Pub Date : 2020-03-23DOI: 10.1163/17455227-bja10001
Michael Penn, R. J. Crouser, P. Abbott
Scholars have traditionally categorised early Syriac manuscripts as either Estrangela or Serto. The same categories dominate the prevailing narrative of how Syriac script is thought to have developed. Most see Estrangela as the earliest strata of Syriac and Serto as a later development. More recent scholarship explores how early manuscripts support neither this stark division between script styles nor a sequential development. Of particular challenge to this paradigm are a series of securely dated colophons and notes which use a script style different than the main part of the text. But previous work has looked at only five examples of this phenomenon. By expanding this investigation to 30 examples and drawing upon a recent compiled digital corpus of over 100,000 early Syriac letter forms, the present article explores how large data sets, digital analysis, and visual analytics can help one better understand the development of Aramaic scripts.
{"title":"Serto before Serto: Reexamining the Earliest Development of Syriac Script","authors":"Michael Penn, R. J. Crouser, P. Abbott","doi":"10.1163/17455227-bja10001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17455227-bja10001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Scholars have traditionally categorised early Syriac manuscripts as either Estrangela or Serto. The same categories dominate the prevailing narrative of how Syriac script is thought to have developed. Most see Estrangela as the earliest strata of Syriac and Serto as a later development. More recent scholarship explores how early manuscripts support neither this stark division between script styles nor a sequential development. Of particular challenge to this paradigm are a series of securely dated colophons and notes which use a script style different than the main part of the text. But previous work has looked at only five examples of this phenomenon. By expanding this investigation to 30 examples and drawing upon a recent compiled digital corpus of over 100,000 early Syriac letter forms, the present article explores how large data sets, digital analysis, and visual analytics can help one better understand the development of Aramaic scripts.","PeriodicalId":41594,"journal":{"name":"Aramaic Studies","volume":"-1 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/17455227-bja10001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41646617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-09DOI: 10.1163/17455227-01702006
Eliav Grossman
This article presents a critical edition of three Aramaic piyyutim for Purim. The piyyutim are unique in that they were not written in Hebrew, the overwhelmingly dominant language of classical piyyutim, but in a biblicizing register of Aramaic. This puts these piyyutim in conversation with other forms of Jewish Aramaic poetry, namely poems written in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (JPA). The article includes a detailed analysis of the relation between the JPA poems for Purim and the piyyutim presented herein, and it argues that overt anti-Christian polemics are common to both. The Aramaic piyyutim presented here thus provide a unique nexus between JPA poetry and classical piyyut.
{"title":"Three Aramaic Piyyutim for Purim: Text, Context, and Interpretation","authors":"Eliav Grossman","doi":"10.1163/17455227-01702006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01702006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article presents a critical edition of three Aramaic piyyutim for Purim. The piyyutim are unique in that they were not written in Hebrew, the overwhelmingly dominant language of classical piyyutim, but in a biblicizing register of Aramaic. This puts these piyyutim in conversation with other forms of Jewish Aramaic poetry, namely poems written in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (JPA). The article includes a detailed analysis of the relation between the JPA poems for Purim and the piyyutim presented herein, and it argues that overt anti-Christian polemics are common to both. The Aramaic piyyutim presented here thus provide a unique nexus between JPA poetry and classical piyyut.","PeriodicalId":41594,"journal":{"name":"Aramaic Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"198-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47326936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-09DOI: 10.1163/17455227-01702002
M. Bernstein
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Pub Date : 2019-12-09DOI: 10.1163/17455227-01702004
Michael D. Swartz
One of the most significant themes shared by the studies in this issue is intertextuality. Several authors conduct systematic analyses of the relationship between Aramaic poems and their biblical antecedents, while one study argues that the repetition of refrains in Jewish Aramaic poetry has much in common with the practice of public acclamation in the Greco-Roman world. Each of these studies also advances the question of the Sitz im Leben of Jewish Aramaic poetry in Palestine in late antiquity, including the context of its performance. The historical context of these poems is reflected in the way the poets addressed the conditions of their times. This response ends by singling out a number of further questions.
互文性是本期研究中最重要的主题之一。几位作者对阿拉姆语诗歌与其圣经先例之间的关系进行了系统的分析，而一项研究认为，犹太阿拉姆语诗中副歌的重复与希腊罗马世界的公开鼓掌实践有很多共同之处。每一项研究都提出了古代晚期巴勒斯坦犹太阿拉姆语诗歌的Sitz im Leben问题，包括其表现的背景。这些诗歌的历史背景反映在诗人处理时代条件的方式上。这一答复最后提出了一些进一步的问题。
{"title":"Singing in the Vernacular: Response","authors":"Michael D. Swartz","doi":"10.1163/17455227-01702004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01702004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of the most significant themes shared by the studies in this issue is intertextuality. Several authors conduct systematic analyses of the relationship between Aramaic poems and their biblical antecedents, while one study argues that the repetition of refrains in Jewish Aramaic poetry has much in common with the practice of public acclamation in the Greco-Roman world. Each of these studies also advances the question of the Sitz im Leben of Jewish Aramaic poetry in Palestine in late antiquity, including the context of its performance. The historical context of these poems is reflected in the way the poets addressed the conditions of their times. This response ends by singling out a number of further questions.","PeriodicalId":41594,"journal":{"name":"Aramaic Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"256-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41839995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-09DOI: 10.1163/17455227-01702001
L. Lieber
In this essay, the varieties of refrain structures used in the body of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic poetry from late antiquity provide a laboratory for examining the intersection of acclamation structures and piyyutim. The fact that these poems were written in the vernacular of the community rather than in Hebrew complicates our understanding of their performative setting but at the same time may make it easier to consider a variety of potential modes of community engagement, as we are not constrained by the potential norms of a fixed liturgical setting. The analysis offered here, tentative as it may be, helps us understand both the auditory world of Late Antiquity and the active participation of Jews in the shaping of their soundscape.
{"title":"Call and Response: Antiphonal Elements in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic Poetry","authors":"L. Lieber","doi":"10.1163/17455227-01702001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01702001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this essay, the varieties of refrain structures used in the body of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic poetry from late antiquity provide a laboratory for examining the intersection of acclamation structures and piyyutim. The fact that these poems were written in the vernacular of the community rather than in Hebrew complicates our understanding of their performative setting but at the same time may make it easier to consider a variety of potential modes of community engagement, as we are not constrained by the potential norms of a fixed liturgical setting. The analysis offered here, tentative as it may be, helps us understand both the auditory world of Late Antiquity and the active participation of Jews in the shaping of their soundscape.","PeriodicalId":41594,"journal":{"name":"Aramaic Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"127-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/17455227-01702001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49485733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-09DOI: 10.1163/17455227-01702005
A. Berkovitz
This article examines in detail an Aramaic poem from M. Sokoloff’s and J. Yahalom’s magisterial Jewish Palestinian Aramaic Poetry from Late Antiquity (SYAP) (Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1999). It begins by offering a translation of the entire poem along with an overview of some of the poem’s key linguistic features. It then moves to an analysis of the poem’s literary artistry. The study continues by examining the poem’s central motifs; namely, the portrait of David as the learned composer of the Psalter, the role of prophecy and kingship, and their relationship to eschatology. The study then attempts to place the poem’s genesis and the practice of communal psalm recitation into an historical context. It concludes by showing how a careful analysis of a single piece of poetry can contribute to several debates about the nature and constitution of the poems collected in SYAP.
{"title":"‘May You Redeem the Nation That Completes the Book of Psalms’: An Aramaic Poem and Its Linguistic, Literary and Historical Contexts","authors":"A. Berkovitz","doi":"10.1163/17455227-01702005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01702005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines in detail an Aramaic poem from M. Sokoloff’s and J. Yahalom’s magisterial Jewish Palestinian Aramaic Poetry from Late Antiquity (SYAP) (Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1999). It begins by offering a translation of the entire poem along with an overview of some of the poem’s key linguistic features. It then moves to an analysis of the poem’s literary artistry. The study continues by examining the poem’s central motifs; namely, the portrait of David as the learned composer of the Psalter, the role of prophecy and kingship, and their relationship to eschatology. The study then attempts to place the poem’s genesis and the practice of communal psalm recitation into an historical context. It concludes by showing how a careful analysis of a single piece of poetry can contribute to several debates about the nature and constitution of the poems collected in SYAP.","PeriodicalId":41594,"journal":{"name":"Aramaic Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"145-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47501289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-09DOI: 10.1163/17455227-01702003
M. Bernstein
The author of the first poem of a manuscript from the Cairo Geniza, CUL T-S H14.64, used the verses in Lamentations 1 as a technical device to frame his poem, while he found a variety of ways to connect the stanzas of the poem with verses from Lamentations and other biblical verses. He linked the stanzas of the poem forward and backward through themes and language that are significant in the poem as a whole. This study also follows the trajectories of both the first- and third-person voices, reflecting on how their interchange might contribute to our understanding of the message of the poem.
{"title":"Reading an Aramaic Qina Framed by a Biblical One","authors":"M. Bernstein","doi":"10.1163/17455227-01702003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01702003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The author of the first poem of a manuscript from the Cairo Geniza, CUL T-S H14.64, used the verses in Lamentations 1 as a technical device to frame his poem, while he found a variety of ways to connect the stanzas of the poem with verses from Lamentations and other biblical verses. He linked the stanzas of the poem forward and backward through themes and language that are significant in the poem as a whole. This study also follows the trajectories of both the first- and third-person voices, reflecting on how their interchange might contribute to our understanding of the message of the poem.","PeriodicalId":41594,"journal":{"name":"Aramaic Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"174-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47638059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-24DOI: 10.1163/17455227-01701005
Samuel L. Boyd
As recent research in the study of manuscripts has demonstrated, variations in the phrasing of a text not only reveal scribal error or play but also indicate how changes to a given passage in different manuscripts convey important interpretive traditions. In this article, I explore one such case in TgJon to Isa. 10:32. First, I examine how key features (or the lack thereof) in the biblical text of Isa. 10:32 led to certain lines of rabbinic interpretation as found in b. Sanh. 95b, which contains a midrashic story based on the biblical text. Second, I analyse a parallel account of this story as found in TgJon to Isa. 10:32, and I argue that a particular manuscript of this Targum (B. M. 2211) contains added layers of anti-Roman rhetoric through an allusion to Abraham and Nimrod. In this fashion, the variation in wording in this manuscript is indicative of a distinct interpretation from that found in the Talmud.
{"title":"Sennacherib’s Successor: Titus and Anti-Roman Rhetoric in TgJon to Isa. 10:32","authors":"Samuel L. Boyd","doi":"10.1163/17455227-01701005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01701005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As recent research in the study of manuscripts has demonstrated, variations in the phrasing of a text not only reveal scribal error or play but also indicate how changes to a given passage in different manuscripts convey important interpretive traditions. In this article, I explore one such case in TgJon to Isa. 10:32. First, I examine how key features (or the lack thereof) in the biblical text of Isa. 10:32 led to certain lines of rabbinic interpretation as found in b. Sanh. 95b, which contains a midrashic story based on the biblical text. Second, I analyse a parallel account of this story as found in TgJon to Isa. 10:32, and I argue that a particular manuscript of this Targum (B. M. 2211) contains added layers of anti-Roman rhetoric through an allusion to Abraham and Nimrod. In this fashion, the variation in wording in this manuscript is indicative of a distinct interpretation from that found in the Talmud.","PeriodicalId":41594,"journal":{"name":"Aramaic Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/17455227-01701005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42797430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-24DOI: 10.1163/17455227-01701002
B. Marsh
This pilot study outlines the diverse and at times interwoven textual traditions of the story of Susanna in the Syriac Bible. There are three different versions of the story aside from the Syrohexapla and the revision of Jacob of Edessa, namely the ‘Peshitta’ version, another here dubbed ‘Sinai Susanna’, and finally the so-called ‘Harklean’ version. This paper seeks to describe the kinds of relationships that exist between these textual traditions as well as to suggest what type of critical edition might best display these connections. Additionally, the Sitz im Leben of the ‘Harklean’ version is briefly discussed, reflecting on whether the version’s unique literary features betray a Jewish or a Christian background.
这项试点研究概述了叙利亚圣经中苏珊娜故事的不同且有时交织的文本传统。除了Syrohexapla和Edessa的Jacob的修订外，这个故事有三个不同的版本，即“Peshitta”版本，另一个在这里被称为“Sinai Susanna”，最后是所谓的“Harklean”版本。本文试图描述这些文本传统之间存在的各种关系，并提出哪种类型的评论版最能体现这些关系。此外，还简要讨论了“哈克伦”版本的Sitz im Leben，反思了该版本独特的文学特征是否背叛了犹太或基督教背景。
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Pub Date : 2019-05-24DOI: 10.1163/17455227-01701006
Alina Tarshin
In Samaritan Aramaic we find the gentilic suffixes -’Cā:y, -’Cā: and -Cāʔi. Originally these suffixes signified different grammatical categories, but eventually they became interchangeable. This article examines all the forms with a gentilic suffix that are documented in the oral tradition of Samaritan Aramaic along with additional data derived from the manuscripts. It is suggested that fluctuations in state and number among these forms arose due to the phonetic resemblance between the various suffixes as well as due to the identical spelling of the suffixes -’Cā:y and -Cāʔi. It is shown that the manuscripts preserve traces of a more ancient stage of the use of gentilic suffixes and that most of the lexemes with the suffix are characterised by fossilised inflection. Thus, it is suggested that the fluctuations emerged during a later period, after Samaritan Aramaic was no longer spoken.
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