle and early modern periods. It is only with the rise of modern comparative linguistics, especially of Indo-European linguistics in the second half of the 19th century, that the art of Irish etymology attained scholarly rigour. Over the past 150 years, paradigm shifts in Indo-European studies (laryngeal theory, accent/ablaut classes of inflection, derivational morphology) and the development of modern technology (digitisation of texts, e.g. eDIL, ISOS) have repeatedly chang-ed the methods and the course of Irish etymological studies. The impact of some of these external factors will be illustrated with examples.
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Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2019.1706129
Pádraic Moran
ABSTRACT De origine scoticae linguae (DOSL, also known as ‘O’Mulconry’s Glossary’) is an etymological glossary dating from around the late-seventh or early-eighth century. It discusses the origins of about 884 Irish words, very often deriving them from Latin, Greek or Hebrew. As such it represents the earliest etymological study of any European vernacular language. Despite this, however, the text has to date been almost completely ignored for its significance in the history of linguistics. This article analyses the authors’ methods, particularly with regard to the semantic and formal components of etymologies, and argues that the text shows considerable coherence, both internally and in relation to its sources and models in the Graeco-Roman linguistic tradition. It argues that DOSL is a serious work of scholarship that represents a milestone in the historical development of comparative linguistics.
De origine scoticae linguae (DOSL，也被称为“O’mulconry’s Glossary”)是一个可以追溯到七世纪末或八世纪初的词源学词汇表。它讨论了大约884个爱尔兰单词的起源，这些单词通常来自拉丁语、希腊语或希伯来语。因此，它代表了对任何欧洲方言的最早的词源学研究。然而，尽管如此，由于它在语言学史上的重要性，迄今为止，这篇文章几乎完全被忽视了。本文分析了作者的方法，特别是关于语源学的语义和形式成分，并认为文本在内部以及与希腊罗马语言传统中的来源和模式相关的方面都表现出相当大的连贯性。本文认为，《DOSL》是一部严肃的学术著作，在比较语言学的历史发展中具有里程碑意义。
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Pub Date : 2019-08-27DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2019.1649855
Ivan Andrijanić, Petra Matović
ABSTRACT Filip Vesdin, known by his monastic name Paulinus a Sancto Bartholomaeo (1748–1806), was a Carmelite missionary stationed from 1776 to 1789 in Southwestern India. Vesdin authored an impressive opus of 32 books and smaller treatises on Brahmanic religion and customs, oriental manuscripts and antiques collections, language comparison and missionary history. This article focuses on the field of language comparison, principally on Vesdin’s book De antiquitate et affinitate linguae Zendicae, Samscrdamicae, et Germanicae dissertatio (= Dissertation on the Antiquity and the Affinity of the Zend, Sanskrit, and Germanic Languages), published in Rome in 1798. In this rather short treatise (56 pages), the most important part consists of three word-lists where a large number of words from Avestan, Sanskrit and Germanic languages are compared in order to prove that these languages are related. The paper presents Vesdin’s three word-lists together with a description and evaluation of his views on the relationships between these languages in order to highlight his significance in the history of comparative and historical linguistics. The paper also provides new insights into the relationship of De antiquitate to Vesdin’s later proto-linguistic treatise, De Latini sermonis origine (1802). Abbreviations Av.: Avestan; Guj.: Gujaratī; IIr.: Indo-Iranian; Lat.: Latin; Malab.: Malabaricum (Vesdin’s term for Malayāḷam); Malay.: Malayāḷam; MHG: Middle High Germa; NHG: New High German; NP: New Persian; OAv.: Old Avestan; OFris.: Old Frisian; OHG: Old High German; OSax.: Old Saxon; Pahl.: Pahlavi; PG: Proto Germanic; PIE: Proto Indo-European; Skt.: Sanskrit; YAv.: Young Avestan
菲利普·维斯丁(philip Vesdin, 1748-1806)是加尔默罗会传教士，1776年至1789年在印度西南部传教。维斯丁撰写了一部令人印象深刻的作品，包括32本书和一些较小的论文，内容涉及婆罗门宗教和习俗、东方手稿和古董收藏、语言比较和传教历史。本文的重点是语言比较领域，主要是对维斯丁1798年在罗马出版的《关于古代和德语、梵语和日耳曼语的亲缘关系的论文》(De antiquitate et affinitate linguae Zendicae, Samscrdamicae, et Germanicae disseratio)。在这本相当短的论文(56页)中，最重要的部分由三个单词表组成，其中比较了来自阿维斯陀语，梵语和日耳曼语的大量单词，以证明这些语言是相关的。本文介绍了维斯丁的三个词表，并对他对这些语言之间关系的看法进行了描述和评价，以突出他在比较语言学和历史语言学史上的重要意义。本文还对De antiquitate与Vesdin后来的原始语言学论文De Latini servmonis origin(1802)的关系提供了新的见解。缩写:阿维斯陀语;Guj。:古吉拉特邦ī;信息检索。:印度伊朗语系;纬度。:拉丁语;Malab。: Malabaricum(维斯丁对Malayāḷam的称呼);马来语。:马来语āḷ点;MHG:中古高地德语;NHG:新高地德语;新波斯语;OAv。古阿维斯陀语;OFris。:古弗里斯兰语;OHG:古高地德语;OSax。:老撒克逊人;Pahl。:巴列维;PG:原日耳曼语;PIE:原始印欧语;sk电讯。:梵语;各种。年轻的阿维斯陀人
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Pub Date : 2019-08-26DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2019.1649853
S. Bayley
ABSTRACT The Nuffield/Schools Council Pilot Scheme of the mid-1960s to 70s was the first concerted effort to teach a modern language in the primary schools of England. The results of this experiment were published in the final Burstall Report (1974), which concluded that teaching French to eight-to-eleven year olds was not feasible given the available resources. Therefore, the Pilot Scheme was written off as a failure. This study suggests that, far from failing, the Scheme prepared the ground and planted the seeds of today’s successful primary modern language teaching (PMLT). In viewing the Scheme in retrospect through the lens of current developments, it becomes apparent that its innovations shape much of present practice. Its use of classroom teachers, principle of inclusiveness, and introduction of technology into the modern language classroom are some examples. Moreover, its identification of major obstacles to good PMLT led to the fashioning of a new ethos which harmonises it with the Progressive philosophy of primary education.
{"title":"Primary school modern language teaching in England 1964-2014: the legacy of the Burstall Report","authors":"S. Bayley","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2019.1649853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2019.1649853","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Nuffield/Schools Council Pilot Scheme of the mid-1960s to 70s was the first concerted effort to teach a modern language in the primary schools of England. The results of this experiment were published in the final Burstall Report (1974), which concluded that teaching French to eight-to-eleven year olds was not feasible given the available resources. Therefore, the Pilot Scheme was written off as a failure. This study suggests that, far from failing, the Scheme prepared the ground and planted the seeds of today’s successful primary modern language teaching (PMLT). In viewing the Scheme in retrospect through the lens of current developments, it becomes apparent that its innovations shape much of present practice. Its use of classroom teachers, principle of inclusiveness, and introduction of technology into the modern language classroom are some examples. Moreover, its identification of major obstacles to good PMLT led to the fashioning of a new ethos which harmonises it with the Progressive philosophy of primary education.","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":"62 1","pages":"247 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17597536.2019.1649853","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48846070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-24DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2019.1649856
N. Zair
ABSTRACT Ancient writers on the Latin language had the concept of ‘reconstruction’ of words which existed in earlier stages of the language. In some ways this was similar to modern notions of reconstruction, in others different. In this article I show how writers subsequent to Varro continued to use concepts of relationships of sounds between older and classical Latin, and between Latin and other languages, to come up with their reconstructions. I will also show that these reconstructions could be considered to have once existed, to the extent that they could be treated as real words in lexica.
{"title":"Reconstructed forms in the Roman writers on language","authors":"N. Zair","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2019.1649856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2019.1649856","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ancient writers on the Latin language had the concept of ‘reconstruction’ of words which existed in earlier stages of the language. In some ways this was similar to modern notions of reconstruction, in others different. In this article I show how writers subsequent to Varro continued to use concepts of relationships of sounds between older and classical Latin, and between Latin and other languages, to come up with their reconstructions. I will also show that these reconstructions could be considered to have once existed, to the extent that they could be treated as real words in lexica.","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":"62 1","pages":"227 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17597536.2019.1649856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47014399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Cram and Jaap Maat’s Teaching Language to a Boy Born Deaf: The Popham Notebook and Associated Texts is an incisive and thoroughly researched book on the education of Alexander Popham, born de...
David Cram和Jaap Maat的《向一个男孩出生的聋人教授语言：波帕姆笔记本和相关文本》是一本关于Alexander Popham的教育的精辟而深入的研究书，出生于。。。
{"title":"Teaching language to a boy born deaf: the Popham notebook and associated texts","authors":"William T. Ennis","doi":"10.1353/sls.2019.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0008","url":null,"abstract":"David Cram and Jaap Maat’s Teaching Language to a Boy Born Deaf: The Popham Notebook and Associated Texts is an incisive and thoroughly researched book on the education of Alexander Popham, born de...","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":"63 1","pages":"169 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/sls.2019.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48571575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-04DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2019.1641959
Kohei Uchimaru
ABSTRACT This article advances understanding of Yoshisaburô Okakura (1868–1936), the doyen of English teaching in early twentieth-century Japan, by examining his evaluations of European language teaching methods. Okakura expressed doubt towards the Natural Method and preferred the Reform Method in terms of school education. However, Okakura was more conservative than the Reform Movement theorists, as he was in favour of the use of the mother tongue and literary language as an important educational principle. His educational views were implemented in his teaching practice in the pioneering Radio English Course that he produced from 1925 onwards.
{"title":"Education through the study of English: Yoshisaburô Okakura as a conservative reformer","authors":"Kohei Uchimaru","doi":"10.1080/17597536.2019.1641959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17597536.2019.1641959","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article advances understanding of Yoshisaburô Okakura (1868–1936), the doyen of English teaching in early twentieth-century Japan, by examining his evaluations of European language teaching methods. Okakura expressed doubt towards the Natural Method and preferred the Reform Method in terms of school education. However, Okakura was more conservative than the Reform Movement theorists, as he was in favour of the use of the mother tongue and literary language as an important educational principle. His educational views were implemented in his teaching practice in the pioneering Radio English Course that he produced from 1925 onwards.","PeriodicalId":41504,"journal":{"name":"Language & History","volume":"62 1","pages":"159 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17597536.2019.1641959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42848147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-04DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2019.1641955
Xuanzhi Shi
ABSTRACT The present article seeks to fill a scholarly gap in the early history of bilingual education (Chinese and foreign languages) in China by investigating the educational practices of Fujian Naval College, the premier naval college in late imperial China (1840–1911), with a focus on the curriculum design in the college. Based on a variety of primary sources such as memorials to the throne, imperial edicts and education reports, this article informs us of a crucial but surprisingly overlooked historical episode of bilingual education in China. It also enhances our understanding of the subtle entanglements of education, culture and politics in China during the second half of the 19th century. The findings show how bilingual education emerged in China’s government colleges, and how deep-rooted Confucianism could be compatible with modern science knowledge in the bilingual curriculum. The bilingual education in Fujian Naval College achieved a dual objective of transferring modern technical expertise to China and maintaining Chinese cultural identity, which exerted a considerable impact on the promotion of multilingualism in China.
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Pub Date : 2019-05-04DOI: 10.1080/17597536.2019.1641942
R. Vennela, Richard Smith
ABSTRACT There is a prevalent conception about colonial Indian education – in the absence of much empirical research into specific contexts – that it was carried out only in English with the aim of anglicising the masses. While it is true that there were colonial motives of acculturation embedded in English language teaching and English-medium instruction, the idea that English language learning was exclusively monolingual is historically inaccurate. Indeed, the survival of bilingual teaching materials prepared in the nineteenth century for use in colonial schools suggests that, outside elite English-medium instruction, the use of Indian languages was common in English teaching. To explore this possibility further, this article focuses on the work and ideas of a prominent colonial educationalist, John Murdoch (1818–1904), with a focus on the schoolbooks he was associated with and on his recommendations for bilingual English teaching in the colonial schools of Madras Presidency. Murdoch’s ideas on the use of local languages in teaching reveal complexities and intricacies which have been under-explored in previous histories of colonial Indian education.
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