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Stabreimende Wortpaare in den früheren Werken Hartmanns von Aue: Erec, Klage, Minnesang 阿尔莱克,诉讼,明尼苏达
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/PHRAS-2016-0004
John M. Jeep
Abstract Building upon recent phraseological studies on Old High and Middle High German texts, the alliterating word pairs in the early works of Hartmann von Aue are catalogued and analyzed philologically, thus contributing to an emerging complete listing of the paired rhetorical expressions through the Early Middle High German period. The first extant courtly Arthurian romance, Hartmann's Erec, a shorter piece of his known as Diu Klage, and a handful of poems he composed are by all indications from the last decade of the twelfth century, despite later manuscript transmission. Each pair is listed, described in the context in which it appears, and compared with any extant pairs from earlier German works. What emerge are insights into the evolution of these expressions, in some cases through centuries. On the one hand, Hartmann employs alliterating expressions that date to the Old High German period, while on the other hand apparently creating new ones. As in findings in earlier texts, pairs recorded on multiple occasions are likely to have been used by other authors. Typical for medieval German texts – when compared to similar modern expressions – is the insight that there is a fair amount of variation concerning the sequence of the alliterating elements and/or the inclusion of morpho-syntactic modifiers such as pronouns, possessives, adjectives, or adverbs. Modern translations of Hartmann's works into German and English show just how varied these phrases can appear in translation. When known, later examples of the alliterating word-pairs are cited, albeit for obvious reasons only in an incomplete fashion. The long-term project is designed to continue to chart the emergence of the early German alliterating word-pairs chronologically.
摘要基于对古高地德语和中古高地德语文本的最新短语学研究,对哈特曼·冯·奥埃早期作品中的头韵词对进行了分类和语言学分析,从而为早期中古高地德语时期的成对修辞表达做出了贡献。现存的第一部宫廷亚瑟王传奇,哈特曼的《埃里克》,他的短篇作品《Diu Klage》,以及他创作的几首诗歌,从各种迹象来看,都是在12世纪的最后十年完成的,尽管后来的手稿流传了下来。每一对都被列出,在其出现的背景下进行描述,并与早期德国作品中现存的任何一对进行比较。由此产生的是对这些表达演变的深刻见解,在某些情况下,这些表达演变了几个世纪。一方面,哈特曼使用了可以追溯到古高地德语时期的头韵表达,而另一方面显然创造了新的表达。正如在早期文献中的发现一样,多次记录的成对很可能被其他作者使用过。与类似的现代表达相比,中世纪德语文本的典型特征是,在头韵元素的顺序和/或包括代词、所有格、形容词或副词等形态句法修饰语方面,存在相当数量的变化。哈特曼作品的德语和英语现代译本显示了这些短语在翻译中出现的多样性。一旦知道,后来的押头韵词对的例子被引用,尽管明显的原因只是不完整的方式。这个长期项目的目的是继续按时间顺序绘制早期德语头韵词对的出现。
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引用次数: 2
Computational Phraseology light: automatic translation of multiword expressions without translation resources Computational Phraseology light:自动翻译多词短语,无需翻译资源
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/phras-2016-0008
R. Mitkov
Abstract This paper describes the first phase of a project whose ultimate goal is the implementation of a practical tool to support the work of language learners and translators by automatically identifying multiword expressions (MWEs) and retrieving their translations for any pair of languages. The task of translating multiword expressions is viewed as a two-stage process. The first stage is the extraction of MWEs in each of the languages; the second stage is a matching procedure for the extracted MWEs in each language which proposes the translation equivalents. This project pursues the development of a knowledge-poor approach for any pair of languages which does not depend on translation resources such as dictionaries, translation memories or parallel corpora which can be time consuming to develop or difficult to acquire, being expensive or proprietary. In line with this philosophy, the methodology developed does not rely on any dictionaries or parallel corpora, nor does it use any (bilingual) grammars. The only information comes from comparable corpora, inexpensively compiled. The first proof-of-concept stage of this project covers English and Spanish and focuses on a particular subclass of MWEs: verb-noun expressions (collocations) such as take advantage, make sense, prestar atención and tener derecho. The choice of genre was determined by the fact that newswire is a widespread genre and available in different languages. An additional motivation was the fact that the methodology was developed as language independent with the objective of applying it to and testing it for different languages. The ACCURAT toolkit (Pinnis et al. 2012; Skadina et al. 2012; Su and Babych 2012a) was employed to compile automatically the comparable corpora and documents only above a specific threshold were considered for inclusion. More specifically, only pairs of English and Spanish documents with comparability score (cosine similarity) higher 0.45 were extracted. However, see section 6 which discusses experiments with different comparability scores. Statistical association measures were employed to quantify the strength of the relationship between two words and to propose that a combination of a verb and a noun above a specific threshold would be a (candidate for) multiword expression. This study focused on and compared four popular and established measures along with frequency: Log-likelihood ratio, T-Score, Log Dice and Salience. This project follows the distributional similarity premise which stipulates that translation equivalents share common words in their contexts and this applies also to multiword expressions. The Vector Space Model is traditionally used to represent words with their co-occurrences and to measure similarity. The vector representation for any word is constructed from the statistics of the occurrences of that word with other specific/context words in a corpus of texts. In this study, the word2vec method (Mikolov et al. 2013) was employed. Mi
本文描述了一个项目的第一阶段,该项目的最终目标是实现一个实用的工具,通过自动识别多词表达(MWEs)并检索任何一对语言的翻译,来支持语言学习者和翻译人员的工作。翻译多词短语的任务被视为一个两个阶段的过程。第一阶段是提取每种语言的MWEs;第二阶段是对每种语言中提取的MWEs进行匹配过程,并提出翻译对等物。该项目旨在开发一种知识贫乏的方法,适用于任何语言对,不依赖于词典、翻译记忆库或平行语料库等翻译资源,这些资源开发耗时或难以获取,价格昂贵或专有。根据这一理念,开发的方法不依赖于任何字典或平行语料库,也不使用任何(双语)语法。唯一的信息来自可比较的语料库,成本低廉。该项目的第一个概念验证阶段涵盖英语和西班牙语,并侧重于MWEs的一个特定子类:动词-名词表达式(搭配),如take advantage、make sense、prestar atención和tener derecho。体裁的选择取决于新闻专线是一种广泛存在的体裁,并且有不同的语言版本。另一个动机是,该方法是作为独立于语言的方法开发的,目的是将其应用于不同的语言并对其进行测试。ACCURAT工具包(Pinnis et al. 2012;Skadina et al. 2012;采用Su和Babych 2012a)自动编译可比语料库,只有超过特定阈值的文档才会被考虑纳入。更具体地说,只提取可比性评分(余弦相似度)高于0.45的英语和西班牙语文档对。但是,请参见第6节,其中讨论了具有不同可比性分数的实验。采用统计关联度量来量化两个词之间关系的强度,并提出超过特定阈值的动词和名词的组合将是多词表达(候选)。本研究关注并比较了与频率相关的四种流行且已建立的测量方法:对数似然比、T-Score、对数骰子和显著性。本项目遵循分布相似前提,即翻译对等物在其上下文中共享常用词,这也适用于多词表达。向量空间模型传统上被用来表示单词的共现和测量相似度。任何单词的向量表示都是根据该单词在文本语料库中与其他特定/上下文单词出现的统计数据构建的。本研究采用word2vec方法(Mikolov et al. 2013)。Mikolov等人的方法利用小窗口内单词共现的模式来预测单词之间的相似度。报告了MWEs提取和自动翻译的评价结果。值得一提的是,该评估的一个发现是,只要所使用的可比语料库具有最小的相似性,相对于它们之间的相似性,可比语料库的大小对MWEs自动翻译的性能更重要。
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引用次数: 6
Frontmatter Frontmatter
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/phras-2016-frontmatter1
J. Colson, H. Burger, Annelies Häcki Buhofer, A. Sabban, Kathrin Steyer, A. Langlotz
Frontmatter
Frontmatter
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引用次数: 0
Clichés, an Understudied Subclass of Phrasemes 陈词滥调,一个未被充分研究的短语子类
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/phras-2015-0005
Igor Mel'čuk
Abstract Natural languages have three major families of phrasemes: - Lexical phrasemes (phraseologized phrases): kick the bucket, black box, pay a visit, if you know what I mean. - Morphological phrasemes (phraseologized wordforms, see [Beck & Mel’čuk 2011]): for+get, light+house, in+dispens+able. - Constructional, or syntactic, phrasemes (phraseologized constructions, or phrase schemata): “X(N) VINF?!?”, as in John be afraid?!? For more details on phrasemes within the Meaning-Text framework, see (Mel’čuk 2015: 336-340). This paper proposes an overview of an important subclass of lexical phrasemes that has not been as yet paid sufficient attention: cliches. First, a typology of lexical phrasemes is presented, with the definitions that underlie the subsequent discussion; this provides a formal framework for the description of cliches (Section 1). Second, the class of cliches is examined and a typology of cliches is proposed, based on the type of the cliche’s referent (Section 2). Third, a dimension for restrictions on the use of lexemic expressions in particular situations of linguistic communication is introduced-namely, a pragmatic constraint. Applied to cliches, it defines a subclass of a subclass of cliches- pragmatemes (Section 3).
自然语言有三大类短语:词汇短语(短语化短语):kick the bucket, black box, pay a visit,如果你明白我的意思的话。-形态短语(短语化的单词形式,参见[Beck & Mel ' uk 2011]): for+get, light+house, in+dispens+able。-结构或句法的短语(短语化结构或短语图式):“X(N) VINF?!?”,就像约翰害怕吗?有关意义-文本框架中短语的更多细节,请参见(Mel ' uk 2015: 336-340)。本文概述了词汇短语的一个重要子类,但尚未得到足够的重视:陈词滥调。首先,提出了词汇短语的类型学,并为随后的讨论提供了定义;这为陈词滥调的描述提供了一个正式的框架(第1节)。其次,研究了陈词滥调的类别,并根据陈词滥调所指的类型提出了陈词滥调的类型学(第2节)。第三,介绍了在语言交际的特定情况下限制词汇表达使用的一个维度,即语用限制。应用于陈词滥调,它定义了陈词滥调子类的子类——pragmateme(第3节)。
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引用次数: 22
Periodic growth of phrasemes from a cross-linguistic perspective: Polish phraseology after the political transformation of 1989 跨语言视角下短语的周期性增长:1989年政治转型后的波兰短语
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/phras-2015-0007
Joanna Szerszunowicz
Abstract The paper discusses the phenomenon of a culture-related periodic growth of phrasemes, i.e. an intensive increase of their number, occurring within a definite period of time, and caused by some extralinguistic factors. It differs from the absolute growth of the number of phrasemes, connected with the realization of natural nomination needs, constant and not so intensive. A periodic growth is triggered by an important event in the history of a particular culture and it may be assumed that the culture-bound character of the units in question influences their cross-linguistic equivalence. The paper discusses the case of the periodic growth of Polish phrasemes coined after the political transformation of 1989. The periodic increase following this event was chosen for the analysis, since the change of the system influenced greatly all spheres of life in Poland, such as politics, economy, culture. The study aims to present the most important areas of their occurrence, to describe their linguistic properties, to discuss culture-related aspects of their coinage and use as well as to propose the English equivalents of the phrasemes from two fields: politics and economy, which allows for determining the periodic growth influence on cross-linguistic correspondence of this group of units.
摘要:本文讨论了与文化相关的短语周期性增长现象,即短语数量在一定时间内由语言外因素引起的密集增长。它不同于词组数量的绝对增长,与实现自然提名的需要有关,恒定而不那么密集。周期性增长是由特定文化历史上的一个重要事件引发的,可以假设,有关单位的文化约束特征影响了它们的跨语言等价性。本文讨论了1989年政治转型后波兰语短语周期性增长的情况。之所以选择这一事件之后的周期性增长作为分析对象,是因为制度的变化对波兰生活的各个领域,如政治、经济、文化产生了重大影响。本研究的目的是呈现它们出现的最重要的领域,描述它们的语言特性,讨论它们的造词和使用的文化相关方面,并从政治和经济两个领域提出这些短语的英语对等物,从而确定这组单位的跨语言对应的周期性增长影响。
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引用次数: 3
Phraseologie und Valenztheorie 喉理论
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/phras-2015-0003
S. Stumpf
Abstract Based on previous research results, the following paper gives an overview of the possibilities of transferring the valence theory to verbal phraseologisms. Verbal phraseologisms display internal and external ‘blank positions’ which can’t be differentiated strictly dichotomically. Moreover, there are certain interferences or transitions between both valence levels. To fulfill a wide phraseology concept, the analysis focuses not only on the verbal idioms, but, furthermore, on the valence of light-verb constructions. Relating to the theoretical status of the valence of these constructions, there exist partially controversial discussions in the latest research which will be illustrated below. Problems of describing these phenomena from a lexicographical perspective will be elaborated in the following. As a last point, a specific phenomenon will be approached that can be classified into the ‘phraseological irregularities’; the so-called ‘valence irregularities’. Furthermore, the article demonstrates that a satisfying description of the valence of phraseologisms can only be accomplished with the help of a corpus-based approach.
本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上,概述了将价理论转移到言语短语学的可能性。言语用语表现出内部和外部的“空白位置”,不能严格地两分法区分。此外,在两个价能级之间存在一定的干扰或跃迁。为了实现更广泛的短语学概念,本文的分析不仅关注成语,而且还关注轻动词结构的配价。关于这些结构的价态的理论地位,在最近的研究中存在着部分有争议的讨论,下面将说明。从词典学的角度描述这些现象的问题将在下面阐述。最后,我们将探讨一种具体的现象,这种现象可以归类为“短语不规则性”;所谓的价不规则性。此外,本文还表明,只有借助基于语料库的方法才能实现对短语的效价的满意描述。
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引用次数: 2
Metaphorical imagery of honour and dishonour in Hindi phraseology 印度语中荣誉和耻辱的隐喻意象
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/phras-2015-0006
Sunil Sharma
Abstract Being inspired by the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson 2003) and the theory of Symbols in Language and Culture (Dobrovol’skij and Piirainen 1996), the current research article aims at analysis of metaphorical image components, symbolic motivational factors and cultural aspects which are associated with the socio-cultural concepts honour and dishonour in Hindi phraseological expressions. By analyzing the conceptualization of these socioculturally prevalent concepts, this research article attempts to explore the potential of marginalized Hindi phraseology for further theoretical contribution to the international phraseology research.
受隐喻认知理论(Lakoff and Johnson 2003)和语言与文化符号理论(Dobrovol 'skij and Piirainen 1996)的启发,本研究旨在分析印地语短语表达中与荣誉和耻辱社会文化概念相关的隐喻形象成分、符号动机因素和文化方面。本文通过分析这些社会文化中普遍存在的概念的概念化,试图探索边缘化印地语短语的潜力,为国际短语研究做出进一步的理论贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Der Einfluss der préciosité auf das Gegenwartsfranzösische. Eine korpusbasierte Untersuchung formelhafter Wendungen aus Molières Les Précieuses ridicules (1659) 公关的影响éciosité上Gegenwartsfranzösische .剧情进行korpusbasierte formelhafter从Molières Les传écieuses ridicules (1659)
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/phras-2015-0004
Sandra Issel-Dombert, Marie Serwe
Abstract Molière’s farce Les Précieuses ridicules (1659) contains a vast selection of formulaic expressions. The play serves as a historical reference for the identification of formulaic language influenced by a period called the préciosité, originating in 17th-century France. Based upon a survey of French native speakers, this paper will deal with the question of whether these formulaic expressions have left traces upon present day French. Given the empirical evidence, one must conclude that the majority of these expressions are widely known and are in general use today. Furthermore, the hypothesis that such expressions predominate in higher-register French (cf. Klare 2011: 126) is confirmed.
莫里埃尔的闹剧《嘲笑的人》(1659)包含了大量的公式化表达。这出戏为公式化语言的鉴定提供了一个历史参考,这种公式化语言受到起源于17世纪法国的pracimcisit时期的影响。基于对法语母语人士的调查,本文将探讨这些公式化表达是否在今天的法语中留下了痕迹。鉴于经验证据,我们必须得出结论,这些表达中的大多数是广为人知的,并且今天被普遍使用。此外,这类表达在高语域法语中占主导地位的假设(cf. Klare 2011: 126)得到了证实。
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引用次数: 0
On Pawley’s conjecture 根据波利的猜想
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/phras-2015-0008
Koenraad Kuiper
Abstract This paper shows that Pawley’s conjecture that the frequency of lexical items in text corpora is positively correlated with the number of phrasal lexical items which have those lexical items as heads of phrase is confirmed. Data for testing Pawley’s conjecture are taken from two sources: Kilgarriff’s lemmatized frequency lists from the BNC of the 6,318 words which appear more than 800 times (http://www.kilgarriff.co.uk) and the around 14,000 PLIs in the Syntactically Annotated Idiom Dictionary (Kuiper et al., 2003). Why this statistical fact should be the case is a matter for further research.
摘要本文证实了Pawley关于语篇语料库中词汇项的出现频率与短语中以这些词项为词头的短语词汇项的数量呈正相关的猜想。测试Pawley猜想的数据来自两个来源:Kilgarriff从BNC中提取的出现超过800次的6,318个单词的词源化频率列表(http://www.kilgarriff.co.uk)和语法注释成语词典中大约14,000个PLIs (Kuiper et al., 2003)。为什么会有这样的统计事实,还有待进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Where does phraseology actually begin? 社论:短语实际上是从哪里开始的?
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/PHRAS-2015-0002
Jean-Pierre Colson
{"title":"Editorial: Where does phraseology actually begin?","authors":"Jean-Pierre Colson","doi":"10.1515/PHRAS-2015-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/PHRAS-2015-0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41672,"journal":{"name":"Yearbook of Phraseology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/PHRAS-2015-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67295133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
期刊
Yearbook of Phraseology
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